SearchWikipedia

Digraph(orthography)
Adigraphordigram(fromtheGreek:ds,"double"andgrph,"towrite")isa
pairofcharactersusedintheorthographyofalanguagetowriteeitherasinglephoneme
(distinctsound),orasequenceofphonemesthatdoesnotcorrespondtothenormalvaluesof
thetwocharacterscombined.

Digraphsareoftenusedforphonemesthatcannotberepresentedusingasinglecharacter,
InWelsh,thedigraphLl,ll
liketheEnglishshinshipandfish.Inothercasestheymayberelicsfromanearlierperiodof fusedforatimeintoaligature.
thelanguagewhentheyhadadifferentpronunciation,orrepresentadistinctionwhichismade
onlyincertaindialects,likeEnglishwh.Theymayalsobeusedforpurelyetymologicalreasons,likerhinEnglish.Digraphsare
usedinsomeRomanizationschemes,likethezhoftenusedtorepresenttheRussianletter.Asanalternativetodigraphs,
orthographiesandRomanizationschemessometimesuseletterswithdiacritics,liketheCzech,whichhasthesamefunctionas
theEnglishdigraphsh.

Insomelanguages'orthographies,digraphs(andoccasionallytrigraphs)areconsideredindividualletters,meaningthattheyhave
theirownplaceinthealphabet,andcannotbeseparatedintotheirconstituentgraphemes,e.g.whensorting,abbreviatingor
hyphenating.ExamplesarefoundinHungarian(cs,dz,dzs,gy,ly,ny,sz,ty,zs),Czech(ch),Slovak(ch,dz,d),andGaj'sLatin
Alphabet(lj,nj,d).InDutch,whenthedigraphijiscapitalized,bothlettersarecapitalized(IJ).

Digraphsmaydevelopintoligatures,butthesearedistinctconceptsaligatureinvolvesagraphicalcombinationoftwo
characters,aswhenaandearefusedinto.

Contents

Doubleletters

Digraphsmayconsistoftwodifferentcharacters(heterogeneousdigraphs)ortwoinstancesofthesamecharacter
(homogeneousdigraphs).Inthelattercase,theyaregenerallycalleddouble(ordoubled)letters.

Doubledvowellettersarecommonlyusedtoindicatealongvowelsound.ThisisthecaseinFinnishandEstonian,forinstance,
whereuurepresentsalongerversionofthevoweldenotedbyu,representsalongerversionofthevoweldenotedby
,andsoon.In MiddleEnglish,thesequenceseeandoowereusedinasimilarway,torepresentlengthened"e"and
"o"soundsrespectivelythesespellingshavebeenretainedinmodernEnglishorthography,buttheGreatVowelShiftandother
historicalsoundchangesmeanthatthemodernpronunciationsarequitedifferentfromtheoriginalones.

Doubledconsonantletterscanalsobeusedtoindicatealongorgeminatedconsonantsound.InItalian,forexample,consonants
writtendoublearepronouncedlongerthansingleones.ThiswastheoriginalmeaningofdoubledconsonantsinOldEnglish,but
duringtheMiddleEnglishandEarlyModernEnglishperiod,phonemicconsonantlengthwaslostandaspellingconvention
developedinwhichadoubledconsonantservestoindicatedthataprecedingvowelistobepronouncedshort.InmodernEnglish,
forexample,theppof tappingdifferentiatesthefirstvowelsoundfromthatoftaping.Inrarecases,doubledconsonantletters
representatruegeminateconsonantinmodernEnglishthismayoccurwhentwoinstancesofthesameconsonantcomefrom
differentmorphemes,forexamplennin unnatural(un+natural).

Insomecases,thesoundrepresentedbyadoubledconsonantletterisdistinguishedinsomeotherwaythenlengthfromthe
soundofthecorrespondingsingleconsonantletter:

InWelsh,ll standsforavoicelesslateralconsonant,whileinSpanishandCatalanitstandsforapalatalconsonant.

InseverallanguagesofwesternEurope,includingEnglish,FrenchandCatalan,thedigraphssisusedbetweenvowelsto
representthevoicelesssibilant/s/,sinceansalonebetweenvowelsnormallyrepresentsthevoicedsibilant /z/.

InSpanishandCatalan,rr isusedbetweenvowelsforthealveolartrill/r/,sinceanralonebetweenvowelsrepresentsan
alveolarflap//(thetwoaredifferentphonemesintheselanguages).

