Excerpt from:

2 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

The following analysis is an excerpt from the publication Coal Information (2015 edition).
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which can be found online under References at (www.iea.org/statistics/topics/coal/)

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 3

1. WORLD COAL MARKET REVIEW

(1)
Table II.1: Total world coal production [Mt]
Production 2012 2013 2014p
Steam coal 5 900.6 6 203.1 6 147.2
Total world coal production Coking coal 976.1 1 037.6 1 064.8
Lignite 887.2 834.7 810.5
The Peoples Republic of China was once again the Total(2) coal 7 763.9 8 075.5 8 022.5
worlds leading producer, as it has been since 1985 Peat 10.6 18.9 ..
Oil Shale/sands 19.2 20.5 21.0
(Table II.2), with 3 747.5 Mt of total coal produced
(1) Production includes recovered slurries and similar sources.
a decline of 96.1 Mt from 2013. Other countries with
(2) Total coal comprises steam coal, coking coal and lignite, so excludes
notable declines in 2014 included Ukraine (-24.1 Mt), peat, and oil shale and oil sands even though they are shown here for
completeness.
Indonesia (-16.9 Mt), and Serbia (-10.4 Mt). Declines
in Ukraine were due to turmoil in the Eastern Oblasts Figure II.1: World total coal production [Mt]
of Donetsk and Luhansk in the second half of 2014,
9 000
while declines in Indonesia were partly due to current
8 000
weaker demand for Indonesian coals in China, and the
7 000
potential for tighter regulations on imports in 2015,
6 000
while production declines in Serbia were due to ex-
tensive flooding of mines. 5 000

4 000
The decline of production in these countries majorly 3 000
contributed to total world coal production declining
2 000
by 52.9 Mt overall in 2014. Production of coking coal
1 000
reached a new record high of 1 064.8 Mt, but was un-
0
able to counter decreases in production of steam coal
and lignite (Table II.1). Despite this decline, produc-
tion remained 1 above 8 billion tonnes in 2014, more OECD PR of China
than twice the level achieved in 1983. In that time, Rest of world World total

despite the recent annual global decline for the first
time since 1999, and the general reduction in
coal consumption within the OECD countries,
annual coal production has increased by more than
4 billion tonnes in the last 30 years, the last 3 billion
tonnes of which have come since 2002.
1. Coal Information 2014 reported on provisional data for 2013, at
which stage production from the values provided had not exceeded
8 Gigatonnes. As a consequence, this is the first publication with pro-
duction greater than 8 Gt.
For more information, see Table 1.1, Part III.
Global production of all primary coal types passed
3 Gigatonnes (Gt) in 1972, 4 Gt in 1983, 5 Gt in 2003,
6 Gt in 2006, 7 Gt in 2010 and 8 Gt in 2013. The ex-
tremely rapid growth since 2000 was largely due to
growth in production in (and later, trade to) the
Peoples Republic of China. Since 2000, OECD pro-
duction of all coal types has declined by 0.1%, while
production in China increased by 176.8%, and in the
rest of the world by 78.4%.

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4 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

The largest OECD coal-producing region continued to Figure II.2: Annual world production variation [Mt]
be OECD Americas, with 49.8% of the OECD pro- 20%
duction or 12.5% globally. OECD Europe was re-
15%
sponsible for 74.0% of OECD lignite production, and
25.5% of OECD total coal production. 10%
(1)
Table II.2: Major coal producers [Mt]
5%
2012 2013 2014p
PR of China 3 532.5 3 843.6 3 747.5 0%
United States 932.3 903.7 916.2
India 602.9 610.0 668.4 -5%
Australia 430.8 458.9 491.2
Indonesia 444.5 487.7 470.8 -10%
Russian Federation 329.4 326.0 334.1
South Africa 258.6 256.3 253.2
Germany 197.0 191.0 186.5
Poland 144.1 142.9 137.1 Total coal (5yr avg) Total coal
Kazakhstan 120.5 119.6 115.5 Steam coal Coking coal
Colombia 89.0 85.5 88.6
Lignite
Canada 66.5 68.9 69.0
Turkey 71.5 60.4 64.1e For more information, see Tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, Part III.
Greece 63.0 53.9 48.0
Czech Republic 55.9 49.1 46.9 Steam coal production
Ukraine 67.7 68.8 44.7
Other 358.0 349.2 340.8 In 2014, world steam coal production (anthracite, other
World 7 763.9 8 075.5 8 022.5 bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal) decreased by
(1) Production includes recovered slurries and production from other 0.9%, largely due to lower production in China. This
sources.
Data for Australia and India are provided on a fiscal basis.
compared to growth of 5.1% in 2013 and 2.6% in 2012
See Table 1.1 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.
(Table II.3), bringing to the end, a sequence of 14
straight years of global production increases.
Australia repassed Indonesia to once again be the 4th OECD steam coal production was 1 151.7 Mt in 2014,
largest producer of coal in the world (Table II.2). up from the 2013 production figure of 1 132.6 Mt.
Indonesian production had rapidly expanded by 515% This was driven primarily by a 16.7 Mt increase in
from 79.4 Mt in 2000, to 487.7 Mt in 2013, passing steam coal production in the OECD Americas, which
Australia in 2011. In 2014, Australias exports grew still provide 70.7% of total OECD steam coal produc-
by 38.9 Mt driving an increase in production of tion, despite an increase of 9.1 Mt from Australia,
32.2 Mt, resulting in annual production of all coal which accounts for 21.3% of OECD production.
types by Australia reaching 491.2 Mt. On the back of (1)
a decrease in exports, Indonesias production fell by Table II.3: Major steam coal producers [Mt]
3.5% to 470.8 Mt in 2014. 2012 2013 2014p
PR of China 3 016.8 3 282.0 3 179.6
Since 1979, the 5 year average for growth in annual United States 779.4 755.7 769.2
coal production has only dropped below zero for a India 512.9 516.1 569.9
Indonesia 441.4 484.1 468.1
brief period in the early- to mid-nineties, while it has South Africa 257.0 252.9 250.6
been over 5% in the second half of the 2000s, total- Australia 212.5 236.6 245.7
ling 4.4% average growth for the last 10 years. Russian Federation 179.3 178.5 189.5
Figure II.2 highlights the small contraction in total Kazakhstan 99.8 99.9 93.5
Colombia 84.5 81.3 83.5
coal growth as lignite production declined from 1989, Poland 68.1 64.9 61.0
and also the higher rates of growth in steam and cok- Viet Nam 42.1 41.0 35.8
ing coal this millennium. Total coal closely tracks DPR of Korea 30.3 36.3 35.2
Ukraine 46.8 49.1 31.9
steam coal in recent years, partly through compensat- Canada 25.9 25.9 29.9
ing trends for coking coal and lignite, but additionally Mongolia 11.7 12.7 13.7
because steam coal comprises 75.2% of coal produc- Mexico 13.0 13.5 11.9
tion since 2000. The prominent role of lignite in this Other 79.2 72.6 78.4
decline is also evident in Figures II.7 and II.9, where World 5 900.6 6 203.1 6 147.2
consumption data over the same period are tracked, (1) Production includes recovered slurries and production from other
sources.
but the downturn does not exist in Figure II.7, which Data for Australia and India are provided on a fiscal basis.
shows data on an energy basis. See Table 1.4 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 5

In 1978, the OECD accounted for 42.8% of the world
steam coal production and remained above 37% until
the year 2000. However, since then its share has gen-
erally declined as non-OECD countries have in-
creased their steam coal production at a faster rate,
predominantly led by the expansion of the Chinese
coal industry since 2001. In 2014, the OECDs share
(18.7%) was less than half its 1978 share, despite its
production being 246 Mt higher (Figure II.3).
Figure II.3: Steam coal production and shares [Mt]
7 000
6 000
5 000
(which were eventually drawn upon), but this may
have been instrumental in contributing to Indonesias
decline in production in 2014. Indonesian steam coal
production fell by 16.1 Mt to 468.1 Mt after growing
by 237.3 Mt over the preceding six years.
South Africas steam coal production has remained
relatively constant at 250 Mt 10 Mt since 2004, and
production in 2014 was 250.6 Mt, down 2.3 Mt from
2013 levels.
Conversely Australia, like Indonesia has been looking
to expand its production with a view to increasing
70%
exports, and its steam coal production has increased
60% from 170.5 Mt in 2006 to 245.7 Mt in 2014.
50%

