1 Power Devices

Solution of Examples for Practice

Example 1.2.7 :
Solution : Fig. 1.2.7 shows the circuit diagram.

i(t)

T1
R = 20 W
+
Vs = 100V

L = 0.5 H

Fig. 1.1 Circuit of example 1.2.7

Latching current, I L = 4 mA (Given). The current through the RL circuit is given by

equation (1.2.8) as,
R
V -t
i(t) = s 1 - e L
R

In the above equation when i(t) is equal to latching current, SCR turns on. Hence with
i(t) = I L , above equation becomes,
R
V -t
I L = s 1 - e L
R

Now we have to determine the time 't' in above equation. Putting other values,
100
20
-t
4 10 - 3 = 1 - e 0.5
20

Solving above equation for t,
t = 20 m sec
Thus the width of the gate trigger pulse must be 20 m sec to turn-on the SCR.

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Power Electronics 1-2 Power Devices

Example 1.8.9 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 1.8.10 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 1.8.11 :
Solution : The given data is,
VBB = 15 V, h = 0.7
Vv = 1, I v = 8 mA, f = 1000 Hz, I p = 1 mA
The peak voltage is given as,
Vp = hVBB + VD
Let VD = 0.8 and putting other values,
Vp = 0.7 15 + 0.8 = 11.3 V
The period of oscillation is given by equation (1.8.2) as,
T = R c C ln
1

1 -h
1 1
With T = = and putting h = 0.7,
f 1000

= R c C ln
1 1

1000 1 - 0.7

\ R c C = 8.3058 10 -4

Let C = 0.3 mF. Hence,

8.3058 10 - 4
Rc = = 2.768 kW
0.3 10 - 6
Now let us determine maximum and minimum values of R c . From equation (1.8.9),
VBB - Vp 15 - 11.3
R c(max) = = = 3700 W
Ip 1 10 -3

And from equation (1.8.10),

VBB - Vv 15 - 1
R c(min) = = = 1750 W
Iv 8 10 -3
Thus the calculated value of R c = 2.768 kW lies in the angle of 1750 W to 3700 W.
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 2 AC-DC Power Converters

Solution of Examples for Practice

Example 2.2.11 :
Solution : The given data is,
p
Vs = 120 V, I o( av ) = I a , a =
3
(a) Harmonic factor is given by equation (2.2.21) as,
p( p a )
HF = 1
a
8 cos 2
2
Putting the values in above equation,
1
p 2
p p
3
HF = 1
8 cos 2 p 3

2

= 0.3108 or 31.08%
(b) The displacement factor is given by equation (2.2.19) as,
a
DF = cos
2
p 3
= cos
2
= 0.866

(c) The input power factor is given by equation (2.2.20) as,

8 a
PF = cos 2
p ( p a) 2

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Power Electronics 2-2 AC-DC Power Converters

8 p 3
= cos 2
p 2
p p
3

= 0.827 lagging
Example 2.3.17 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 2.3.18 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 2.3.19 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 2.3.20 :
Solution : Given data :
p
Supply voltage, Vs = 120, Delay angle, a =
3
(i) Harmonic factor (HF)
For continuous load current, the harmonic factor is fixed for full converter. And it is given
by equation (2.3.21) as,
HF = 0.4834 or 48.34 %
(ii) Displacement factor (DF)
For 1 f full converter, DF is given by equation (2.3.19) as,
p
DF = cos a = cos =
1
2
3

(iii) Power factor (PF)

For 1 f full converter, PF is given by equation (2.3.20) as,
2 2
PF = cos a
p
p
cos
2 2
=
p 3
= 0.45
This is lagging PF, since current lags the voltage.

Example 2.4.4 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

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 3 DC-AC Converters

Solution of Examples for Practice

Example 3.3.7 :
Solution : Given data :
1 f inverter, Since LC filter is used, Vs = 230 2 V = 325.27 V

i) RMS output voltage

Vo( rms ) = Vs = 325.27 V
ii) Fundamental rms value
Vo 1( rms ) = 0.9 Vs
= 0.9 325.27 = 292.74 V
iii) Fifth harmonic rms value
4Vs
4V
Vo5( rms ) = np since Cn = s
2 np
4Vs 4 325.27
= = = 58.57 V.
5p 2 5 p 2
Example 3.3.8 :
Solution : Given data :
Vs = 48, R = 4.8 W
(i) To determine r.m.s. value of output
From equation (3.3.1) we know that,
v o(rms ) = Vs = 48
Thus the rms value of output is same as the DC supply.
(ii) To determine r.m.s. value of fundamental
From equation (3.3.3) we know that,
V1 = 0.9 Vs

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Power Electronics 3-2 DC-AC Converters

V1 = 0.9 48 = 43.2
This is the rms value of fundamental component.

Example 3.4.10 :
Solution : Fig. 3.1 shows the waveform of output voltage of quasi-square wave inverter
for RL load and corresponding current waveform.

+V
3p d 3p 3p
+d
Output V 2 2 2
voltage, o p d p p wt
+d
2 2 2
V

Imax
p d
Output i 2
current o p wt
+d
Imin 2

Fig. 3.1 Output voltage and current waveforms of quasi-square wave inverter

p p
In the above waveforms, observe that at wt = - d, I 1 = - I min . And at w2 = + d, I 2 = I max .
2 2
We have obtained the values of I min and I max in example 3.4.6 i.e.,
V 1 - e - T / 3 t - T / 6 t
I 1 = - I min = - e
R 1 + e - T / 2 t

V 1 - e - T / 3 t
I2 = I max =
R 1 + e - T / 2 t
and

1 L
Here T = and t =
f R

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 4 DC-DC Converters and AC Voltage
Controllers

Solution of Examples for Practice

Example 4.1.10 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 4.1.11 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 4.1.12 :
Solution : The given data is,
1 1
f = 2 kHz \ T= = = 5 10 - 4 sec
f 2000

Vs = 460 V, Vo( av ) = 350 V

For the step down chopper, the average value of output voltage is given as,
Vo( av ) = dVs
Ton
and duty cycle d = . Hence above equation will be,
T
Ton
Vo( av ) = V
T s
Ton
\ 350 = 460
5 10 - 4
\ Ton = 3.8 10 - 4 = 380 ms
Thus the conduction period of thyristor is 380 ms.

