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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L641L648, 2004.
First published April 30, 2004; 10.1152/ajplung.00287.2003.
Endou, Katsuaki, Kunihiko Iizuka, Akihiro Yoshii, Hideo traction. These are believed to be the results of changes in the
Tsukagoshi, Tamotsu Ishizuka, Kunio Dobashi, Tsugio Naka- ratio of kinase and phosphatase activities toward the 20-kDa
zawa, and Masatomo Mori. 8-Bromo-cAMP decreases the Ca2 light chain of myosin (MLC20) (22, 25). We have demonstrated
sensitivity of airway smooth muscle contraction through a mechanism
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: K. Dobashi, Dept. of The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment
Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement
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http://www.ajplung.org 1040-0605/04 $5.00 Copyright 2004 the American Physiological Society L641
L642 8-BRCAMP-INDUCED CA2 DESENSITIZATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE
(GTPS)-, and 4-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-induced Effect of 8-BrcAMP in ATP triggered Ca2 sensitization. To clarify
Ca2 sensitization. We wanted to determine the following: whether 8-BrcAMP-induced Ca2 desensitization is due to inhibition
whether 8-BrcAMP blocks CCh- or GTPS-induced Ca2 of MLCK-associated mechanisms, we abolished the MLCP activity of
sensitization in a similar manner to Y-27632; whether tracheal smooth muscle with calyculin A (300 nM) in rigor solutions
and then observed ATP (4.5 mM, Mg2 salt)-triggered contraction.
8-BrcAMP affects myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-associ-
We knew that the rate of force would rise but the final amplitude
ated mechanisms or MLCP-associated mechanisms; whether would not, reflecting MLCK-associated mechanisms (13, 17, 19).
8-BrcAMP reverses PDBu-induced Ca2 sensitization in the After obtaining the maximum contraction at pCa 5.0, we relaxed the
presence of a saturating concentration of Y-27632, because tracheal smooth muscle in G10 solution. To activate PKA, we incu-
PDBu-induced contraction is resistant to Y-27632 (6); whether bated the tracheal smooth muscle with 8-BrcAMP (100 M) in G10
the inhibitory effect of Y-27632 on GTPS-induced Ca2 (containing ATP) for 10 min. In the continued presence of 8-BrcAMP,
sensitization is affected by 8-BrcAMP; and whether the the tracheal smooth muscle was quickly transferred to a G10 rigor
Y-27632- and 8-BrcAMP-responsive mechanisms are involved solution containing calyculin A (300 nM) for 55 min to inactivate
in leukotriene D4 (LTD4)-induced Ca2 sensitivity in human MLCP without contraction. After incubation of the tracheal smooth
bronchial smooth muscle. muscle in a pCa 5.0 rigor solution containing 8-BrcAMP and calycu-
lin A for 5 min, ATP-triggered contraction was initiated. If 8-BrcAMP
MATERIALS AND METHODS inhibits MLCK-dependent contraction, the rate of ATP-triggered
contraction would be slowed by 8-BrcAMP. Time-matched, ATP-
Tissue preparation and isometric force measurement. The tissue triggered experiments were carried out in the absence of 8-BrcAMP,
preparation and force measurement have been reported elsewhere (9, as controls.
associated mechanisms in the presence of Ca2 (13, 16). These signaling. Alternatively, this observation could have mechanis-
results suggest that cAMP/PKA signaling preferentially affects tic implications; for example, one of many interpretations
MLCP-associated mechanisms of Ca2 sensitization in rabbit would be that 8-BrcAMP modulates activity of MLCP-associ-
tracheal smooth muscle. ated mechanisms whereas Y-27632 modulates activation of
The relaxing rate was mainly dependent on MLCP under our MLCP-associated mechanisms, because 8-BrcAMP acceler-
experimental conditions (19, 20). We considered that cellular ates the rate of relaxation without changing the time of onset,
events other than MLCK/MLCP-induced mechanisms might whereas Y-27632 prolongs the onset of relaxing rate without
be involved in our experiment conditions. Previous studies changing its rate (Fig. 5, B and C).