4 000 40%
Coking coal production
3 000 30% World coking coal production increased by 2.6% in
2014 (Table II.4), the 12th straight year of increased
2 000 20%
production, driven by growth in production intended
1 000 10% for export by Australia, the worlds second largest
0 0% producer of coking coal and the largest exporter by a
considerable margin.
(1)
Table II.4: Major coking coal producers [Mt]
OECD Total Rest of World
PR of China OECD Total % 2012 2013 2014p
Rest of World % PR of China % PR of China 515.7 561.6 567.9
Australia 146.9 159.5 184.8
Areas are cumulative. Lines are individual. Russian Federation 72.8 73.8 75.0
For more information, see Tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, Part III. United States 81.3 77.9 75.0
India 43.5 49.6 51.4
Canada 31.1 34.1 30.6
In 2014, steam coal production in the non-OECD Kazakhstan 13.0 13.0 15.3
countries decreased by 1.5% to 4 995.5 Mt, with over Ukraine 20.9 19.7 12.8
Poland 11.7 12.1 12.3
98.8% of the non-OECD steam coal currently pro- Mongolia 8.8 6.9 10.3
duced by the 10 largest producing countries. The Colombia 4.5 4.2 5.1
Germany 6.3 4.8 4.8
Peoples Republic of China now accounts for 51.7% Czech Republic 5.1 4.6 4.6
of world steam coal production (including lignite) and Mozambique 2.8 3.3 3.8
63.6% of non-OECD production. Indonesia 3.1 3.6 2.7
South Africa 1.6 3.4 2.6
Other 7.1 5.8 6.0
India is the second largest non-OECD coal producer
World 976.1 1 037.6 1 064.8
and currently is the third largest in the world. In 2014,
(1) Significant proportions of production in some countries may be
their steam coal production increased by 10.4% to designated for thermal usage.
569.9 Mt a larger increase (53.7 Mt) than in the pre- Data for Australia and India are provided on a fiscal basis.
vious five years combined. Although it dominates See Table 1.3 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.

South Asian (or subcontinent) production, it contains

a very high ash quotient, and is almost exclusively
consumed domestically, often needing supplementing
with import quality coals.
Indonesia was the 4th largest steam coal producer in
2014, with the majority of its coal designated for ex-
port. Decreased demand from China in 2014, in addi-
tion to sporadic ordering in 2013, led to large stockpiles
Australias production increased by 25.3 Mt or 15.9%
in 2014. This was on top of a 12.6 Mt increase in
2013 following diminished production due to two
years of adverse weather conditions in 2011 and 2012.
There was a small increase in indigenous production
for coking coal in the Peoples Republic of China of
1.1%, which actually exceeded a projected plateauing

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6 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

of pig iron production in 2014, while imports of cok- Peat production

ing coal actually declined by 13.0 Mt.
Provisional peat data are not currently collected for
Also of note, countries including India, Germany and non-OECD countries and economies, so the most re-
Mexico use a significant proportion of their indige- cent, full years data for global production comes
nously sourced coking coal (Table II.4) for thermal from 2013 where production rebounded from record
purposes for some years. lows to increase by 78.8%. Productions (or harvests)
can be highly variable and are weather dependent for
Lignite production both access to the peat bogs and for outdoor drying.
Worldwide, lignite production fell by 2.9% to 810.5 Mt Disruptions in 2012 for Ireland and Finland were
in 2014, following on from a sharp decrease of 52.5 Mt prominent, with Irelands production of 1 452 kt being
or 5.9% in 2013 (Table II.5). OECD lignite production the lowest since IEA records began in 1960. Addi-
fell by 12.2 Mt to 546.8 Mt, a new minimum, com- tionally OECD (6.1 Mt) and World (10.6 Mt) totals in
pared to a maximum of 854.9 Mt in 1989. 2012 were the lowest since records began in 1971.
The previous global low production record was
The Peoples Republic of China is significant as they 10.8 Mt in 1998, and peat production has followed a
are the worlds second largest producer and consumer relatively steady decline from 31.5 Mt in 1990 and
of lignite behind Germany; however their data are 69.5 Mt in 1971.
elsewhere, given that lignite is currently reported under
Table II.6: Major peat producers [Mt]
other bituminous coal in their statistics.
2012 2013 2014p
(1)
Table II.5: Major lignite producers [Mt] Finland 4.1 7.0 6.8
2012 2013 2014p Ireland 1.5 6.7 4.6
Belarus 2.7 2.3 ..
Germany 185.4 182.7 178.2 Russian Federation 1.2 1.5 ..
United States 71.6 70.1 72.1 Sweden 0.5 0.6 0.5
Russian Federation 77.3 73.7 69.6 Ukraine 0.4 0.5 ..
Poland 64.3 65.8 63.9 Other OECD 0.2 0.3 0.2
Turkey 68.1 57.5 61.5e Other non-OECD 0.1 0.1 ..
Australia 71.4 62.8 60.7
Greece 63.0 53.9 48.0 OECD total 6.1 14.5 12.1
India 46.5 44.3 47.2 Non-OECD total 4.4 4.4 ..
Czech Republic 43.5 40.4 38.2 World 10.6 18.9 ..
Bulgaria 33.4 28.6 31.2
See Table 1.6 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.
Serbia 38.2 40.3 29.9
Romania 33.9 24.7 23.6
Thailand 18.1 17.6 18.0
Hungary 9.3 9.6 9.6 Oil shale and oil sands production
Canada 9.5 9.0 8.5
Kosovo 8.0 8.2 8.2 Until the 2014 edition, oil shale and oil sands did not
Other 45.7 45.5 42.2 exist as a product in its own right, and data, if report-
World 887.2 834.7 810.5
ed, were aggregated with lignite due to some very
(1) Lignite does not include oil shale and oil sands.
broad similarities with calorific value. This edition is
Data for Australia and India are provided on a fiscal basis.
See Table 1.5 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.
the second edition to report oil shale and oil sands
data as its own product.
Following its 1989 peak of 1 210.9 Mt, world lignite Currently there are only two mature time series for oil
production generally declined through to 1999, largely shale and oil sands despite potential for this to be ex-
as a result of contractions of demand and supply in panded. Data for Israel only go back to 1990, while
Central and Eastern Europe. Production stabilised Estonias data also begin in 1990 for all products, as
from 2000 onwards in countries that were major pro- prior to this, Estonia was included within the Former
ducers, such as Australia, Canada, Germany, Greece, Soviet Union. Countries that have utilised oil shale as a
Romania, the Russian Federation and Serbia, however fuel in the past include Australia, Germany, the Russian
it has fallen by 8.6% in the past two years, with reduc- Federation, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom
tions evident in most of the major producers. In 2014, (mainly Scotland, particularly with cannel coal), the
the largest reduction in production occurred in Serbia United States and others, including the Former
and was due to extensive flooding. Soviet Union.

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 7

Enerfit, an Estonian company is looking to export its even though they are noticeable when looking at im-
latest liquefaction technologies, plant and process to ports and exports by type in the table above.
Jordan and the United States, while above ground Yet in recent years imports have been consistently
retorting of oil sands for the production of shale oil higher than exports, suggesting at first glance creation
with or without immediate further refining, could be of coal through double counting of imports or non-
viewed as liquefaction of oil sands by countries where reporting of exports. This is not the case! What is pre-
this practice already occurs on a large scale, and re- dominantly occurring here is data for Australia, India
ported in a manner similar to that of Estonia. and Japan are being provided on a fiscal rather than
Production data for oil shale and oil sands are shown calendar basis. For small countries, or where annual
in Table 1.7 in Part III. changes are small, this does not have a sizeable im-
pact, however in this instance, India is currently the
worlds second largest importer, with imports growing
Trade 26.8% in 2014, and Australia is currently the worlds
second largest exporter, with exports growing by
11.6%. If these two countries had been reported on a
World coal trade calendar-year basis, imports would have been roughly
15 Mt lower and exports would have been roughly
Export trade of all types of coal in the world rose
20 Mt higher in 2014, leaving a balancing item of
slightly by 0.7% in 2014, to reach a record level of
5 Mt out of exports of 1.4 Gt.
1 383.6 Mt (Table II.7). This is an increase of 28.5%
since 2010, and total exports have more than doubled Global trade has been growing faster that global con-
(121.6%) over 2000 levels. This included 1 053.8 Mt sumption on a relatively consistent basis, as evidenced
of steam coal exports and 321.8 Mt of coking coal in Figure II.4, which compares regional trade data as a
exports. The lower growth in comparison to recent portion of corresponding consumption on an energy
years was due to steam coal exports declining by basis. While it is not entirely proper to compare re-
18.3 Mt, or 1.7%. gional exports to consumption in that region, global
exports (i.e. international trade) reached a record share
Table II.7: World coal trade [Mt]
of total consumption (23.1%), up from 11.1% in 1980,
2012 2013 2014p 16.6% in 1990 and 18.5% in 2000. In one sense it tells
Steam coal exports 985.0 1 072.2 1 053.8
Coking coal exports 282.7 295.9 321.8 a story of globalisation opportunity, as while World
Lignite exports 6.8 6.6 8.0 TPES for steam and coking coal combined grew by
Steam coal imports 1 031.1 1 102.1 1 125.3 301% since 1971, exports grew by 844%.
Coking coal imports 262.5 285.7 293.5
Lignite imports 4.3 3.9 4.9 Figure II.4: Steam and coking coal trade as a
Total exports 1 274.5 1 374.7 1 383.6 percentage of consumption
Total imports 1 297.9 1 391.7 1 423.6
Balancing item 23.4 17.1 40.1 50%