Example 4.1.13 :
Solution : Given data : R = 10 W, Vs = 100 V, Po( av ) = 100 V
Output power is given as,
dVs2
Po( av ) =
R
d(100) 2
100 =
10
\ d = 0.1 or 10%
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Power Electronics 4-2 DC-DC Converters and AC Voltage Controllers

Example 4.1.14 :
Solution : Given data : Vs = 600 V, R = 10 W, d = 0.25
i) Average output voltage, Vo( av ) = dVs
= 0.25 600 = 150 V.
Vo( av )
ii) Average output current, I o( av ) =
R
150
= = 15 A
10
iii) RMS output voltage, Vo( rms ) = d Vs

= 0.25 600 = 300 V

2
Vo( rms )
iv) Ripple factor, RF = -1
Vo( av )

2
300 - 1 = 1.732
= 150

Example 4.1.15 :
Solution :
Given data : R = 10 W, Vs = 220 V, Vch = 2 V, f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5
i) To obtain average output voltage
Vo( av ) = d(Vs - Vch )
= 0.5 (220 2) = 109 V
ii) To obtain RMS output voltage
Vo( rms ) = d (Vs - Vch )
= 0.5 (220 2) = 154 V
iii) To obtain chopper efficiency
d(Vs - Vch ) 2
Output power , Po =
R
0.5( 220 - 2) 2
= = 2376.2 W
10
Vs - Vch
Supply power , Ps = dVs
R
220 - 2
= 0.5 220 = 2398 W.
10
Po 2376.2
Chopper efficiency, h = = = 0.99 or 99 %.
Ps 2398
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Power Electronics 4-3 DC-DC Converters and AC Voltage Controllers

Example 4.8.5 :
Solution : Given data : f = 40 kHz, VT1 = 800 V, Vs = 325 V, Vspike = 150 V, Vo = 12 V,
I0 = 5 A, L(pri) = 10 mH
(i) To obtain duty cycle
Vs
VT 1 = +V
1 d spike
325
800 = + 150
1 d
\ d = 0.5 or 50 %
(ii) To obtain transformer turns ratio
Vo Ns d
= .
Vs Np 1 d

12 Ns 0. 5
= .
325 N p 1 - 0.5

Ns Np
= 0.036923 or = 27:1
Np Ns
(iii) To obtain peak current rating of MOSFET
Vs (max) d
I s(max) = I s ( 0) + .
L( pri ) f

325 0. 5
= 0+ . Assuming I s ( 0) = 0
3
10 10 40 10 3
= 0.4 A
The maximum load current is given. It is I o(max) = 5 A. The I s(max) and I o(max) are related
as,
Ns
I s(max) = I
N p o(max)

= 0.036923 5 = 0.1846 A.
here since maximum load current is given, we should select 0.1846 A as maximum supply
current rather than 0.4 A. Hence peak current rating of MOSFET is 0.1846 A 200 mA .

Example 4.10.7 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 4.10.8 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

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 5 Power Electronics Applications

Solution of Example for Practice

Example 5.4.3 :
Solution : Given data : R a = 0.1 W, k a ff = 0.75 N-m/A, Vm = 230 2 V
(i) To obtain firing angle
N = 1400 rpm
2p
= 1400 = 146.6 rad/sec
60
Vm
(1 + cos a) I a R a
w = p
k a ff

T
Here Ia = , Hence,
k a ff

Vm T Ra
(1 + cos a)
p k a ff
w =
k a ff

230 2 5 0.1
(1 + cos a)
146.6 = p 0.75
0.75
a = 1.502 rad or 86.07.
(ii) New firing angle for T = 1 N-m
Vm T Ra
(1 + cos a)
p k a ff
w =
k a ff

230 2 1 0.1
(1 + cos a)
146.6 = p 0.75
0.75
a = 1.507 rad or 86.37.

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Power Electronics 5-2 Power Electronics Applications

(iii) New firing angle for Vs = 250 V

Vm = 250 2
Vm T Ra
(1 + cos a)
p k a ff
w =
k a ff

250 2 5 0.1
(1 + cos a)
146.6 = p 0.75
0.75
\ a = 1.587 rad or 90.98.
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 6
2 Resonant Converters and
Transfer Function and Impulse Response
Protection of Devices and Circuit

Solution of Examples for Practice

Example 6.2.6 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 6.6.3 : Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Example 6.6.4 :
dv
Solution : Given data : = 60 V / msec, L = 0.2 mH, Vm = 425 V
dt
From equation (6.6.1),
2

1 0.564 Vm 1 0.564 425 10 - 6
2
C = =
2L dv 2 0.2 10 - 3 60

dt
= 0.04 mF
In the above equation observe that we have multiplied numerator by 10 - 6 inside the
60
brackets. It comes from 60 V / ms, i.e. to be substituted in equation for C.
1 10 - 6
Let the damping factor be s = 0.65. From equation (6.6.2),
L 0.2 10 - 3
R = 2s = 2 0.65
C 0.04 10 - 6
R = 92 W
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