M AT E E N | 1

Kianna Mateen

Dr. Thomas Trimble

English 3020

24 April 2017

MLA Style

The Importance of Police Brutality Media Coverage for Racial Equality

INTRODUCTION

The daily consumption of news through the constantly developing forms of media has

continued to shape how society perceives essentially every topic but also the matter of police

brutality. This topic has been a source of heated debate within America for a long time and it is

both historical and significant to present day society which is why the issue needs to be

examined from the source of distribution: the media. According to each article that I observed,

regarding police brutality, most acts of police brutality occur with the stigma of authority versus

minority. Therefore, to fully delve into this these coinciding topics, it would be hard not to

mention the importance of race in the matter (Rice and Rice 83).

Many scholars have examined how much media influences society as well as societal

perceptions and opinions about police brutality. As a result, I conducted secondary research to

begin the process of answering my question: How does the media influence ideologies about

police brutality and does this influence assist the goal of racial equality? Consequently, the initial

part of this research project will discuss what scholars discovered about the media, police

brutality, and the combination of the two. Once these observations are examined, I will then
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delve into my primary research by examining and describing the implications of this media

coverage from the years of 1960s compared to the 2010s.

MEDIA INFLUENCE ON SOCIETAL PERCEPTIONS

The media and motivations behind its creation can mean a lot of things to different people

but it can be concluded that it is societys primary source of information, as observed in "Truth

Telling, the Media, and Society" created by Nicholas Boyle. In this article, Boyle describes the

media and the roles that it plays in society. In the past, the media was known as the media of

communication and in recent years it has been identified as the mass media (Boyle 19). This

simple change in what majority of society labels the media as, is rather different. In the initial

phases of media, communication was done through newspapers, radio, cinema, and TV while it

is now primarily constructed through the internet (Boyle 20). To compare time frames, it appears

that in earlier forms of media anything that was published was more valuable to society than our

current societal relationship with news. Consequently, there seems to be a decline in this

viewpoint from the reason that the current forms of media are constantly being distributed at a

rapid pace. Despite this sense of societal awareness, everyone seems to greatly engage with

media and it is said to be because humans are indeed social animals (Boyle 19). This is

something that mostly everyone in society can relate to being that we often, as humans,

knowingly engage with others that seem to be toxic just for enhanced social interactions.

To gain more of an understanding about the current relationship between the media and

society, I observed Evolution of the Digital Society Reveals Balance between Viral and Mass

Media Influence" by Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg and Marin Bogu. In this article, society is divided

into three categories of individuals based on their levels of involvement with the media and its

influence within their daily lives. The three categories are labeled as susceptible, passive, and
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active individuals according to Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg and Marin Bogu. A susceptible

individual is one that possess the ability to be influenced by the media but has not been yet, an

active individual is fully involved with the media, and a passive individual only interacts with

media in a way that is not fully engaged (Kleineberg and Bogu). This seems to be an accurate

representation of how most people would define societal levels of media interactions. Therefore,

it can be concluded that some members of society seem to be more inclined to possess views that

strongly correlates to what they are presented with in the media (Kleineberg and Bogu). This

influence seemed to be less prominent in the earlier years of the media even though it appeared

to be more valuable. However, media forums are constantly changing and the newer

establishment of social media almost reestablishes what it means to be media of

communication being that it constantly allows communication directly to society (Boyle 20).

Police Brutality

Twenty-five years after the publication of the Kerner Commission, there was not any

noticeable change in the way that the difference of how the police treated whites and minorities

in America (Embrick pp. 837-838).

To make matters worse, decades after the report, it was stated that over three hundred

African Americans were killed by the police in the year of 2014 (Embrick 837). This is a

substantial amount of lives loss due to what happens to be defined as justifiable force. Recently,

it has also been observed that police brutality is an essentially modified form of slavery because

it is a way of implementing a control over minorities in a more discreet manner (Embrick 838).