Note: The balancing item is the difference between total coal imports 45%
and total coal exports. This is primarily due to the different coal classi-
40%
fication methodologies used by the importing and exporting countries,
which does not hold on a global basis. It also occurs because of coal 35%
in-transit, coal that is unaccounted for, and reporting discrepancies by
importing and exporting countries. 30%
25%
The breakdown between coking coal, steam coal, and 20%
lignite statistics in world coal trade is affected by the 15%
practice of some countries. For example, Australia 10%
includes some types of coal (soft or semi-soft coking 5%
coal, used for blending or as PCI) in their coking coal 0%
statistics; however, other countries may include this
trade in their steam coal import statistics.
OECD imports OECD exports
The note for the balancing item leans heavily on the Non-OECD imports Non-OECD exports
notes in Tables 3.2-3.4 in Part III, and the notes in World trade
Part I. The balancing item used here is for total global Some sub-bituminous coal prior to 1978 is unintentionally excluded.
trade, so classification differences should not impose, Calculations are based on energy, not tonnage.

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8 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

Outside of the general growth parameters, some of In 2014, exports from Australia grew by 38.9 Mt or
this was partly necessary as local production dwindled 11.6%, while exports from Indonesia actually de-
in some countries, but equally in others, readily avail- clined by 17.0 Mt or 4.0%. The third largest exporter,
able international supplies enabled local production to the Russian Federation increased exports by 14.8 Mt
be suppressed, or simply for coal to remain a competi- or 10.5%. Exports from the United States decreased
tive, secure and reliable energy source in a national significantly in 2014 by 17.3% or 18.4 Mt while
portfolio in either event. In addition to this, some na- South African and Colombian export levels remained
tions with no coal resources are either building coal- relatively constant.
fired power stations with the intent to import coal, or
The Peoples Republic of Chinas ranking dropped to
are switching from other fuels to coal for for cement
manufacture. 15th in terms of largest coal exporters exporting 5.6 Mt,
and disappearing from Table II.8. This is less than an
Given that the base consumption data are consistent eighth of the amount they exported in 2008 (45.3 Mt)
(but not shown); this chart can also be used to visually and less than a sixteenth of what they exported in 2003
compare ratios of imports to exports for OECD and (94.0 Mt).
non-OECD regions. It is also interesting to see
non-OECD exports almost keeping pace with the Table II.8: Major coal exporters [Mt]
large increases in production in recent years seen 2012 2013 2014p
in other charts. Most telling of all, even though the Indonesia 387.4 427.9 410.9
Peoples Republic of Chinas coal consumption grew by Australia 301.5 336.1 375.0
Russian Federation 131.7 140.8 155.5
186% between 2001 and 2013 and even though this is United States 114.1 106.7 88.3
not visible here, it strongly contributed to global growth Colombia 83.3 80.2 80.3
South Africa 76.0 74.6 76.4
of 71.4% of steam and coking coal consumption, but Netherlands 13.7 31.9 38.7
global trade grew faster still, with exports increasing by Canada 34.8 39.1 34.5
100.0% over this period. Kazakhstan 32.7 33.8 28.9
Mongolia 20.9 18.4 19.3
DPR of Korea 12.0 16.7 15.6
Exports Viet Nam 15.2 12.8 9.9
Other 51.2 55.7 50.3
Indonesia became the world's leading coal exporter
World 1 274.5 1374.7 1 383.6
in 2011 with total exports reaching 356.2 Mt, com- Data for Australia are provided on a fiscal basis.
pared to 284.5 Mt for Australia. In 2013, both coun- Statistics for total coal exports presented in this table are shown for
tries showed strong growth as Australia increased ex- selected countries with historic data in Part III, Table 3.16.

ports by 34.6 Mt, or 11.5% while Indonesia increased

exports by 40.5 Mt or 10.5%.
For 2013 data and onwards, the Netherlands made a con-
Figure II.5: Total coal exports by major exporters [Mt] scious decision to stop trying to account for coal in trans-
450 it. As a consequence there was a very large increase in
400 both their imports and exports, and potential inflation to
350 trade totals as there now could be double counting and
300 we have the curious position of the worlds 7th largest
250 coal exporter being a country with no indigenous coal
200 production.
150
100 Imports
50 Total world coal imports were 1 423.6 Mt in 2014, a
0 2.3% increase over 2013 numbers (Table II.9). This
31.9 Mt of additional trade was spread around, with
Australia Colombia most areas reporting moderate increases. Notable ex-
Indonesia Russian Federation ceptions were India increasing imports by 50.6 Mt and
South Africa United States The Peoples Republic of China decreasing imports
For more information, see Table 3.16, Part III. by 35.6 Mt.

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 9

Figure II.6: Total coal imports by major importers [Mt] Looking at the OECD Asia Oceania and non-OECD
350 Asia Oceania (including China) regions combined, we
300
can see that total imports reached 1 016.4 Mt, or
71.4% of all imports, with the top five individual im-
250
porters being from this area in 2014, as was the case
200 in 2012 and 2013. This was also the first year that
150 imports to this area passed one billion tonnes 2. The
following five importing countries were from Europe
100
or Eurasia. However their combined imports of
50 207.5 Mt, inflated as they were with the Netherlands
0 data, were still 84.1 Mt less than the Peoples
Republic of Chinas alone, even with its 35.6 Mt
downturn in 2014.
PR of China Germany
India Japan
Korea Chinese Taipei
Steam coal trade
For more information, see Table 3.7, Part III. Total world steam coal exports decreased by 18.3 Mt or
1.7% in 2014 (Table II.10). In terms of change in ton-
Total imports by the Peoples Republic of China re- nage, the Russian Federation (14.6 Mt) and Australia
duced by 10.9% in 2014, to 291.6 Mt from a record (12.5 Mt), both provided substantial increases, while
327.2 Mt in 2013. This downturn was predominantly Indonesia (16.1 Mt) and the United States (16.0 Mt),
for coals from Indonesia (-19.4 Mt), South Africa both provided substantial decreases.
(-7.0 Mt), Viet Nam (-6.3 Mt) and the United States
Table II.10: Major steam coal exporters [Mt]
(-5.2 Mt).
2012 2013 2014p
Table II.9: Major coal importers [Mt] Indonesia 384.3 424.3 408.2
Australia 159.2 182.1 194.6
2012 2013 2014p
Russian Federation 112.5 117.5 132.0
PR of China 288.8 327.2 291.6 Colombia 81.7 79.0 78.8
India 164.2 188.8 239.4 South Africa 75.3 74.0 76.0
Japan 183.9 195.6 187.7 Netherlands 13.7 31.9 33.1
Korea 124.3 126.5 130.9 United States 50.6 47.1 31.1
Chinese Taipei 64.6 66.0 67.1 Kazakhstan 30.0 31.4 26.5
Germany 49.0 54.3 57.0 DPR of Korea 12.0 16.7 15.6
Netherlands 24.4 46.7 54.7 Viet Nam 15.2 12.8 9.9
United Kingdom 44.8 49.4 40.6 Mongolia 9.7 10.5 9.1
Turkey 29.2 26.6 29.8 Poland 5.5 8.6 6.7
Russian Federation 30.3 29.4 25.3 Other 35.2 36.3 32.1
Malaysia 22.6 22.1 23.6
World 985.0 1 072.2 1 053.8
Thailand 18.6 18.7 20.9
Brazil 16.5 18.0 20.4 Data for Australia are provided on a fiscal basis.
Italy 24.5 20.1 19.9 Statistics for steam coal exports presented in this table are shown for
Spain 22.4 13.7 16.4 selected countries with historic data in Part III, Table 3.21.
Philippines 11.7 14.2 15.2
Other 178.2 174.4 183.1
OECD Americas 35.9 34.4 35.3 Indonesias world steam coal market share declined
OECD Asia Oceania 322.3 335.5 329.7 slightly from 39.5% to 38.7%. Australia, the
OECD Europe 258.1 276.7 280.5
Russian Federation, Colombia and South Africa fol-
OECD Total 616.3 646.5 645.6 lowed in the trade break-down with respective shares
Africa + Mid. East 14.0 11.6 16.5 of 18.5%, 12.5%, 7.5% and 7.2%.
Other Asia Oceania 592.2 659.2 686.7
Oth. Europe + Eurasia 54.8 52.7 48.3 In 2014, steam coal imports in the Asia-Oceania market
Other Americas 20.7 21.7 26.6
increased by 23.2 Mt to reach 809.3 Mt (Table II.11),
Non-OECD Total 681.7 745.2 778.0
World 1 297.9 1 391.7 1 423.6
Data for India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
Statistics for coal imports presented in this table are shown for selected 2. Total world trade for all coal types has only exceeded one billion
countries with historical data in Part III, Tables 3.5 and 3.7. tonnes for the years since 2010 inclusive.