InSpanishthedigraphnnformerlyindicated //(apalatalnasal)itdevelopedintotheletter.

InBasque,doubleconsonantlettersgenerallymarkpalatalizedversionsofthesingleconsonantletter,asindd ,ll ,tt .

However,rrisatrill,contrastingwiththesingle-letterflap,asinSpanish,andthepalatalversionofniswritten.

InseveralEuropeanwritingsystems,includingtheEnglishone,thedoublingofthelettercorkisrepresentedasthe
heterogeneousdigraphckinsteadofccorkkrespectively.InnativeGermanwords,thedoublingofz,which
correspondsto/ts/,isreplacedbythedigraphtz.

Pan-dialecticaldigraphs

Somelanguageshaveaunifiedorthographywithdigraphsthatrepresentdistinctpronunciationsindifferentdialects
(diaphonemes).Forexample,inBretonthereisadigraphzhthatispronounced [z]inmostdialects,but[h]inVannetais.
Similarly,theSaintongeaisdialectofFrenchhasadigraphjhthatispronounced [h]inwordsthatcorrespondto[]instandard
French.Similarly,Catalanhasadigraphixthatispronounced []inEasternCatalan,but[j]or[js]inWestern
CatalanValencian.

Discontinuousdigraphs

Thepairoflettersmakingupaphonemearenotalwaysadjacent.ThisisthecasewithEnglishsilente.Forexample,the
sequencea...ehasthesound/e/inEnglishcake.Thisistheresultofthreehistoricalsoundchanges:cakewasoriginally/kak/,
theopensyllable/ka/cametobepronouncedwithalongvowel,andlaterthefinalschwadroppedoff,leaving/kak/.Laterstill,the
vowel/a/became/e/.

However,alphabetsmayalsobedesignedwithdiscontinuousdigraphs.IntheTatarCyrillicalphabet,forexample,theletteris
usedtowriteboth/ju/and/jy/.Usuallythedifferenceisevidentfromtherestoftheword,butwhenitisnot,thesequence...is
usedfor/jy/,asin/jyn/'cheap'.

TheIndicalphabetsaredistinctivefortheirdiscontinuousvowels,suchasThai...//in/k/.Technically,however,theseare
diacritics,notfullletterswhethertheyaredigraphsisthusamatterofdefinition.

Ambiguouslettersequences

LookupCategory:Englishwordswithpseudo-digraphsinWiktionary,thefreedictionary.

Someletterpairsshouldnotbeinterpretedasdigraphs,butappearduetocompounding,likeinhogsheadandcooperate.Thisis
oftennotmarkedinanyway,somustbememorizedasanexception.Someauthors,however,indicateiteitherbybreakingupthe
digraphwithahyphen,asinhogs-head,co-operate,orwithatremamark,asincoperate,thoughusageofthisdiaeresishas
declinedinEnglishwithinthelastcentury.WhenitoccursinnamessuchasClapham,TownshendandHartshorne,itisnever
markedinanyway.Positionalalternativeglyphsmayhelptodisambiguateincertaincases,e.g.whenroundsisusedasa
finalvariantoflongtheEnglishdigraphresembling //wouldalwaysbeh.

InromanizationofJapanese,theconstituentsounds(morae)areusuallyindicatedbydigraphs,butsomeareindicatedbyasingle
letter,andsomewithatrigraph.Thecaseofambiguityisthesyllabic,whichiswrittenasn(orsometimesm),exceptbefore
vowelsorywhereitisfollowedbyanapostropheasn.Forexample,thegivennameisromanizedasJunichir,so
thatitisparsedas/jun.i.chi.rou/,ratherthanas/ju.ni.chi.rou/.

InseveralSlaviclanguages,e.g.Czech,doublelettersmayappearincompoundwords,buttheyarenotconsidereddigraphs.
Examples:bezzubtoothless,cennvaluable,ernookblack-eyed.

Inalphabetization

Insomelanguages,certaindigraphsandtrigraphsarecountedasdistinctlettersinthemselves,andassignedtoaspecificplace
inthealphabet,separatefromthatofthesequenceofcharacterswhichcomposesthem,forpurposesoforthographyand
collation.Forexample:
 InGajsLatinalphabetusedtowriteBosnian,CroatianandSerbian,thedigraphsd ,lj andnj (whichcorrespondto
thesingleCyrillicletters,,)aretreatedasdistinctletters.

IntheCzechandSlovakalphabet,ch istreatedasadistinctletter,comingafterh inthealphabet.Also,intheSlovak

alphabettherelativelyraredigraphsdz andd aretreatedasdistinctletters.

