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ANSI/ASAE EP282.

2 FEB1993 (R2009)
Design Values for Emergency Ventilation and Care of
Livestock and Poultry

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needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural eld equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil
and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering,
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ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2009)
Approved September 1993; reaffirmed April 2009 as an American National Standard

Design Values for Emergency Ventilation and Care of


Livestock and Poultry

Developed by the ASAE Emergency Preparedness Committee; approved monitor power supply interruption, high temperature limits, and low
by the ASAE Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee; temperature limits. Since alarm systems can fail, they should be checked
adopted by ASAE as a Recommendation December 1964; withdrawn regularly.
December 1970; revised and reinstated February 1973; reclassified as 3.3 Ventilation requirements during ventilation system failures should be
an Engineering Practice December 1977; reconfirmed December 1982, calculated according to ASAE EP270. Ventilation needs depend on many
December 1987; December 1988, December 1991; revised February factors including animal load and outside temperature. Both cold and hot
1993; approved as an American National Standard September 1993; weather ventilation needs should be considered.
reaffirmed by ASAE December 1997, December 1998; reaffirmed by
ANSI June 2000; reaffirmed by ASAE February 2004; reaffirmed by ANSI 3.4 Emergency ventilation may be provided either with a standby electric
March 2004; reaffirmed by ASABE February 2009; reaffirmed by ANSI generator (see clause 8) or possibly with emergency natural ventilation
April 2009. openings. A standby electrical generator is the method of choice for
buildings mechanically ventilated year-round.
Keywords: Livestock, Poultry, Safety, Ventilation 3.5 Emergency air exchange provided by natural ventilation is called
emergency natural ventilation. Natural ventilation, caused by what is
1 Purpose and scope commonly called stack effect, takes place due to buoyancy. The
Many natural, man-made, and unexpected events (i.e., power temperature difference between inside and outside, the difference in
interruptions, equipment failures, extreme weather conditions, storms, height between air inlets and higher outlets, and the size of the inlets and
and natural disasters) occur requiring temporary emergency ventilation outlets are the main factors that affect natural ventilation. Wind also can
and care of livestock and poultry. These events may require either short cause natural ventilation. Wind caused natural ventilation is not included
term (i.e., minutes to days) or long term (i.e., weeks to months) in this procedure for sizing inlets and outlets because wind is variable
temporary emergency ventilation. The purpose of this Engineering and cannot reliably contribute to the emergency natural ventilation when
Practice is to provide data and guidelines to assist designing emergency needed.
ventilation, feeding, watering, and lighting systems for livestock and 3.5.1 Emergency natural ventilation openings should be sized to ensure
poultry. that animals receive sufficient fresh air in an emergency. A formula for
calculating the ridge and sidewall opening area based on thermal
2 Normative references buoyancy is derived from Bruce, 1978:
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in
this text, constitute provisions of this Engineering Practice. At the time of 1 1 2c 2 gHT
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to 2
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revision, and parties to agreements based on this Engineering Practice
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent The formula for the determination of air exchange rate is as follows:
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editions of the standards indicated below. Standards organizations
maintain registers of currently valid standards. NqPC VTT
s1
A sU s
ASAE EP270.5, Design of Ventilation Systems for Poultry and Livestock
Shelters where:
ASAE EP294.2, Computing Electrical Demands for Farms Ai is inlet area of vents, m2
ASAE EP364.1 FEB93, Installation and Maintenance of Farm Standby Ao is outlet area of vents, m2;
Electric Power
c is discharge coefficient of vents (normally 0.6 to 0.65);
ASAE S417.1, Specifications for Alarm Systems Utilized in Agricultural
Structures g is acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 ms 2 ;
H is difference in height between inlet and outlet, m;
3 Ventilation requirements Ti is inlet air temperature, K (273+C);
3.1 Ventilating air: To is outlet air temperature, K (273+C);
supplies oxygen for feed metabolism; T = ToTi , K ;
dilutes carbon dioxide and other potentially noxious gases; V is air exchange rate, m3s1 ;
acts as a vehicle for removal of water vapor; N is number of animals;
acts as a vehicle for removal of heat; n is number of building surfaces;
acts as a vehicle for removal of pathogens and dust. q is heat output per animal, W;
3.2 Ventilation failure in enclosed animal facilities can create P density of air, 1.2 kgm3;
life-threatening conditions in minutes. Alarms to quickly alert caretaker of Cp specific heat of air,1010 Jkg 1 K 1 ;
a ventilation system failure and the need for corrective action are highly As is surface area of particular building surface (e.g., floor,
recommended for environmentally controlled enclosed animal facilities
roof), m2;
which are naturally or mechanically ventilated. Alarm systems should be
designed and maintained in accordance with ASAE S417 and Us is thermal transmittance of particular building surface
recommendations in 3.3.8 of ASAE EP270. Alarms can be used to (e.g., floor, roof), W/ m 2 K .