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10 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

245.2 Mt of which was to OECD countries. Asia- 43.2 Mt), Turkey (23.6 Mt), the Russian Federation
Oceania imports represented 71.9% of total world (22.6 Mt), and Italy (17.6 Mt). The 2014 main steam
steam coal trade in 2014, up from 71.3% in the previ- coal suppliers to this market were the Russian Federation,
ous year. Colombia, the United States, Kazakhstan, and
South Africa.
The Peoples Republic of Chinas steam coal imports
shrank by 9.0% to 229.1 Mt in 2014. Other major im- In the OECD Americas, steam coal imports remained
porters in the region were India (188.7 Mt up constant at 27.2 Mt in 2014. The largest supplier to
41.8 Mt), Japan (137.0 Mt, down 3.4%), Korea the North American market was Colombia, followed
(97.1 Mt up 0.7 Mt) and Chinese Taipei (59.8 Mt by trade between Canada and the United States.
up 0.6 Mt). In 2014, the major steam coal suppliers to
this Asia Oceania market were Indonesia, Australia, In 2014, 15.4 Mt of steam coal was imported by non-
the Russian Federation, South Africa, Mongolia and OECD American countries, 60.9% of which went to
the United States (Table 3.3, Part III). Brazil. The largest supplier to the non-OECD Americas
was Colombia, followed by the United States and
Table II.11: Major steam coal importers [Mt] South Africa.
2012 2013 2014p
PR of China 235.2 251.8 229.1 Coking coal trade
India 128.9 146.9 188.7
Japan 131.7 141.8 137.0
Korea 92.7 96.3 97.1
Total world coking coal export trade increased by
Chinese Taipei 59.1 59.2 59.8 8.8% to 321.8 Mt in 2014 (Table II.12). Australia re-
Germany 39.8 46.5 47.3 mained by far the largest exporter of coking coal at
Netherlands 20.3 42.5 44.5
United Kingdom 39.7 43.2 34.3 180.5 Mt, accounting for 56.1% of coking coal trade,
Malaysia 22.6 22.1 23.6 up from 52.0% in 2013. In fact in 2014, exports of
Turkey 23.7 20.9 23.6
Russian Federation 26.7 26.0 22.6 coking coal from Australia increased by 26.5 Mt,
Thailand 18.6 18.7 20.9 while global increases were only 25.9 Mt.
Italy 19.7 17.3 17.6
Philippines 11.7 14.2 15.2
Spain 20.2 11.1 14.8 Table II.12: Major coking coal exporters [Mt]
Hong Kong (China) 12.4 13.0 13.8
Other 128.2 130.7 135.4 2012 2013 2014p
OECD Americas 29.0 27.2 27.2 Australia 142.4 154.0 180.5
OECD Asia Oceania 238.5 251.4 245.2 United States 63.4 59.6 57.2
OECD Europe 207.9 226.9 222.2 Canada 30.7 35.0 31.1
Russian Federation 17.7 21.5 21.1
OECD Total 475.4 505.5 494.7
Mongolia 10.9 7.7 10.1
Africa + Mid. East 11.0 10.4 14.7 Netherlands 0.0 0.0 5.6
Other Asia Oceania 497.4 534.7 564.1 Mozambique 3.0 3.1 3.8
Oth. Europe + Eurasia 37.6 40.4 36.3 Indonesia 3.1 3.6 2.7
Other Americas 9.7 11.1 15.4 Czech Republic 2.9 2.2 2.4
Non-OECD Total 555.7 596.6 630.6 Poland 1.6 2.3 2.1
World 1 031.1 1 102.1 1 125.3 New Zealand 2.2 2.1 1.7
Other 3.3 3.5 2.2
Data for India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
Statistics for steam coal imports presented in this table are shown for
World 282.7 295.9 321.8
selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.10 and 3.12. Data for Australia are provided on a fiscal basis.
Statistics for coking coal exports presented in this table are shown for
selected countries with historic data in Part III, Table 3.21.
Steam coal imports in the Europe/Eurasian market
were 258.6 Mt in 2014, 8.7 Mt lower than in 2013. Several different types of coking coal are being ex-
This market now represents 23.0% of total world ported from Australia, which include hard coking
steam coal trade, as compared to 39.9% in 2000 and coals from Queensland and semi-soft coking coal
65.4% in 1991, which included new international from New South Wales. The 180.5 Mt number is for
trade between members of the Former Soviet Union. the period from July 2013 to June 2014, so Australias
Within the region, the major Europe/Eurasian import- numbers, provided on a fiscal basis actually tend to be
ers were Germany (47.3 Mt), the Netherlands lower than numbers provided on a calendar basis in
(44.5 Mt), the United Kingdom (34.3 Mt, down from times of solid growth.

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 11

The 180.5 Mt of coking coal exports from Australia in Other major importers in the Asia Oceania not
the 2014 fiscal year, actually exceed the entire global mentioned above include Korea (33.8 Mt) and
trade in coking coal as recently as 1999 (179.2 Mt, Chinese Taipei (7.3 Mt). The major coking coal sup-
99.2 Mt of which came from Australia). plier to this regional market in 2013 was Australia,
with 68.2% of the supply, followed by Canada
The United States remained as the second-ranked cok-
(11.2%), Mongolia (6.9%), the United States (6.0%)
ing coal exporter with a volume of 57.2 Mt, down
and the Russian Federation (4.9%).
from 59.6 Mt in 2013, while third-ranked Canada ex-
ported 31.1 Mt of coking coal, an 11.3% decrease un- Coking coal imports to the Europe/Eurasian market
der 2013 levels. were 65.5 Mt in 2014, an increase of 7.2 Mt from 2013.
Within the region, the major importers were: the
Coking coal imports reported by Asia Oceania coun- Netherlands (10.1 Mt), Germany (9.7 Mt), Ukraine
tries remained relatively constant in 2014 at 207.0 Mt, (7.1 Mt), the United Kingdom and Turkey (6.3 Mt),
as compared to 208.5 Mt in 2013. Trade to this region and France (5.0 Mt). The Netherlands value is inflated
amounted to 70.5% of total international coking coal as it also exported 5.6 Mt of coking coal in 2014. The
trade in 2014. main coking coal suppliers to this market were the
Japan accounted for 17.3% (50.7 Mt) of the world United States, Australia and the Russian Federation.
market in 2014, but was only the 3rd largest importer In 2014, non-OECD Americas had imported 11.2 Mt
of coking coal behind the Peoples Republic of China of coking coal, the majority (11.0 Mt) of which went
and now, India (Table II.13). In 1978, when the dis- to Brazil. The main suppliers to this regional market
tinction between coking coal and other bituminous were the United States, Australia and Canada.
coal began, Japan imported a strikingly similar
amount (50.9 Mt) of coking coal; however that consti- Lignite trade
tuted 44.6% of global imports.
While trade in low calorific coals is increasing and we
Table II.13: Major coking coal importers [Mt] do have some statistics for lignite trade, the vast ma-
2012 2013 2014p
jority of coal that is currently traded as lignite on
PR of China 53.6 75.4 62.4 global markets tends to be classed as sub-bituminous
India 35.3 41.9 50.7 coal, or in some cases even other bituminous coal
Japan 52.2 53.9 50.7 when it comes to compiling data, and consequently is
Korea 31.5 30.2 33.8
Brazil 10.6 10.6 11.0 currently included under steam coal in either instance.
Netherlands 4.1 4.2 10.1
Germany 9.3 7.8 9.7
Chinese Taipei 5.5 6.7 7.3 Coke oven coke trade
Ukraine 11.7 6.8 7.1
United Kingdom 5.1 6.2 6.3 In 2014, the OECD countries imports of coke oven
Turkey 5.5 5.8 6.3e coke (15.5 Mt), grew by 2.2 Mt to their highest level
France 4.7 5.2 5.0
Canada 4.4 3.4 3.9 since the global economic downturn, which had in par-
Slovak Republic 2.6 2.6 2.7 ticular impacted upon demand for steel in OECD coun-
Poland 1.6 2.3 2.4
Italy 4.8 2.9 2.4 tries in 2009 (Table 3.13, Part III). This followed on
Other 20.1 20.0 21.7 from a similar increase of 2.1 Mt between 2012 and
OECD Americas 6.8 7.1 8.0 2013.
OECD Asia Oceania 83.8 84.0 84.5
OECD Europe 48.5 48.2 55.9 Germany accounted for 22.8% of the OECD coke
OECD Total 139.1 139.4 148.4 imports in 2014 as imports increased by 48 kt to
Africa + Mid. East 3.0 1.2 1.7
Other Asia Oceania 94.8 124.4 122.5
3 537 kt. Japan became the second hightest importer
Oth. Europe + Eurasia 14.7 10.1 9.6 in 2013, importing 2.0 Mt of coke oven coke, and in-
Other Americas 11.0 10.6 11.2 creased this to 3.2 Mt in 2014. Austria dropped to the
Non-OECD Total 123.5 146.3 145.1
OECDs third highest importer in 2013, behind Japan,
World 262.5 285.7 293.5
and despite relatively constant production since 2010,
Data for India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
was also overtaken by Italy in 2014 as large decreases
Statistics for coking coal imports presented in this table are shown for
selected countries with historic data in Part III, Tables 3.09 and 3.11. in Italian production were partially replaced by

