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Propositional Logic
If the birds are flying south and the leaves are turning, then it must
be fall. Fall brings cold weather. The leaves are turning but the
weather is not cold. Therefore the birds are not flying south.
Lets first define the statements:
B: Birds are flying south.
L: The leaves are turning.
F : It must be fall.
C : The weather is cold.
Now, lets translate the given English sentences:
(B L) F
F C
L C0
And, dont forget translating the conclusion sentence:
B0
CSE-2315 Discrete Structures January 31, 2017 4 / 17
Proof sequence example 2 (contd.)
If the birds are flying south and the leaves are turning, then it must
be fall. Fall brings cold weather. The leaves are turning but the
weather is not cold. Therefore the birds are not flying south.
Lets first define the statements:
B: Birds are flying south.
L: The leaves are turning.
F : It must be fall.
C : The weather is cold.
So, the argument is:
((B L) F ) (F C ) (L C 0 ) B 0
The question is whether the argument is valid?
Check if the argument is a tautology.
Truth table vs. Proof sequence
((B L) F ) (F C ) (L C 0 ) B 0
One way to prove is using Truth Table
B L F C BL (B L) F F C L C0 ((B L) F ) (F C ) (L C 0 ) B 0
T T T T T T T F T
T T T F T T F T T
T T F T T F T F T
T T F F T F T T T
T F T T F T T F T
T F T F F T F F T
T F F T F T T F T
T F F F F T T F T
F T T T F T T F T
F T T F F T F T T
F T F T F T T F T
F T F F F T T T T
F F T T F T T F T
F F T F F T F F T
F F F T F T T F T
F F F F F T T F T
((B L) F ) (F C ) (L C 0 ) B 0
Now prove whether this argument is valid:
1. ((B L) F ) (F C ) (L C 0 ) hyp
2. (B L) F 1,sim
3. F C 1,sim
4. L C 0 1,sim
5. L 4,sim
6. C 0 4,sim
7. (B L) C 2,3,hs
8. (B L)0 6,7,mt
9. B 0 L0 8, De Morgan
10. L0 B 0 9,comm
11. L B 0 10,imp
12. B 0 5,11,mp
So, the argument is valid.
Modus Tollens
PQ
QR
Therefore, P R
If I get paid today, then I will buy groceries.
If I buy groceries, then I will cook meal tonight.
Therefore, If I get paid today, then I will cook meal tonight.
How about the following example?
If there had been snow in the valley yesterday, I would have gone skiing.
If an avalanche had taken place yesterday, there would have been snow
in the valley yesterday.
Therefore, If an avalanche had taken place yesterday, I would have
gone skiing!
CSE-2315 Discrete Structures January 31, 2017 11 / 17
Disjunctive Syllogism, ds
Examples:
Either the class is in room NH-110 or in room NH-111.
The class is not in room NH-111.
Therefore, the class is in room NH-110.
Quantifiers