While many minorities are aware of this sense of severity about police brutality, one of the main

reasons that it remains a problem is because white individuals continuously hold the illusion that

racism has ended (Evans and Feagin 890). Viewing something as if it does not exist can only
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perpetuate the problem until it becomes significant enough that it is hard to ignore or provide an

effective solution. On the other hand, this is an issue that is also significant to the American

society because it will only become more difficult to distinguish when excessive force used by

the police is fair or corrupt (Smith and Holmes 1036). As a result of these findings I aim to

discover if the medias influence on police brutality has grown and presents a goal of racial

equality. --- Introduction

SOCIETAL PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE BRUTALITY

It is said that the main source of contribution to police brutality and its sense of

justification, is the media (Embrick 839). Events that are categorized as police brutality tend to

occur when the officer has used excessive force but is often hesitant to reveal what exactly

happened as they express how they deeply feared for their lives (Evans and Feagin pp. 887-888).

This extreme sense of force from the police is typically seen as a racial matter being that it

usually involves interactions with minorities (Smith and Holmes 1036). This stigma associated

with police brutality only perpetuates the ideology that most minorities are dangerous which is

why police officers who are also minorities often engage in this tactic of discrimination (Smith

and Holmes 1054). It has been examined that the media tends to stereotype people in society

with police officers and white individuals appearing as innocent victims while minorities are

usually distorted as violent delinquents (Embrick 839). Typically, this cruelty delivered by the

police often occurs in situations where if the pursued criminal was white, they possibly would

receive a reward or warning or there would be no retaliation (Embrick 836). However, the media

repeatedly fails to criminalize the coverage surrounding white violence, such as the deadly

shootout that involved an all-white biker gang in Texas, in the way that they continue to do in

every shooting incident involving minorities (Embrick 839). This distortion in delivery occurs
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frequently and can be observed in a myriad of media forums about minorities and whites. The

media tends to also be directly delivered to reporters by police officers who makes a conscious

effort to show that they demonstrated tactics of defense against the victims (Lawrence 3).

Overall there has been an abundance of lives lost due to police brutality yet many forms

of media articles represent this issue as a newly established growing concern for many white

Americans (Evans and Feagin 888). This topic has caused many differing viewpoints in America,

in 1967 the Kerner Commission listed police brutality and white racism as the main reasons why

the rebellion began, however, many whites held the belief that the events happened sporadically

(Rice and Rice 84). One major case of media coverage that seemed to display police brutality in

the accurate viewpoint of being unjustifiable was the televised beating of Rodney King

(Lawrence 142). This coverage allowed for society to see the struggles that minorities dealt with

a regular basis. However, every now and then journalists feel as though they are obligated to

entertain opposed to give an objective description of a story which can often result in a report

that appears to possess a certain amount of police subjectivity (Lawrence pp. 88-90).

This subjectivity allows the media to portray victims of police brutality in ways that

describes them as police officers do, which diminishes the humanity to be understood about each

victims lives, as if they do not matter (Obasogie and Newman 567). The most recent display of

combating police brutality and biased media alteration would have to be The Black Lives

Matter media-focused movement. This movement launched following the infamous killing of

Trayvon Martin and his shooters acquittal (Obasogie and Newman 542). The incident left a

sizeable amount of debate across the country. However, the continuous attention that the media

permits for the Black Lives Matter movement has allowed society to become even more sensitive

to police brutality (Obasogie and Newman 544). It also gave people a chance to form opinions
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on where they stand in the discussion of social reform through media as well as the topic of

police brutality.

METHODS

Sampling Methods. To examine the importance of media coverage of police brutality for

racial equality I decided to survey 52 individuals across Wayne State Universitys Campus.

These questions prompted optional responses of yes, no, and the choice of being uncertain on a

concrete answer. In this method, I aimed to get a reasonable representation on a substantial

portion of societys opinions about the media and police brutality.

I also conducted an interview with a Detroiter who experienced the racial tension and

media coverage of police brutality surrounding the 1967 riots. In this discussion, I aimed to

examine my interviewees input on how things related to police brutality were represented in the

media then compared to the present day. I also observed released police brutality articles both in

the 1960s and the 2010s to analyze whether the stories increased in coverage and perceived

importance.