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12 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

imports in 2013 and 2014. A reported decline in pro- Table II.14: World seaborne coal trade [Mt]
duction of blast furnace gas indicates that some of 2012 2013 2014p
these imports may not be being used for pig iron pro- Steam coal exports 985.0 1 072.2 1 053.8
Of which: seaborne 893.7 959.5 944.8
duction in blast furnaces.
Coking coal exports 282.7 295.9 321.8
Exports of coke oven coke from the OECD countries de- Of which: seaborne 246.4 262.2 282.9
Total exports 1 274.5 1 374.7 1 383.6
clined in 2014 by 117 kt to 11.7 Mt (Table 3.22, Of which: seaborne 1 144.0 1 223.7 1 232.2
Part III). This resulted in net imports to the OECD of See Table 3.1, Part III
3.8 Mt the highest since 2008. Poland (6.7 Mt) con-
tributed more than half of all OECD coke oven coke
exports in 2014, as has been the case every year since
2010. Major countries of destination were relatively Methodology for Estimating Seaborne Coal Trade
close geographically, and were Germany (1.6 Mt), Italy Seaborne coal trade is limited to international trade, so
(1.2 Mt), Austria and Ukraine (0.8 Mt), and Romania excludes domestic seaborne trade. It is estimated as exports
(0.6 Mt). from all countries with the following exceptions. Hard coal,
steam and coking coal are calculated similarly:
Putting these trade numbers in some context, the larg-
est consumer of coke oven coke in the OECD (Japan) Europe:
consumed over 42.3 Mt in 2014, and OECD con- - Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece,
the Netherlands, and the Slovak Republic excludes
sumption of coke oven coke was 125.5 Mt, up 2.3 Mt
continental Europe main rail and inland waterways shipping
from 2013, but down 22.4 Mt from 2000 and 53.2 Mt routes
from 1990 (Table 2.7, Part III). This places importa-
tion of coke oven coke in OECD countries at around - Greece excludes FYR of Macedonia
one eighth of consumption (12.4%). - Poland excludes one third of all exports to Germany and
all exports to Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic,
One could also compare global exports of coking coal Hungary, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the former Soviet
and coke oven coke for 2013, where 20.6 Mt of coke Union and former Yugoslavia
oven coke were exported, but 295.6 Mt of coking coal
- Former Yugoslavia excludes intra-Former Yugoslavia
were exported, a figure almost 15 times larger. trade
In 2013, non-OECD imports grew by 1.1 Mt or 9.5% Former Soviet Union Republics excludes all exports to
as, while some countries increased their imports and Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland
others decreased it, Indias coke oven coke imports and the Slovak Republic and excludes intra-ex-Soviet Union
grew by 1.1 Mt to 4.2 Mt. trade
North / South America:
Within the other non-OECD countries, Brazil (1.9 Mt),
- Argentina excludes Chile
the Islamic Republic of Iran (1.0 Mt), Kazakhstan - Brazil excludes Uruguay
(0.8 Mt) and Romania (0.7 Mt) were the main importers. - Canada excludes to the United States
Exports from non-OECD countries decreased by - Chile excludes Argentina
1.1 Mt to 8.7 Mt with the Russian Federation (2.5 Mt), - Colombia excludes to Venezuela
- United States excludes to Canada, Mexico
Colombia (2.1 Mt), Ukraine (2.0 Mt) and the Peoples - Uruguay excludes Brazil
Republic of China (1.0 Mt) being the major exporters, - Venezuela excludes to Colombia
with these four countries providing 88.0% of non-OECD Asia:
exports. - China excludes to the DPR Korea, Mongolia
- Cambodia excludes to Viet Nam
Seaborne trade - DPR Korea excludes to China, Mongolia
- India excludes neighbouring countries
Total seaborne trade increased in 2014, despite a de- except China
crease in seaborne and total trade of steam coal, where - Mongolia excludes China, the DPR Korea,
the Russian Federation
decreases in steam coal exports from Indonesia
- Myanmar excludes to Thailand
(-16.1 Mt) and the United States (-16.0 Mt) were - Viet Nam excludes to Cambodia
met by decreases in steam coal imports in the
Africa:
Peoples Republic of China (-22.6 Mt) and the
- South Africa excludes neighbouring countries
United Kingdom (-8.9 Mt), but were offset by in- - Zimbabwe excludes neighbouring countries
creases to India (41.8 Mt).

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 13

years, it is not unreasonable to expect that the rest of

Consumption the World, excluding China will surpass OECD con-
sumption in the near future.
Table II.15: Total coal consumption [Mtce]
Total coal consumption 3 (selected countries)
Different coals, even within the same coal type can 2012 2013 2014p
have very different carbon and energy contents, so it OECD Countries
is useful to look at the energy value of the coal, rather United States 606.9 618.2 615.8
than just its mass. Japan 160.9 172.4 165.3
Korea 109.8 110.9 115.4
In 2014, total global coal consumption in energy terms Germany 112.3 114.3 109.4
decreased by 0.9% or 49.0 Mtce, as OECD consump- Poland 79.1 82.2 77.5
tion decreased by 30.1 Mtce and non-OECD countries Australia 67.1 65.8 62.7
Turkey 49.6 46.1 51.4e
decreased consumption by 18.9 Mtce (Table II.15). The
United Kingdom 55.8 52.7 42.2
new OECD coal consumption level of 1 430.0 Mtce Canada 27.2 24.4 27.0
was the lowest level since 1983 4 and was 13.6% lower Czech Republic 24.3 22.9 23.2
than the maximum coal consumption by OECD coun- Italy 22.7 18.8 17.8
tries of 1 655.2 Mtce in 2007. Spain 21.8 15.7 16.6
Mexico 13.0 17.5 15.8
Recent events dictated that as OECD countries initially Netherlands 11.4 11.5 12.9
rebounded from the onset of the economic crisis in France 15.7 17.1 12.6
Chile 8.7 9.5 10.0
2009, so did their coal consumption increasing from
Israel 12.2 10.0 9.4e
1 466.8 Mtce (at the time, this was the lowest value Greece 11.6 10.0 8.6
since 1995) to 1 540.4 Mtce in 2010. This was then Slovak Republic 4.9 4.8 4.6
followed by two years of declines, firstly 30.3 Mtce in Other OECD countries 34.5 35.3 32.2
2011 and then 60.6 Mtce in 2012, leaving OECD TPES Non-OECD Countries
at the lowest level since 1984. The largest contributing PR of China 2 690.2 2 920.1 2 836.0
factor behind this change had been fuel switching for India 452.5 483.8 550.5
electricity generation in the United States, where US Russian Federation 169.7 156.5 149.5
annual declines of coal consumption amounted to South Africa 138.5 136.3 132.7
Chinese Taipei 56.4 57.6 58.9
34.1 Mtce in 2011 and 77.1 Mtce in 2012. However, Kazakhstan 53.4 52.9 54.4
2013 began with a very cold winter and this and other Ukraine 62.4 60.5 48.4
factors meant that the United States consumption in Indonesia 42.9 45.0 46.7
2013 was 11.3 Mtce higher than it was in 2012, and Thailand 23.4 24.6 26.3
thus overall 2013 OECD consumption was higher Brazil 19.9 21.6 24.6
Viet Nam 22.6 22.4 24.5
than in 2012 by 10.7 Mtce. Malaysia 22.6 21.9 23.7
As a consequence of the fall in consumption in 2014, DPR of Korea 15.8 16.0 16.2
Philippines 12.4 15.4 15.8
the OECDs ratio of global, coal-based consumption Hong Kong (China) 10.9 11.4 12.1
declined to its lowest value ever (25.8%) (Figure II.7). Bulgaria 9.8 8.4 9.0
This can be compared to the Peoples Republic of Serbia 10.8 11.1 8.4
Chinas contribution to coal-based TPES (51.2%), and Romania 10.1 7.5 7.1
it is evident that not only is their consumption more Other Non-OECD 57.5 60.3 69.6
than the rest of the world combined, but given the vary- European Union 413.8 401.3 373.2
Total IEA 1 413.5 1 421.1 1 393.2
ing growth trajectories expected for coal consumption Total OECD 1 449.4 1 460.1 1 430.0
in OECD and non-OECD countries in the forthcoming Total Non-OECD 3 881.6 4 133.2 4 114.3
World 5 331.0 5 593.3 5 544.3
See Table 2.2 in Part III for historical data.
3. Total coal refers to the sum of anthracite, other bituminous coal, Data for Australia, India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
coking coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite, converted to a common The term total coal refers to the sum of anthracite, other bituminous
energy unit, million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce). coal, coking coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite after conversion to a
4. OECD Total and other OECD aggregates are back-dated for the common energy unit (tonne of coal equivalent - tce). The conversion is
done by multiplying the calorific value of the coal in question by the
entire country timeline. e.g. When Israel joined in 2010, its entire da-
total volume of the coal consumed, measured in physical units, i.e. in
taset from 1971 onwards was added to OECD Asia Oceania and OECD tonnes. The energy content of one tonne of coal equivalent is
Total aggregates. However, data for Estonia and Slovenia only exist for 29.3 Gigajoules (GJ) or 7000 kcal and corresponds to 0.7 tonnes of oil
1990 onwards, so when looking at data prior to 1990 for these equivalent (toe).
timeseries, we are effectively comparing 34 OECD countries to 32. Consumption refers to Total Primary Energy Supply.