have suggested that MLCK/MLCP-associated mechanisms Muscarinic receptor signaling for airway smooth muscle
play a key role in at least the initiation of contraction and early contraction contains Ca2 sensitization mechanisms mediated
phase of maintenance of force (19, 20). Many cellular events by Rho/Rho-kinase (14, 28). Although CCh-induced Ca2
other than MLCK/MLCP-induced mechanisms may be slower sensitization was inhibited by both 8-BrcAMP and Y-27632 to
than changes in the phosphorylation state of myosin and thus a similar extent, GTPS-induced Ca2 sensitization was resis-
rate limiting. However, precise time-course studies suggest that tant to 8-BrcAMP. In permeabilized canine tracheal smooth
initiation of contraction occurred within milliseconds and that muscle, both PDBu and acetylcholine induce Ca2 sensitiza-
the early phase of maintenance of force occurred within several tion (3, 4). Rho/Rho-kinase-mediated signaling may be distinct
seconds (25). Furthermore, we have demonstrated that MLCK from the PKC system because the effects of saturating concen-
inhibition with wortmannin but not Rho-kinase inhibition with trations of GTPS and PDBu were additive (9). Eto et al. (5)
Fig. 7. Signaling pathway for Ca2 sensitization in smooth muscle. Activation of the muscarinic receptor (M3) initiates signaling
through the illustrated cascades that inhibit MLCP, increasing MLC20 phosphorylation and contraction. The Rho/Rho-kinase and
PKC/CPI-17 pathways inhibit the phosphorylation of MLCP and enhance the Ca2 sensitivity of myosin phosphorylation. GTPS
increases the activity of G-binding proteins, including the heterotrimetric G protein and small G proteins such as Rho/Rho-kinase.
PDBu increases the activity of PKC. GTPS-induced Ca2 sensitization is inhibited by Y-27632, but not by 8-BrcAMP. On the
other hand, PDBu-induced Ca2 sensitization was inhibited 8-BrcAMP, but not by Y-27632. Thus 8-BrcAMP has the potential to
affect the PKC/CPI-17 pathway and upstream of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway.
muscle through the activation of Y-27632, a rho kinase inhibitor, sensitive 27. Woodsome TP, Eto M, Everett A, Brautigen DL, and Kitazawa T.
pathway. Br J Pharmacol 132: 111118, 2001. Expression of CPI-17 and myosin phosphatase correlates with Ca2
24. Snetkov VA, Hapgood KJ, McVicker CG, Lee TH, and Ward JP. sensitivity of protein kinase C-induced contraction in rabbit smooth
Mechanisms of leukotriene D4-induced constriction in human small bron- muscle. J Physiol 535: 553564, 2001.
chioles. Br J Pharmacol 133: 243252, 2001. 28. Yoshii A, Iizuka K, Dobashi K, Horie T, Harada T, Nakazawa T, and
25. Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV. Signal transduction and regulation in Mori M. Relaxation of contracted rabbit tracheal and human bronchial
smooth muscle. Nature 372: 231236, 1994. smooth muscle by Y-27632 through inhibition of Ca2 sensitization. Am J
26. Uehata M, Ishizaki T, Satoh H, Ono T, Kawahara T, Morishita T, Respir Cell Mol Biol 20: 1190 1200, 1999.
Tamakawa H, Yamagami K, Inui J, Maekawa M, and Narumiya S. 29. Zimmermann B, Somlyo AV, Ellis-Davies GC, Kaplan JH, and Somlyo
Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated AP. Kinetics of prephosphorylation reactions and myosin light chain phos-
protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 389: 990 994, 1997. phorylation in smooth muscles. J Biol Chem 270: 23966 23974, 1995.