Survey Data. I verbally surveyed 52 Wayne State University individuals ranging from the

status of a freshman to the employees. Caucasian Americans represented 30 of the individuals

surveyed, 12 of the participants were African American, and the remaining 10 consisted of

individuals who identify as South Asian Americans. I specifically chose to target these people to

receive data from a diverse group of individuals that appear to observe media coverage on a

regular basis. One major reason being that majority of the participants are college students who

are categorized as technological interactive millennials which makes them more likely to follow

the current trends of the media including coverage of police brutality. This generation is also
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more likely to be the direct consumers of the primary efforts of police brutality awareness

presented by the media. Eight of the 52 individuals surveyed were Caucasian American staff of

Wayne State University that ranged from ages 30-53. I chose to survey these employees to

diversify the age group of the participants. Overall, I thought it would be a good idea to examine

a society that would appear to be more capable of being objective being that Wayne State

University is highly diverse.

The questions that were distributed to each participant surveyed were:

Do you believe that the media has influenced societal perceptions of police

brutality?
Do you believe that media outlets have influenced your perception of police

brutality?
Do you believe that media coverage of police brutality has grown substantially in

comparison of the earlier years (such as 1960s)?

Do you believe that police brutality has become more important to society after

receiving attention from the media?

Do you believe that social media police brutality awareness efforts such as Black

Lives Matter are important?

Do you believe these social media movements help perpetuate the goal of racial

unification and equality?

Do you believe that media coverage of racial inequalities (such as police brutality)

helped create a desire within society to end such discriminations?

Interview Data. In contrast to this viewpoint, I also conducted an interview with a

Detroiter named Arthur Wilson who could compare his actual experience with police brutality to

its portrayal in the media. Arthur is a 60-year-old African American male who was born and

raised in the city of Detroit and in his mid-30s he moved to a suburban area located outside of
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the city. I believe that this viewpoint is also important because it examines an individuals

perspective who grew up seeing one side of this problem to presently witnessing new media

tactics that seems to propose more equality for minorities. Therefore, half of his life is spent

viewing police brutality primarily in person than in media while the other half examines it more

so through the eyes of media portrayal. Overall I feel that the combination of these two

viewpoints would represent a great sample of the American societal depiction of police brutality

through the media.

Article Observations. I examined current and past police brutality articles to further

analyze how the medias coverage of police brutality has growingly helped perpetuate racial

equality. I examined articles from the 1960s published through the Michigan Chronicle, The

Detroit News, and Detroit Free Press when the rise of police brutality awareness seemed to gain

Americas interest. I also examined articles from the New Republic, Michigan Chronicle, The

Detroit News, and Detroit Free Press but in the 2010s where the articles seem to continue the

concerned captivation within American society. In these articles, I hoped to see an increase in the

amount of coverage and concern that correlates with the amount of racial equality change over

this time frame.

RESULTS

Survey Data Analysis. After conducting the surveys, 88% of the participants

acknowledged the fact that the media has influenced societal perceptions of police brutality 8%

responded as being uncertain and 4% answered no. All South Asian and African American

participants answered yes to this question while 76% of the Caucasian American participants

answered yes. Regarding whether their personal perception of police brutality has been

influenced by the media coverage 76% of participants answered yes. Out of this 76% just over
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half of each ethnicity answered yes while 11% of participants answered no and 13% were

uncertain. Out of the 52 participants, 92% of them also believed that the media coverage of

police brutality has grown substantially since earlier years. Four people answered no to this

question and they were all African American.

The belief that police brutality has become more important to society after receiving

attention from the media received 63% agreed responses. All Caucasian Americans responded

yes while all African Americans and three South Asians answered this question by saying no.

However, no participants expressed that the social media police brutality awareness efforts such

as Black Lives Matter were not important. Instead 96% of the participants believe that they are

important and the remainder 4% were Caucasian Americans who responded as being uncertain

about their response. Very similar responses were given to the belief that these social media

movements help perpetuate the goal of racial unification and equality. Specifically, 92% of

participants responded that the movements do in fact assist the goal while 8% of participants

were uncertain. Half of that 8% were the Caucasian Americans who were uncertain previously

and the other half consisted of African Americans.

Regarding the belief that the media coverage of racial inequalities (such as police

brutality) helped create a desire within society to end such discriminations left a higher sense of

equal uncertainty. Ten Caucasian Americans, four African Americans, and three South Asians all

were uncertain of their response totaling to 36% of responses but the rest of the participants

answered yes and not a single person responded to the question by answering no. Overall, most

participants appeared to be confident in their answers leaving little percentages of uncertainty

responses throughout each question.