IntheDanishandNorwegianalphabet,theformerdigraphaa ,whereitappearsinoldernames,issortedasifitwerethe
letter ,whichreplacedit.

IntheDutchalphabet,thedigraphij issometimeswrittenasaligatureandmaybesortedwithy (intheNetherlands,

thoughnotusuallyinBelgium)however,regardlessofwhereitisused,whenaDutchwordstartingwith'ij'iscapitalized,theentire
digraphiscapitalized(IJmeer,IJmuiden).OtherDutchdigraphsarenevertreatedassingleletters.

InHungarian,thedigraphscs ,dz ,gy ,ly ,ny ,sz ,ty ,zs ,andthetrigraphdzs ,havetheirownplaces
inthealphabet(wherecsfollowsc,dzanddzsfollowd,etc.)

InSpanish,thedigraphsch andll wereformerlytreatedasdistinctletters,butarenowsplitintotheirconstituentletters.

InWelsh,thealphabetincludesthedigraphsch ,dd ,ff ,ll ,ng ,ph ,rh ,th .However,mh ,nh and
ngh ,whichrepresentmutatedvoicelessconsonants,arenottreatedasdistinctletters.

IntheWymysorysmicro-language,ao istreatedasadistinctletter.

Mostotherlanguages,includingEnglish,French,German,Polish,etc.,treatdigraphsascombinationsofseparatelettersfor
alphabetizationpurposes.

Examples

Latinscript
Mainarticle:ListofLatin-scriptdigraphs

English

Englishhasbothhomogeneousdigraphs(doubledletters)andheterogeneousdigraphs(digraphsconsistingoftwodifferent
letters).Thoseofthelattertypeincludethefollowing:

scnormallyrepresents /s/(voicelessalveolarfricative)or//(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)beforeeori.

ngrepresents //(velarnasal).

chusuallycorrespondsto /t/(voicelesspostalveolaraffricate),to/k/(voicelessvelarplosive)whenusedasanetymological
digraphinwordsofGreekorigin,lesscommonlyto//(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)inwordsofFrenchorigin.

ckcorrespondsto /k/.

ghrepresents //(voicedvelarplosive)atthebeginningofwords,represents/f/(voicelesslabiodentalfricative)orissilentat
theendofwords.

phrepresents /f/(voicelesslabiodentalfricative).

rhrepresentsEnglish /r/inwordsofGreekorigin.

shrepresents //(voicelesspostalveolarfricative).

tiusuallyrepresents //word-mediallybeforeavowel.

thusuallycorrespondsto //(voicelessinterdentalfricative)or//(voicedinterdentalfricative).SeealsoPronunciationof
Englishth .

whrepresents /hw/insomeconservativedialects/w/inotherdialectsand/h/inafewwordswhereitisfollowedbyo,
suchaswhoandwhole.SeealsoPhonologicalhistoryofwh .

zhrepresents //inwordstransliteratedfromSlaviclanguages,andinAmericandictionarypronunciationspelling.

ciusuallyappearsas //beforevowels,likeinfacialandartificial.Otherwiseitis/si/asinfancierandicieror/s/asinacid
andrancid.

wrrepresents /r/.Originally,itstoodforalabializedsound,whilerwithoutwwasnon-labialized,butthisdistinction
waslostinmostdialects,thetwosoundsmergingintoasinglealveolarapproximant,allophonicallylabializedatthestartof
syllables,asinred[d].SeealsoRhoticconsonant.

quusuallyrepresents /kw/qisconventionallyfollowedbyuandavowelletter,with someexceptions.

Digraphsmayalsobecomposedofvowels.Somelettersa,e,oarepreferredforthefirstposition,othersforthesecondi,
u.Thelatterhave allographsy,win Englishorthography.

Englishvocalicdigraphs
second
letter ...i ...u
...e ...a ...o
firstletter ...y ...w

oe> oioy ouow
o... oa/ o/ oo/ u()/
e/ i/ // /auo/
auaw/
/
ae> aiay (inafro-Americanloanwordsandproper (inloanwordsfromChinese:
a... (in
e/ i/ /e/ nouns:aa/ l/) ao/ a/)
loanwords:
/a/)
eiey euew
e... ee/ i/ ea/ i(e)/
/ae(i)/ /juu/
u... ue/ uu/ ui/ u/
ie
i...
/i(a)/

OtherlanguagesusingtheLatinalphabet

InBosnian,Croatian,Serbian:

ljcorrespondsto //,(palatallateralapproximant)

njcorrespondsto //(palatalnasal)

dcorrespondsto /d/(voicedpostalveolaraffricate)

NotethatintheCyrillicorthography,thesesoundsarerepresentedbysingleletters(,,).