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14 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

Figure II.7: World coal consumption [Mtce] India, whose coal consumption is climbing rapidly,
6 000 60% currently consumes 0.44 tce/capita.
To date, the Peoples Republic of Chinas per capita
coal consumption peaked in 2013 at 2.15 tce/capita,
4 000 40% while historically Poland has exceeded 4 tce/capita in
some years, and the Czech Republic, 5 tce/capita.
Table II.16: Per capita coal consumption [tce/capita]
2 000 20%
2014 pop tce /
2014p
(millions) capita
Kazakhstan 17.3 54.4 3.15
0 0% Australia 23.6 62.7 2.66
Chinese Taipei 23.5 58.9 2.51
South Africa 54.0 132.7 2.46
Korea 50.5 115.4 2.29
OECD Europe OECD Asia Oceania Czech Republic 10.5 23.1 2.20
OECD Americas China (Incl. Hong Kong) China Region 1 377.3 2 848.1 2.07
Other non-OECD World total Poland 38.5 77.5 2.01
Mongolia 2.9 5.7 1.99
China % OECD %
United States 319.0 615.7 1.93
Areas are cumulative. Lines are individual. Boznia and Herzegovina 3.8 6.9 1.80
For more information, see Table 2.2, Part III. Germany 82.4 109.4 1.33
Japan 127.2 165.3 1.30
Bulgaria 7.2 9.0 1.24
On an energy basis, and including all primary coal types, Kosovo 1.8 2.2 1.20
77.9% of world coal consumption was accounted for Serbia 7.1 8.4 1.18
by just five countries in 2014: the Peoples Republic Israel 8.1 9.4e 1.15e
Ukraine 45.4 48.4 1.07
of China (excluding Hong Kong, (China)), the Russian Federation 143.0 149.5 1.05
United States, India, the Russian Federation and Japan F.Y.R. of Macedonia 2.1 1.9 0.90
(Table II.15), which closely resembles the status in OECD Americas 492.2 668.5 1.36
2013 (77.8%). If a second set of five countries are OECD Asia Oceania 213.9 354.7 1.66
added to the 2013 list, South Africa, Korea, Germany, OECD Europe 562.3 406.8 0.69
Total OECD 1 268.3 1 430.0 1.13
Poland and Australia; then 86.8% of the world coal Total non-OECD 5 929.4 4 114.3 0.69
consumption is accounted for.
World 7 197.7 5 544.3 0.77
Of the top 10 consumers, which accounted for 86.8% Coal reported here is primary coal (steam coal, coking coal and
of global consumption, 8 of them had a decline in lignite).
consumption in 2014 from 2013. Indian coal con- Consumption data for Australia and Japan are provided on a fiscal
basis.
sumption grew by 13.8% in energy terms, while For non-OECD countries, 2014 population data are extrapolated
Korean consumption grew by 4.0%, however Poland from 2012-2013 growth rates.
(-5.8%), Australia (-4.7%), the Russian Federation See Table 2.3 in Part III for historical data.
(-4.5%), Germany (-4.2%), Japan (-4.1%), China
(-2.9%), South Africa (-2.6%) and the United States Due to mine flooding in Serbia, and the unrest in
(-0.4%) all consumed less coal in 2014. Ukraine, 2014 consumption data are significantly lower
Outside of the top 10, consumption in the than in 2013 for these two countries, and their annual
United Kingdom dropped dramatically by 20.0%, as consumption has fallen sharply from 1.55 tce/capita,
steam coal consumption fell by 22.1% or 10.1 Mtce, down to 1.16 tce/capita, and from 1.33 tce/capita to
as electricity generated from steam coal decreased by 1.06 tce/capita respectively.
25.5% in one year, to 97.3 TWh the lowest level
since IEA records began in 1960, and less than half In addition, whilst coal consumption in OECD coun-
the United Kingdoms annual production in the period tries has been falling since 2007 (1.36 tce/capita), it
between 1986 and 1991. still consumes 1.13 tce/capita compared to the rest of
the world, which consumes 0.69 tce per person.
Of the top coal users worldwide on a per capita basis
(Table II.16), we see that Kazakhstan is currently the Total coal consumption decreased for the first time
top consumer with 3.15 tonnes of coal equivalent per since 1999 after 14 consecutive years, and in terms of
person, followed by Australia with 2.66 tce/capita. tonnage, nearly 3.5 Gt, of increase in annual growth

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 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 15

as global coal consumption fell by 71.4 Mt to The fourteen consecutive years of growth in coal con-
7 923.2 Mt independently of financial pressures. De- sumption that occurred until 2013, did so with an av-
clines occurred in both OECD (-46.9 Mt, -2.2%) and erage increase of 248.0 Mt (4.2%) per annum, as
non-OECD countries (-24.5 Mt, -0.4%). global consumption increased from 4 523.2 Mt in
1999 to 7 994.6 Mt. Positive annual growth remained,
Figure II.8: Per captia consumption [tce/capita] even in the global financial crisis, as in 2009, annual
6 growth from the Peoples Republic of China
(252.1 Mt) and India (71.1 Mt) offset decreases expe-
5 rienced elsewhere.
4 OECD consumption
3 In OECD Europe, coal consumption is reported to
have declined to 405.1 Mtce in 2014, a 5.2% decline
2 from the level of consumption in 2013, while total
coal consumption in the OECD Asia Oceania region
1 was 345.3 Mtce, a decrease of 6.0 Mtce (Table 2.2,
Part III). Consumption in the OECD Americas re-
0 mained stable, increasing by 157 kt from 642.6 Mt to
642.8 Mt
Australia Czech Republic Figure II.9: World coal consumption [Mt]
Germany Japan
9 000
Poland United States
South Africa PR of China 8 000
Kazakhstan 7 000
For more information, see Table 2.3, Part III.
6 000

Table II.17: Per capita coal consumption [tce/capita] 5 000

1990 2000 2010 4 000

Australia 2.99 3.61 3.23 3 000

Kazakhstan 3.43 1.86 2.99
2 000
South Africa 2.70 2.66 2.83
Chinese Taipei 0.79 1.90 2.51 1 000
Czech Republic 4.47 3.04 2.45
United States 2.63 2.69 2.32 0
Poland 3.05 2.18 2.21
Korea 0.85 1.28 2.11
PR of China 0.65 0.79 1.77
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.32 0.92 1.62 OECD Europe OECD Asia Oceania
Mongolia 1.63 1.08 1.53 OECD Americas China (Incl. Hong Kong)
Serbia 1.44 1.49 1.43 Other non-OECD World total
Israel 0.69 1.46 1.38
Kosovo .. 0.81 1.35 Areas are cumulative. Lines are individual.
Germany 2.33 1.41 1.34 For more information, see Table 2.1, Part III.
Bulgaria 1.46 1.11 1.32
Hong Kong (China) 1.38 0.80 1.29
Japan 0.90 1.10 1.28 Non-OECD consumption
Ukraine 2.33 1.14 1.22
Finland 1.02 0.91 1.15 With the exception of India (66.6 Mtce), the coal-
OECD Americas 1.85 1.91 1.62 based consumption of no other non-OECD country
OECD Asia Oceania 1.06 1.37 1.67
OECD Europe 1.26 0.88 0.76
grew by more than 3 Mtce in 2014. Consumption in
Total OECD 1.43 1.35 1.24 the Peoples Republic of China declined by 2.9%
Total non-OECD 0.38 0.36 0.62 (84.1 Mtce), as consumption in non-OECD countries
World 0.60 0.55 0.73 reduced by 0.5% to 4 114.3 Mtce.
Coal reported here is primary coal (steam coal, coking coal and
lignite).
In 2015, the Chinas National Bureau of Statistics
Consumption data for Australia and Japan are provided on a fiscal reported that their 2014 coal production had decreased
basis. by 2.5% and consumption by 2.9%, even as GDP in-
See Table 2.3 in Part III for more historical data. creased by 7.4% to 63.6 billion yuan.