ASABE STANDARDS 2009 ANSIASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 R2009 1


Table 1 Water requirements per animal per day*) Table 2 Limited feed requirements for livestocks*)

Ample supply Limited supply) Amount of feed per day


Animal Feed (percent of body mass)
Animal Liters Gallons Liters Gallons
Cattle
Cattle 64.0 17.0 26.5 7.0 Cow, lactating hay 2
Hogs 9.5 2.5 4.8 1.2 Cow, dry hay 1
Sheep 5.8 1.5 3.8 1.0 Cow, less than hay 1
Poultry 9 mo of age plus
Layers and broilers 0.24 0.06 0.20 0.05 40% protein supplement 0.2
Turkeys 1.26 0.30 0.50 0.12 Sheep
Ewe alfalfa hay 1
*)Average requirements at a temperature of 27 C (80 F). Lamb, 27 kg (60 lb) alfalfa hay 1.5
)
Water rationing facilities required.
Swine
Sow, pregnant corn 0.4
plus
3.5.2 For the purposes of calculating the outlet and inlet area required 35% protein supplement 0.2
for emergency ventilation the difference between the outlet air Sow, lactating corn 1
temperature, T o , and the inlet air temperature, T i , should not be more plus
than 5 K (i.e., T 5 K). 35% protein supplement 0.2
Hog. 45 kg (100 lb) corn 1.5
3.5.3 The inlet area, A i , should never be smaller than the outlet area, 91 kg (200 lb) corn 1
A o , to ensure that sufficient air is supplied to the building. Poultry
3.5.4 The number and size of emergency natural ventilation openings Laying hen mash 2
depends on the total area required and the existing layout of fans and Turkey, 5 kg (10 lb) mash 1.7
vents. In general, emergency inlets should be distributed as uniformly as 11 kg (25 lb) mash 1.3
possible along the building.
3.5.5 Emergency natural ventilation openings can be operated either *)Equivalent feeds may be substituted. Hay should be at least one-half legume or
manually or automatically. equivalent in protein content.

4 Water supply and requirements


4.1 Most animals can survive two days without water. Production losses
will occur if water is unavailable. 8 Standby (emergency) electrical power
4.2 Average ample supply and limited supply water requirements are 8.1 An automatic standby electric generator should provide power for
shown in table 1. ventilating fans, water pumps, lighting, feeding equipment motors, milking
4.3 Emergency electric power for pumping is recommended unless machines, vacuum pumps, and refrigeration equipment. Electrical
water is supplied from an artesian well, gravity flow reservoir, or a source demand should be calculated using ASAE EP294.
with a wind-powered pump. 8.2 Installation and maintenance should be done in accordance with
ASAE EP364.
5 Feed requirements
5.1 Animals can survive longer without feed than without water.
Production losses will occur if feed is unavailable.
5.2 Healthy animals can survive on limited rations for several months.
Limited feed requirements are shown in table 2. Table 3 Limited space for animals during emergencies
5.3 Supplemental proteins, vitamins, and minerals will be needed for Space per animal
extended limited feeding.
5.4 Feedstuffs susceptible to damage from high humidity should be Animal m2 ft2
isolated from humid air in a livestock shelter.
5.5 Emergency electric power to run feeding equipment motors is Cattle
recommended unless limited rations can be delivered in another manner. Cow 1.9 20
Calf 1.1 12
Sheep
6 Space requirements Ewe 0.93 10
Limited floor space requirements for livestock in emergency situations Lamb, 27 kg (60 lb) 0.37 4
are given in table 3. Additional space should be allowed for movement of Swine
feed, water, equipment, and people caring for animals. Sow, lactating 3.0 32
Hog, 45 kg (100 lb) 0.37 4
91 kg (200 lb) 0.56 6
7 Light Poultry
7.1 Animals can survive extended periods of time without light. Chicken 0.06 0.7
Production losses may occur with inadequate light. Turkey, 5 kg (10 lb) 0.14 1.5
11 kg (25 lb) 0.19 2
7.2 Minimum general lighting is 5.4 to 10.8 lx (0.5 to 1 fc). Higher local
intensities may be required.

2 ANSIASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 R2009 ASABE STANDARDS 2009


Annex A cattle building ventilation. J. Agric. Engng Res. 23:151167; 1978.
(informative)
Bruce, J. M. Natural Ventilation Systems for Poultry and Livestock Shel-
Bibliography ters. Farm Building Progress, No. 32:2327; 1973.
The following documents are cited as reference sources used in
development of this Engineering Practice: Esmay, M. L. and J. E. Dixon. Environmental Control for Agricultural
Buildings. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing Company, Inc.; 1986.
Albright, L. D. Environment Control for Animals and Plants. ASAE; 1990.
BSI. Buildings and Structures for Agriculture. Part 52, Code of practice Foster, M. P. and M. J. Down. Ventilation of Livestock Buildings by
for design of alarm systems and emergency ventilation for livestock Natural Convection. J. Agric. Engng Res. 37:113; 1987.
housing. BS 5502, Part 52:1991. BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes,
United Kingdom MK14 6LE. Hellickson, M. A. and J. N. Walker, ed. Ventilation of Agricultural Struc-
tures. ASAE; 1983.
Bruce, J. M. Natural convection through openings and its application to

ASABE STANDARDS 2009 ANSIASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 R2009 3

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