InCzechandSlovak:

chcorrespondsto /x/(voicelessvelarfricative),countedasadistinctletter

dzcorrespondsto /dz/(voicedalveolaraffricate),countedasadistinctletterinSlovak,relativelyraredigraph

dcorrespondsto /d/(voicedpostalveolaraffricate),countedasadistinctletterinSlovak,relativelyraredigraph

InDanishandNorwegian:

Thedigraph aarepresented //until1917inNorwayand1948inDenmark,butistodayspelt .Thedigraphisstillused

inoldernames,butsortedasifitweretheletterwiththediacriticmark.

InDutch:

ijcorrespondsto /i/(seeaboveforitspossiblestatusasaseparateletter).

ngrepresents //(velarnasal)

chrepresents /x/(voicelessvelarfricative)

sjrepresents //(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)

ierepresents /i/(closefrontunroundedvowel)

oerepresents /u/(closebackroundedvowel)

eurepresents //(close-midfrontroundedvowel)

InFrench:

chrepresents //(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)

gnrepresents //(palatalnasal)

qurepresents /k/(voicelessvelarstop),typicallybeforehistoricfrontvowels
 Frenchvocalicdigraphs
...i ...u
a... ai/ e/ au/ o/
e... ei/ / eu/ /
o... oi/ wa/ ou/ u(w)/

SeealsoFrenchphonology.

InGerman:

chrepresents /x/(voicelessvelarfricative)or//(voicelesspalatalfricative)

ckrepresents /k/(voicelessvelarplosive)

eirepresents /a/(openfrontunroundedvowel)followedby(near-closenear-frontunroundedvowel)

eurepresents //(open-midbackroundedvowel)followedby(near-closenear-frontroundedvowel)

InHungarian:

csrepresents /t/(voicelesspostalveolaraffricate)

zsrepresents //(voicedpostalveolarfricative)

gyrepresents //(voicedpalatalplosive)

lyoriginallyrepresented //(palatallateralapproximant),butinthemodernlanguagestandsfor/j/(palatalapproximant)

nyrepresents //(palatalnasal)

tyrepresents /c/(voicelesspalatalplosive)

dzrepresents /dz/(voicedpostalveolaraffricate)

szrepresents /s/(voicelessalveolarfricative)(sispronounced //)

TheHungarianalphabetadditionallycontainsalsoatrigraph, dzs /d/.

InItalian:

sccorrespondsto //,(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)before-iand-e(butto/sk/beforeotherletters)

chcorrespondsto /k/(onlyusedbeforei,e)

ghcorrespondsto //(onlyusedbeforei,e)

glrepresents //,palatallateralapproximant,before-i(withsomeexceptions)

gnrepresents //(palatalnasal)

InPolish:

chcorrespondsto /x/(voicelessvelarfricative)

czcorrespondsto /t/(voicelessretroflexaffricate)

dzcorrespondsto /dz/(voicedalveolaraffricate)

dcorrespondsto /d/(voicedalveolo-palatalaffricate)

dcorrespondsto /d/(voicedretroflexaffricate)

rzcorrespondsto //(voicedretroflexfricative)

szcorrespondsto //(voicelessretroflexfricative)

InPortuguese:

chcorrespondsto //(voicelesspostalveolarfricative)

lhcorrespondsto //(palatallateralapproximant)

nhcorrespondsto //(palatalnasal)

InSpanish:
 ll istraditionally(butnowusuallynot)pronounced//

chrepresents /t/(voicelesspostalveolaraffricate).Since2010,neitherareconsideredpartofthealphabet.Theyusedtobe
sortedasseparateletters,butareformin1994bytheSpanishRoyalAcademyhasallowedthattheybesplitintotheirconstituent
lettersforcollation.Thedigraph rr,pronouncedasadistinct alveolartrill,wasneverofficiallyconsideredtobealetterinthe
Spanishalphabet,neitherwereguandqu(for//and/k/respectivelybeforeeori).