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16 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

This was due in part to a diminished share of electrici- World steam coal consumption was down 1.0% in
ty generation, with coal inputs falling by 1% despite 2014, decreasing by 62.5 Mt (Table II.18). Steam coal
total electricity production increasing by more than consumption in the OECD decreased by 34.5 Mt to
3%. This was mainly due to 2014 being a very good 1 365.1 Mt, including a decrease of 11.8 Mt in the
year for hydro resources, with generation of hydro- United Kingdom. Viewed on a regional basis, steam
electricity growing by around 180 TWh. Significant coal consumption sharply decreased by 8.5% in
growth in generation from wind, nuclear and solar OECD Europe, while it decreased by 2.4% in OECD
was also a factor. Asia Oceania and 0.4% in OECD Americas.
In 2014, India overtook the United States to become Non-OECD steam coal consumption decreased by
the worlds second largest consumer of coal on a ton- 0.6% to 4 721.1 Mt in 2014. An increase in consump-
nage basis 5, and passed Japan to become the second tion by India (90.6 Mt), Brazil (4.4 Mt) and Viet Nam
largest coal importer. (2.6 Mt) were more than offset by decreases in the
Coal consumption peaked in the United States in 2005 Peoples Republic of China (-119.9 Mt), Ukraine
at 1 029.7 Mt. At the same point in time, consumption (-10.9 Mt) and the Russian Federation (-7.4 Mt).
of coal in the worlds third largest consumer, India,
was 463.1 Mt. This was only 45% of the U.S. total, Coking coal consumption
but easily surpassed the next biggest consumers Coking coal consumption in the OECD (Table II.19)
Germany (241.9 Mt) and the Russian Federation increased marginally by 0.4% to 180.2 Mt in 2014,
(214.6 Mt). In the nine years since then, consumption but remains 8.8% below the pre-economic crisis level
in India has grown by 95.6% (at an annual rate of in 2008.
7.7%) to reach 906.5 Mt, while consumption in the
United States has decreased overall by 18.9% to Table II.19: Major coking coal consumers [Mt]
835.4 Mt, which is now only 19.4 Mt higher than its 2012 2013 2014p
level in 1990. PR of China 559.3 626.4 629.5
India 81.8 93.2 102.1
Steam coal consumption Russian Federation 56.9 52.5 54.8
(1)
Japan 52.2 53.9 50.7
Table II.18: Major steam coal consumers [Mt] Korea 31.7 29.4 32.9
Ukraine 26.9 24.2 20.6
2012 2013 2014p United States 19.0 19.4 18.7
PR of China 3 126.4 3 399.8 3 279.9 Kazakhstan 12.7 12.7 15.0
India 647.4 666.7 757.3 Germany 18.4 12.5 13.5
United States 729.1 750.8 746.6 Poland 11.6 12.6 12.4
South Africa 181.4 178.2 174.4 Brazil 10.8 10.5 10.9
Japan 131.6 141.8 137.0 Chinese Taipei 5.8 6.6 7.3
Korea 94.7 98.5 100.3 Turkey 6.6 6.5 7.1e
Russian Federation 92.9 84.6 77.2 United Kingdom 6.0 6.7 6.3
Kazakhstan 67.2 67.1 67.1 France 4.6 5.2 4.9
Poland 64.4 66.1 60.8 Netherlands 4.1 4.1 4.3
Indonesia 57.1 59.8 59.9 Australia 3.7 3.5 3.7
Chinese Taipei 59.5 59.3 59.8 Other 38.9 35.8 37.4
Australia 57.1 54.8 51.1 World 950.9 1 015.6 1 032.1
Germany 42.0 50.2 45.6
United Kingdom 58.4 53.6 41.8 Data for Australia, India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
Ukraine 46.5 47.2 36.2 See Table 2.4 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.
Viet Nam 28.3 28.1 30.7
Canada 27.5 27.5 30.6
Other 314.1 314.5 329.9 Coking coal consumption has generally been declin-
World 5 825.5 6 148.7 6 086.2
ing in the OECD since the mid-1980s. Several factors
(1) Steam coal comprises anthracite, other bituminous coal and sub-
have combined to weaken coking coal consumption.
bituminous for all countries. First, there is the growing use of pulverised coal injec-
Data for Australia, India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis. tion (PCI) and heavy fuel oil injection into blast
See Table 2.5 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.
furnaces. Coal used for PCI can be classified as being
of steam coal quality, so steam coal is displacing coke
oven coke (usually manufactured from coking coal) as
5. Because coals endemic to India tend to have a very high ash content, a carbon source. Second, the steel industries in the
India has reached number two in consumption in terms of weight of
coal, but remains behind the United States for now in terms of both
OECD countries are experiencing technological evo-
carbon content (and thus CO2 emissions) and energy obtained. lution where traditional integrated steel production,

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 17

which relies on coke oven coke, is losing ground to produced 121.8 Mt of coke oven coke and consumed
electric arc furnace technology, which does not re- 125.6 Mt (Tables 1.8 and 2.7, Part III).
quire coke. Third, there has been a general migration
of integrated steel manufacturing from the OECD to Lignite consumption
non-OECD countries. Consumption of lignite on a global basis decreased
World consumption of coking coal in 2014 is estimat- by 25.5 Mt or 3.1% in 2014 (Table II.20). Germany
ed to have increased by 1.6% to 1 032.1 Mt, an in- remained the largest producer and consumer of
crease of 568.1 Mt (122%) since 2001. Consumption lignite, using 177.0 Mt, ahead of the United States
within the Peoples Republic of China accounts for (70.1 Mt), and the Russian Federation (69.3 Mt).
61.0% of global coking coal consumption. The next A global consumption figure of 804.8 Mt is the lowest
five major coking coal consumers are: India, the since records began in 1978 prior to then, only data
Russian Federation, Japan, Korea and Ukraine. To- for brown coal were collected. Contributing to the
gether they account for another 25.3% of world annu- 3.1% downturn were the following national decreases;
al coking coal consumption. Serbia (10.1 Mt), Greece (7.3 Mt), Germany (5.5 Mt),
While OECD consumption fell to a record low in 2009 the Russian Federation (4.0 Mt), Australia (2.2 Mt),
as a result of the global financial crisis and the tempo- and Poland (2.1 Mt).
rary downturn in demand for cars and other steel Table II.20: Major lignite consumers [Mt]
products, increases in non-OECD consumption that
year, outweighed the downturn, and global consump- 2012 2013 2014p
tion of coking coal has increased for 13 straight years. Germany 185.2 182.5 177.0
In 2014, OECD coking coal consumption amounted to United States 72.1 69.7 70.1
Russian Federation 77.6 73.3 69.3
17.5% of global consumption (Figure II.10). Poland 64.2 65.9 63.8
Turkey 68.5 55.3 61.5e
Figure II.10: World coking coal consumption [Mt] Australia 71.4 62.8 60.7
India 45.9 43.9 47.2
1 200 Greece 61.9 54.4 47.1
Czech Republic 42.4 38.9 38.7
1 000 Bulgaria 33.0 28.7 31.2
Serbia 38.6 40.3 30.2
800 Romania 33.8 25.0 23.9
Thailand 18.7 19.1 18.0
Hungary 9.6 9.7 9.2
600
Canada 9.4 8.9 8.4
Kosovo 8.0 8.3 8.2
400 F.Y.R. of Macedonia 7.4 6.8 7.2
Other 36.2 36.7 33.3
200
World 883.7 830.8 804.8
0 Data for Australia and India are provided on a fiscal basis.
See Table 2.6 in Part III for historic data on selected countries.