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Interview Data Analysis. Arthur Wilsons thoughts on police brutality seem to originate

from his childhood but slowly became influenced more so by the media as he grew older and

moved further from the city. Arthurs original encounters with police brutality happened

throughout his childhood in Detroit and during the personal loss of his brother through an

incident with the police. In my neighborhood people got killed on a regular basis and they had

massacres over thereit was nothing to walk around and see a dead body (Wilson). Arthur did

not elaborate on the details of the incident with his brother but after moments of reflection he

realized that it led to him developing a stronger sense of separation between blacks and whites.

When asked whether the medias portrayal of police brutality was accurate in the 1960s Arthur

responded, Not all of the details were rightIm just happy people got the chance to see what

we dealt with every day (Wilson).

This direct interaction with police brutality and racial injustices within Detroit led him to

leave the city to work for General Motors at the age of 32 (Wilson). Once Arthur made this

transition he began to see police brutality primarily through media reports rather than personal

experience. He also became more racially intertwined with other ethnicities he explained that he

began to become open to engagement with others from different backgrounds. This move also

led to a more observatory police brutality position for Arthur rather than participatory.

When asked whether he supports the Black Lives Matter movement on social media

platforms he expressed that the movement is making progresstheyre creating a voice for the

people (Wilson). This statement was followed by his acknowledgement of the fact that if media

forums never exposed acts of police brutality, it would even more massive than it already is

(Wilson). However, one critique that Arthur had about the medias influence on police brutality

for racial fairness was that the media never seems to focus on the progressive developments of
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racial injustices which may make it harder for the people aiming for progress to continue their

efforts when they are not acknowledged (Wilson).

Media Data Analysis. To receive a deeper understanding of the medias influence over

societal perceptions of police brutality, I analyzed several articles published in the 1960s

compared to articles published in the 2010s. The first set of articles that I examined were

published in the Detroit Free Press. The newspaper article titled U.S. Aides Condemn City

Police was released on November 13, 1968 by Tom De Lisle. In this article De Lisle discussed a

suit filed by three Detroit civil right leaders against two police officers for unjustified retaliation

to a participate of the Poor Peoples March. The article describes an individual going up to an

officer and requesting that he move his police so that the marchers could get by but the officer

deliberately made his horse trample over the individuals foot. De Lisle went on to explain that

no Detroit officials responded on these statements which is why the civil right leaders decided to

file a suit in hopes teaching officers that this behavior is unacceptable.

The more current article that I viewed from this publisher was titled $37M awarded in

Genesee Co. police beating caught on camera which was written by Tresa Baldas on November

6, 2016. This article describes a case where a man was arrested for drunk driving and later was

abused by police that happened to be caught on camera. Although this event is quite disturbing, I

believe that it represents progress because I am not certain that the release of this footage would

have had resulted in the same outcome in the 1960s. Also, the fact that the court system

acknowledged this as a crime by giving the man a reward is a huge step of progress in contrast of

the Detroit officials lack of response from the previous Free Press article.

The second set of articles that I examined were also published by the Detroit Free Press.

The first article was written by William Serrin in December of 1967 titled How Well Does the
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City Police Its Police? This article discussed how thousands of complaints given by minorities

surrounding police brutality were continuously ignored by the Detroit Police Departent. Serrin

also includes feedback from the head Detroit police inspector Carl Heffernan who explains that

there is not much that anyone can do about the complaints being that there are several corrupt

officers within the force that have acquired a great deal of respect and loyalty amongst fellow

officials.

The more current article that I examined published by the Detroit Free Press is titled

Police shootings of black men: Haven't we seen enough? by Stephen Henderson in July of

2016. The article begins by referencing back to 1955 when Mamie Till chose to let the media

outlets publish an open casket picture of her son who was fatally beaten by police officers.

Henderson displays this image and shortly after it wrote Now, we face our own call to collective

will to stop the gruesome pattern of brutal police killings of African American men, women and

children. Just below this statement Henderson included footage and information about the

recent police brutality occurrences at the time that seem to provide reasoning for this sense of

communal call to action through the media.

The Detroit News is who published my third set of articles that I chose to examine. The

article published in 1968 seemed to defend the police in a way that criminalized minorities was

titled Police Across the Nation Starting to Fight Back. This story is something that would be

likely to be more controversial if it were released today mainly because majority of the American

society tends to perceive police brutality as something that exist rather than something that is

believed by only African Americans. The article goes on to discuss how police are seeing

themselves as political forces by urging Congress to reevaluate certain decisions made to

improve police brutality through the criminal justice system. The police force main reasoning for
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this opposition was that these adjustments would cause minority groups to depreciate police

authority.