InWelsh:

ngrepresents //(velarnasal),thesamesoundasinEnglish.

chrepresents //(voicelessuvularfricative)

phrepresents /f/(voicelesslabiodentalfricative)

rhrepresents /r/(voicelessalveolartrill),pronouncedroughlylikethecombinationhr.

threpresents //(voicelessinterdentalfricative)

ddrepresents //(voiceddentalfricative),liketheEnglishthin then.

ffrepresents /f/(voicelesslabiodentalfricative),likeEnglishf,sinceWelshfispronounced /v/likeanEnglishv.

llrepresents //(voicelessalveolarlateralfricative)

Thedigraphslistedaboverepresentdistinctphonemes.Ontheotherhand,thedigraphs mh, nh,andthetrigraph ngh,

whichstandforvoicelessconsonants,butonlyoccuratthebeginningofwordsasaresultofthenasalmutation,arenotincludedin
thealphabet.

Daighitongiongpingim,atranscriptionsystemusedforTaiwaneseHokkien,includesorwhichrepresents//(midcentralvowel)
or/o/(close-midbackroundedvowel),aswellasotherdigraphs.

Cyrillic
Mainarticle:Cyrillicdigraphs

ModernSlaviclanguageswrittenintheCyrillicalphabetmakelittleuseofdigraphsapartfromfor /d/,for /dz/(in

Ukrainian,Belarusian,andBulgarian),andandfortheuncommonRussianphoneme //.InRussian,thesequences
anddooccur(mainlyinloanwords),butarepronouncedascombinationsofanimplosive(sometimestreatedasan
affricate)andafricativeimplosivesaretreatedasallophonesoftheplosive/d/,sothesesequencesarenotconsideredtobe
digraphs.Cyrilliconlyhaslargenumbersofdigraphswhenusedtowritenon-Slaviclanguages,especiallyCaucasianlanguages.

Arabic

Becausevowelsarenotgenerallywritten,digraphsarerareinabjadslikeArabic.Forexample,ifshwereusedfor,thenthe
sequenceshcouldmeaneitheraorsaha.However,digraphsareusedfortheaspiratedandmurmuredconsonants(those
spelledwithh-digraphsinLatintranscription)inlanguagesofSouthAsiasuchasUrduthatarewrittenintheArabicscript.Thisis
accomplishedwithaspecialformoftheletterhwhichisonlyusedforaspirationdigraphs,asseenwiththefollowingconnecting
(kh)andnon-connecting(h)consonants:

Urdu connecting non-connecting

digraph: /k/ //
sequence: /k/ //

Armenian

IntheArmenianlanguage,thedigraphcorrespondsto/u/,(closebackroundedvowel).

Georgian

TheGeorgianalphabetusesafewdiacriticswhenwritingotherlanguages.Forexample,inSvan,//is"we",and/y/is"wi".

Greek

ModernGreekhasthefollowingdigraphs:

(ai)represents/e/
 (ei)represents/i/

(oi)represents/i/

(oy)represents/u/

(yi)represents/i/

Thesearecalled"diphthongs"inGreekinclassicaltimesmostofthemdidrepresentdiphthongs,andthenamehasstuck.

(gg)represents//or//

representstheaffricate/ts/

representstheaffricate/dz/

Initial(gk)represents//

Initial(mp)represents/b/

Initial(nt)represents/d/

AncientGreekalsohadthe"diphthongs"listedabovealthoughtheirpronunciationinancienttimesisdisputed.InadditionAncient
Greekalsousedthelettercombinedwithavelarstoptoproducethefollowingdigraphs:

(gg)represents//

(gk)represents//

(gkh)represents/k/

Tsakonianhasafewadditionaldigraphs://(historicallyperhapsafricativetrill),/k/,/t/,/p/,//.Inaddition,palatal
consonantsareindicatedwiththevowelletter,butthisislargelypredictable.When/n/and/l/arenotpalatalizedbefore,theyare
writtenand.

InBactrian,thedigraphs,,wereusedfor/b/,/d/,/g/.

Hebrew

IntheHebrewalphabet, and maysometimesbefoundfor /ts/.ModernHebrewalsousesdigraphsmadewiththe symbol

fornon-nativesounds: /d/, //, /t/andotherdigraphsofletterswhenitiswrittenwithoutvowels: foraconsonantalletter
inthemiddleofaword,and for/aj/or/aji/,etc.,thatis,aconsonantalletter inplaceswhereitmightnothavebeenexpected.
Yiddishhasitsowntraditionoftranscription,sousesdifferentdigraphsforsomeofthesamesounds: /dz/, //, /t/,and
(literallydz)for/d/, /v/,alsoavailableasasingleUnicodecharacter, orasasinglecharacterinUnicode /oj/, or /ej/,
and /aj/.Thesingle-characterdigraphsarecalled"ligatures"inUnicode. mayalsobeusedfollowingaconsonanttoindicate
palatalizationinSlavicloanwords.

