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Roll Axis
It is the line connecting the roll centres of front and rear
suspensions
Roll Centre
Virtual Reaction
Point
s s s s 1
cG s 2 2 s 2 2 2 s K
M K K K s 2
If a roll bar is included then
1
cG 2 s K r ( K K r )
M K s 2
Wh1V 2 /( Rg )
Roll angle
Kf Kr Wh1
Wh1a y
Kf Kr Wh1
d Wh1
Roll Rate
da y Kf Kr Wh1
The roll rate is usually in the range of 3to7degree s/g
on typicalpassenger cars
Roll Moment
Roll Moments
2 2
Wh1V /( Rg ) V
M f Kf
'
Wf hf Fzf t f
Kf Kr Wh1 Rg
2 2
Wh1V /( Rg ) V
M r Kr
'
Wr hr Fzr t r
Kf Kr Wh1 Rg
Positive swing arm independent suspension Negative swing arm independent suspension
Parallel horizontal link independent suspension Inclined parallel link independent suspension
Independent Suspension Roll Centers
Direction of Travel
During acceleration the load on the rear wheels increases due to longitudinal
weight transfer. The load on the rear axle is:
b ax h
Wr W ( )
L g L
The second term on the right side of this equation is the weight transfer effect.
The weight is transferred to the axle and wheels principally through the
suspension. Therefore, there is an implied compression in the rear suspension
which, in the case of rear-drive vehicles, has been called Power Squat.
Concurrently, there is an associated rebound in the front suspension. The
combination of rear jounce and front rebound deflections produces vehicle
pitch.
Suspension systems may be designed to counteract the weight transfer and
minimize squat and pitch.
Squat and Anti-Squat
Anti-Squat forces can be generated on a rear drive axle by
choice of suspension geometry
All suspension are functionally equivalent to a trailing arm
with regard to the reaction of forces and moments onto the
vehicle
Forces Acting on a Rear Solid Drive Axle-
Acceleration
Rear Solid Drive Axle
Where,
Wrs = Static load on the axle = Static load in the suspension
Wr = Change in the suspension load under acceleration
This equation can be solved for the change in rear suspension load.
W h e
Wr a x Fx K r r
g L d
Where:
Kr = Rear suspension spring rate
r = Rear suspension deflection (positive in jounce)
The front suspension is undergoing a rebound deflection because of the
longitudinal load transfer, and has a magnitude of :
W h
W f ax K f f
g L
The pitch angle of the vehicle, p, during acceleration is simply the sum of
the suspension deflections divided by the wheelbase. Thus we can write:
r f 1 W h a x 1 Fx e 1 W h a x
p
L L g L Kr L Kr d L g L K f
Since Fx is simplify the mass times the acceleration, (W/g)ax, the equation
can be written :
1 W h ax 1 W ax e 1 W h ax
p
L g L Kr L g Kr d L g L K f
1W 1 h 1 e 1 h
p ax ( )
L g Kr L Kr d Kf L
From this equation it is easy to show that zero pitch angle is achieved when
the following condition is satisfied :
e h h Kr
d L L Kf
Rear suspension lift to
Condition for anti-squat compensate rebound of front
suspension
Anti-Squat Geometry
Rear suspension will not deflect down (jounce)when load
transfer happens to the rear due to acceleration
% anti-squat = (e/d)/(h/L)
e h h h
2
d L L L
(Full anti-pitch)
Anti-Pitch Geometry
The equation implies that the rear suspension will lift to
compensate for rebound of the front suspension, thereby
keeping the vehicle level.
L d
L/2
The locus of points for anti-pitch extends from the tire contact
point on the ground to the height of the CG at the mid-
wheelbase position.
Anti-pitch is achieved when the trailing arm pivot is located on
the line from the center of tire contact on the ground to the CG
of the vehicle.
Normally some degree of squat and pitch is expected during
vehicle acceleration, so full compensation is unusual.
Anti-squat performance cannot be designed without considering
other performance modes of the vehicle as well. When the
trailing arm is short, the rear axle may experience power hop
during acceleration near the traction limit.
The goals for anti-squat may conflict with those for braking or
handling. In this latter case, placing the pivot center above the
wheel center can produce roll oversteer.
Suspension Linkages: Rear Solid Suspension
Trailing Arm
Anti-Squat bar
Bar to constrain
Y- motion and Z
motion (anti
pitch)
Anti-Squat and Anti-Pitch Bars
Dive and Anti Dive
Direction of Travel