The more recent article that I observed published by the Detroit News was released in

April of 2017 and entitled Mom of slain Detroit man sues police for $50M by Nicquel Terry.

In this article Terry describes how Nelda Kellom filed a federal complaint after her 39 year-old

unarmed son was shot in his home after being accused of robbing a pizza delivery person and

violation of probation. However, it has been brought to the attention of the family that the police

did not have a proper warrant for his arrest or to enter Terrances home. Overall this report seems

to bring awareness to both racial discrimination and events of police brutality.

My final set of media articles were published by the Michigan Chronicle. The first article

was released in 1968 and titled Task Force Finds 4-1 Cop Ratio Ok. The article describes the

fact that there are four Caucasian police officers to every one black officer. The title suggests that

this is a problem that needs to be addressed while the content explains steps taken by Mayor

Cavanagh to address this problem. The second article that I reviewed published by the Michigan

Chronicle is titled Detroit Pastors Warn Black Residents to Avoid Traveling to Suburb of

Eastpointe and was written by Roz Edward on December 14, 2016. In this article Edward

explains that pastors of Detroit are using their platform and social media efforts to warn African

Americans about police brutality occurrences within Eastpointe. This all began after an African

American man was recently arrested for drunk driving and during his arrest police displayed

excessive force causing the man to become unconscious and lose vision in one eye (Edward).

This story seems to display a sense of media responsibility to forward this message across

Michigan in addition to spreading the awareness through social media efforts.

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Due to the fact that social media is a more recent media advancement I concluded that it

would not be appropriate to compare a 1960s article to this movement. However, I did find a

current article on the movement titled Why Black Lives Still Matter Still Matters by Mark

Binelli that was published by the New Republic in May 2017. This article discussed the

beginning reports of police brutality that occurred in the 1960s that led to the events presented in

the 1967 riots. Binelli goes on to connect these historical factors to the black lives matter

movements by providing a evidence of how long the police forces have been extremely corrupt.

Specifically, he discussed the officer that embodied brutal tactics the the zero-visibility patrol

known as stress, Raymond Peterson (Binelli 31). Peterson was known around Detroit as Mr.

STRESS and Binellis article went on to assure the public that there are other individuals who

embody these horrible tactics after 50 years have passed which is why social media movements

to spread awareness are still very relevant and important (Binelli pp.35-41).

DISCUSSION

Significance of Findings. Most of my individuals surveyed seemed to be active

individuals of the media while Arthur seemed to be a more passive media individual, according

to the definitions provided by Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg and Marin Bogu (p. 3). I believe that this

combination of analysis per individual observation helped develop results that seem to represent

an accurate measure of societal perceptions. As a result it appears that these individuals view the

media influence to be strong when analyzing its effect on societal sense of awareness. Arthurs

statement about the media making progresstheyre creating a voice for the people combined

with the fact that 92% of participants responded that the movements do in fact assist with the

goal of racial unification and equality exemplifies that the power that society believes the media

has when it comes to making racially historical progression within society.

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Regarding my findings amongst my article assessments, I noticed that after each analysis

of comparison the articles grew in both coverage and perception of importance as the time

progressed. By an individual being rewarded 37million dollars on a case of police brutality

signifies its level of unlawfulness in present society (Baldas). This demonstrates great progress

since the time when events of police brutality were not acknowledged by local levels of

government (De Lisle). Within this change I also noticed that the methods of police brutality

reported has become more violent overtime which may signify why the articles tones seem to

appear more urgent in a way that presents a demand for action to be taken within society.

Specifically, it appeared that in 1960s there were more reports of physical abuse reports and

complaints presented in Serrins 1968article. However, as time progressed the acts of violence

have seemed to grow more violent and intrusive as seen in Terrrys 2017 article where the police

shot and killed Kellom in his home.

Despite the unfortunate results of the growth of abusive techniques, it appears that these

tactics allow for more empathy evoked article. The images of the young son and mom crying in

the article written by Henderson seems to be aimed specifically at calling towards society to

assume the responsibility of preventing these events. I believe that this shift in an empathetic

representation of police brutality helped society become more shaped towards racial equality

whether society is fully aware of it or not.