Indic

MostIndicscriptshavecompoundvoweldiacriticsthatcannotbepredictedfromtheirindividualelements.Thiscanbeillustrated
withThai,wherethediacritic,onitsownpronounced/e/,modifiesthepronunciationofothervowels:

singlevowelsign: /ka/, /ke/, /k/

vowelsignplus: /kaw/, /k/, /k/

Inaddition,thecombinationispronounced/a/or/am/,therearesomewordswherethecombinationsandstandfor/s/and
theletterasprefixtoaconsonantchangesitstonicclasstohigh,modifyingthetoneofthesyllable.

Inuit

InuktitutsyllabicsaddstwodigraphstoCree:

rkforq
qai, qi, qu, qa, q

and

ngfor
 ng

Thelatterformstrigraphsandtetragraphs.

Japanese

TwokanamaybecombinedintoaCVsyllablebysubscriptingthesecondthisconventioncancelsthevowelofthefirst.Thisis
commonlydoneforCyVsyllablescalledyon,asinhyohi yo.Thesearenotdigraphs,astheyretainthenormalsequential
readingofthetwoglyphs.However,someobsoletesequencesnolongerretainthatreading,asinkwa,gwa,andmwa,
nowpronouncedka,ga,ma.Inaddition,non-sequenceabledigraphsareusedforforeignloansthatdonotfollownormal
Japaneseassibilationpatterns,suchasti,tu,tye/che,swe,wi,tso,zi.(SeeKatakanaandTranscription
intoJapaneseforcompletetables.)

Longvowelsarewrittenbyaddingthekanaforthatvowel,ineffectdoublingit.However,longmaybewritteneitherooorou,as
intoukyou[tokjo]'Tky'.Fordialectswhichdonotdistinguishandei,thelatterspellingisusedforalonge,asin
heisei[hese]'Heisei'.

ThereareseveralconventionsofOkinawankanawhichinvolvesubscriptdigraphsorligatures.Forinstance,intheUniversityof
theRyukyussystem,is/u/,is/o/,butis/u/.

Korean

AswasthecaseinGreek,Koreanhasvowelsdescendedfromdiphthongsthatarestillwrittenwithtwoletters.Thesedigraphs,
//and/e/(also/j/,/je/),andinsomedialects//and/y/,allendinhistorical/i/.

Hangulwasdesignedwithadigraphseriestorepresentthe"muddy"consonants:*[b],*[d],*[dz],*[],*[z],*[]
also,withanuncertainvalue.Thesevaluesarenowobsolete,butmostofthesedoubledletterswereresurrectedinthe19th
centurytowriteconsonantswhichhadnotexistedwhenhangulwasdevised:/p/,/t/,/t/,/k/,/s/.

InUnicode

Generally,adigraphissimplyrepresentedusingtwocharactersinUnicode.[1]However,forvariousreasons,Unicodesometimes
providesaseparatecodepointforadigraph,encodedasasinglecharacter.

TheDZandIJdigraphsandtheSerbian/CroatiandigraphsD,LJ,andNJhaveseparatecodepointsinUnicode.

TwoGlyphs Digraph UnicodeCodePoint HTML

DZ,Dz,dz ,, U+01F1U+01F2U+01F3 &#x1F1&#x1F2&#x1F3
D,D,d ,, U+01C4U+01C5U+01C6 &#x1C4&#x1C5&#x1C6
IJ,ij , U+0132U+0133 &#x132&#x133
LJ,Lj,lj ,, U+01C7U+01C8U+01C9 &#x1C7&#x1C8&#x1C9
NJ,Nj,nj ,, U+01CAU+01CBU+01CC &#x1CA&#x1CB&#x1CC

SeealsoLigaturesinUnicode.

Seealso

Multigraph(orthography)

Trigraph

Tetragraph

Pentagraph

Hexagraph

Bigram

Diphthong

Listofalltwo-lettercombinations

ListofLatinletters
 References

1.^"FAQLigatures,DigraphsandPresentationForms" .TheUnicodeConsortium:HomePage.UnicodeInc.19912009.
Retrieved2009-05-11.

Lastedited20daysagobyUrszag

ContentisavailableunderCCBY-SA3.0 unlessotherwisenoted.

TermsofUse Privacy Desktop