Although the media does not always represent news in a completely objective manner it

seems that the efforts of representing police brutality appears to be valuable. This subjectivity

displayed by the media seems to benefit society by bringing great attention to the matter of the

mistreatment of minorities. In every article that I analyzed, they seemed to all denote the fact that

police brutality is a topic that needs to be brought to everyones attention opposed to being
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another hidden problem of America. Therefore, I believe that the media should continue

acknowledging police brutality with this sense of urgency that causes society to also observe that

these acts by police are unjustifiable.

After concluding my research and examining the results, it is apparent that the increased

coverage of police brutality overtime has caused society to become more aware and concerned

about the topic. This is something that appears to have created more racial interaction and the

continuation of the quest for racial equality. This perception of police brutality seemed to be

agreed upon by Arthur who experienced both sides of the situation, 76% of survey responders,

and the progressive advancements of articles presented by the media.

Limitations of Study. One limitation of my study was the fact that I only surveyed

individuals at Wayne State University. The university is known for being one of the more diverse

college settings which may have neglected opportunities to receive perceptional feedback from

Americans who are not as directly exposed to the different racial injustice. It also limited the

survey to people who either work, live, or go to school in an urban area. Regarding the process

of surveys, I believe the fact that I verbally asked the questions and marked a tally for their

answers also limited the study. This is due to the fact that this process may have caused some

people to not be as candid in their responses. However, due to the time restraints presented it

seemed to be an easier method of surveying that would allow more responses.

Another limitation faced in this study was the fact that I interviewed one 60-year-old

African American male who grew up directly witnessing acts of police brutality. This interview

was highly appropriate for my topic but it was also precise meaning that it focused on a

narrowed opinion. Therefore, the key limitation in this method was the fact that I only received a
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detailed interview from one person from a highly specific demographic rather than at least ten

others with varying perspectives.

Limitations surrounding my article research would be the fact that I focused on the 1960s

and 2010s rather than observing articles over each decade. This restricted my form of

comparison overtime being that I was not able to directly study the growth of the media outlets

opposed to a drastic time difference. Also, the formats hindered factors of comparison being that

the older articles that I examined were represented in newspapers while the newer articles were

all distributed online.

Questions for Further Study. Regardless of the limits faced within this study, I do believe

that the results provide a sense of proof that the medias influence on society has caused a spread

in both awareness and concern about police brutality across America. However, it did stir up the

question of whether this enhanced sense of awareness and concern provides any substantial

action to be taken in ending events of police brutality. As a result, if I were to continue this study

I would focus more on whether this amount of attention brought to the topic has actually

provided some aid in declining incidents of police brutality. Additionally, I would allow for an

unlimited timeframe reserved for the conduction of extensive secondary and primary research. I

would enhance the amount and demographics of participants surveyed and interviewed to receive

a better representation of societal interpretations of the matter.

CONCLUSION

The media is often seen as a harsh contributor to police brutality yet the often-warped

reports seem to deliver an abundance of awareness to society that it is in fact a form of racial
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injustice. Therefore, it can be concluded that this perception of police brutality presents a

message that enhances the goal of racial equality.

After concluding my secondary research, I established a baseline of how the media tends

to shape perceptions of police brutality and perpetuate racial equality. This helped me identify

the subtle changes in each forum as I examine media outlets from the years of 1960s compared

to present day. Most of these articles expanded the time frames did not seem to focus on how the

content, whether negative or positive, enhanced police brutality awareness and racial equality.

In the articles that I have examined no one seemed to make a substantial comparison

about the relationship between police brutality and the medias positive influence on society.

Therefore, in my primary research I aimed to discover how the media portrayal of police

brutality grew as well as the awareness and fight for equality that it seems to spread. In addition

to this, I could examine how the media has made changed in their delivery on messages of police

brutality as time has progressed.

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Brutality, and Racial Control in Post-Racial Amerikkka." Critical Sociology, vol. 41,

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Smith, Brad W., and Malcom D. Holmes. "Community Accountability, Minority Threat, and

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Collection. Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. 5 April 2017.

Wilson, Arthur. Personal Interview. 1 Feb. 2017.