Japan OECD total Currently, production and consumption of lignite are

PR of China World
For more information, see Table 2.4, Part III.
While coking coal can be used directly in blast fur-
naces as PCI or GCI, or as a high quality, low ash coal
for other purposes, its main use is to be transformed
into coke oven coke. Coke oven coke production has
increased by 95% between 2000 and 2013 on a global
basis, and more specifically by 165% over the same
period in non-OECD countries. During this time, global
production of pig iron in blast furnaces increased by
103% to reach a record level of 1.17 Mt in 2014.
The OECD countries mostly used their coking coal
for the production of coke oven coke. In 2014, they
reported as sub-bituminous coal in Indonesia, and un-
der other bituminous coal (along with sub-bituminous
coal) in the Peoples Republic of China. Both reclassi-
fications significantly affect lignite statistics, as Indo-
nesia has extensive lignite resources and reserves and
markets for coals of lower quality exist, while the
Peoples Republic of China is most likely the second
largest producer and consumer of lignite globally, if
not the largest.
Lignite consumption in OECD countries decreased by
8.0% from 2011 to 543.4 Mt a minimum since lig-
nite data began in 1978. The previous minimum
OECD total was actually 556.5 Mt consumed in 2013,
however significant decreases in consumption in

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18 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

Germany (-5.5 Mt), Australia (-2.2 Mt) and Poland (- Table II.21: Major coke oven coke consumers [Mt]
2.1 Mt) contributed to a further overall decrease of 2011 2012 2013
13.1 Mt in 2014. PR of China 393.4 409.7 437.7
Japan 38.8 39.3 40.6
Lignite consumption in OECD Europe also fell to a Russian Federation 33.7 34.6 34.1
India 22.7 25.5 30.0
record low of 403.3 Mt, down by 43.8% from Ukraine 17.8 16.9 16.3
718.1 Mt in 1987. Korea 15.8 15.1 15.1
United States 14.4 14.0 13.0
Figure II.11: World lignite consumption [Mt] Germany 11.5 11.2 11.5
Brazil 11.9 11.6 11.3
1 400
Chinese Taipei 5.5 5.3 5.7
1 200 Turkey 4.2 4.5 4.6
Other 55.1 50.2 50.4
1 000 World 625.2 637.9 670.3
Data for India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis.
800 See Table 2.7 in Part III for historical data.
Mt

600
The largest consumer of coke oven coke in the OECD
400 Japan consumed over 42.3 Mt in 2014, and OECD
consumption of coke oven coke was 125.5 Mt, up
200
2.3 Mt from 2013, but down 22.4 Mt from 2000 and
0 53.2 Mt from 1990 (Table 2.7, Part III).

OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania

OECD Europe Germany
Non-OECD World total
Areas are cumulative. Lines are individual.
For more information, see Table 2.6, Part III.
Following its 1989 peak of 1 213.3 Mt, world lignite
consumption declined as a general trend through to
1999, largely as a result of contractions of demand
and supply in Central and Eastern Europe. Production
stabilised from 2000 onwards in countries that were
major producers, such as Australia, Canada, Germany,
Greece, Romania, the Russian Federation and Serbia,
however global consumption has fallen by 8.9% in
two years (78.8 Mt), with reductions evident in most
of the major consuming nations. Additionally, in
2014, the largest individual reduction in consumption
occurred in Serbia, and was due to extensive flooding.
Coke oven coke consumption
Uses of coal
Coal continues to be primarily used for the generation
of electricity and commercial heat, with 68.0% of
primary coal being used for this purpose globally in
2013, and 83.5% in OECD countries (Figure II.12).
The dip evident in the OECD and World time series
between 2001 and 2007 was due to the United States
producing large amounts of patent fuel, which then
was used for similar purposes as other bituminous
coal, so did not alter the breakdown of power and heat
generated from coal and coal products.
Figure II.12: Primary coal percentage used for
electricity and commercial heat production
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%

Coke oven coke statistics for non-OECD countries are not 40%
available for 2014. However, in 2013, OECD coun- 30%
tries account for 18.3% of world coking coal con- 20%
sumption as total global consumption was reported as 10%
being 670.3 Mt (Table II.21). Consumption within the 0%
Peoples Republic of China (437.7 Mt), contributed
65.3% of global consumption and 80.0% of non-
OECD consumption in 2013. This is 12.8 times more OECD total Non-OECD total
than the second largest non-OECD consumer, the World PR of China
Russian Federation and 10.8 times larger than Japans Coal comprises steam coal, coking coal and lignite. Power and commercial
heat produced from derived products is not shown here, and instead counts
2013 consumption. as consumption in transformation to manufacture the secondary fuel.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY


The percentage of coal used for electricity and com-
merical heat generation in OECD countries was 49.9%
in 1971 and this rapidly grew to 67.5% in 1983 as re-
placements were sought for oil as a fuel source for
power generation in the wake of the oil shocks that oc-
curred in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, there were signif-
icant declines of coal use in the OECD in BKB manu-
facture (in the order of 60%), while use in industry de-
clined by approximately 30% and use in other sectors
roughly halved, resulting in a further steep increase in
the share of coal being used for power and heat genera-
tion, as it reached 77.7% in 1992 (Figure II.13).
Figure II.13: Primary coals OECD breakdown
by broad activity [Mt]
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
Residential Iron and steel Other Electricity/heat
Residential also contains data for the Commercial and public services
sector. Iron and steel includes coke oven coke manufacture and PCI/GCI.
In addition to other conventional consumption, Other includes non-
specified industry, which may contain iron and steel consumption, and
also non-energy uses.
For more information, see world consumption data in Section 5 of Part III,
and world end-use tables and the World balance, both in Part V.
In the 1990s, BKB manufacture continued to decline,
and declined by more than 90% in OECD countries
between 1989 and 1999, while coal use in industry
halved and coal use in other sectors declined by a fur-
ther two-thirds. So by 2000, coal use in heat and pow-
er generation in OECD countries had increased by
121% as compared to 1971, while use of primary
coals in the iron and steel industry had declined by
33%, use in residential had declined by 74% and use
in all other sectors had declined by 66%, with the re-
sultant share of coal in heat and power generation in-
creasing to 82.8%.
The percentage of coal used in heat and power in
OECD countries peaked at 85.4% in 2009. This was
partly due to the downturn in other coal uses exceeding
EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 19
that of the downturn of use in power and heat genera-
tion during the financial crisis, but primarily because
use of coal as a fuel for power and heat generation
peaked in the OECD in 2008 at 1.96 Gt, and has since
fallen to 1.77 Gt as total coal consumption has declined
from 2.35 Gt to 2.09 Gt over the same period.
The percentage of coal used in heat and power in non-
OECD countries was 35.7% in 1971 and has increased at
a relatively steady rate to be 62.0% in 2013, down from
62.5% in 2012. Over this period, like for OECD coun-
tries, there was a similar decline of use of coal in the
residential and commercial and public service sectors
from the late 80s and through the 90s (Figure II.14).
Figure II.14: Primary coals breakdown by broad
activity in non-OECD countries [Mt]
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
Residential Iron and steel Other Electricity/heat
Residential also contains data for the Commercial and public services
sector. Iron and steel includes coke oven coke manufacture and PCI/GCI.
In addition to other conventional consumption, Other includes non-
specified industry, which may contain iron and steel consumption, and
also non-energy uses.
For more information, see world consumption data in Section 5 of Part III,
and world end-use tables and the World balance, both in Part V.
Additionally, the large increase in coal consumption
for iron and steel is evident, driven primarily by in-
creased production in China, while coal use for elec-
tricity and heat generation has increased by 744% in
non-OECD countries since 1971, as inputs grew from
0.40 Gt in 1971 to 1.04 Gt in 1990, 1.46 Gt in 2000,
before reaching 3.40 Gt in 2013.
In OECD countries in 2014, the share of electricity
and heat produced from primary coal as a fuel fell to
a new low of 31.5%, down from 44.4% in 1985
(Figure II.15). Looking at the three OECD regions, we
see differing pathways, with OECD Europe declining
to 24.7% in 2014 from 49.1% in 1971, while the
OECD Americas grew from 41.0% in 1971 to 49.8%
in 1988 before gradually declining to 42.0% in 2008.
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20 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)
Since 2008, the share of electricity and heat in the
OECD Americas generated from coal has dropped
sharply to 33.9%. Meanwhile in OECD Asia Oceania,
generation from coal has risen from 15.6% in 1979 to
24.3% in 1985, before rising again in the 90s to 35.4%
in 2001, and was 38.9% in 2013.
Figure II.15: Coals share of electricity and
commercial heat production, outputs by region in EJ
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Other non-OECD PR of China
OECD Europe OECD Asia Oceania
OECD Americas OECD total %
OECD Americas % OECD Asia Oceania %
OECD Europe % Non-OECD total %
World % PR of China %
Areas are cumulative. Lines are individual.
1 EJ = 277.8 TWh.
For more information, see Table 5.5, Part III.
To date, despite the wide variety of factors influenc-
ing positive and negative growth in this regard, the
share of heat and power generated from coal has re-
mained around 40% over the last 40 years of data as
generation outputs have grown over fourfold from
22.3 Exajoules in 1971 to 97.8 EJ in 2013.
The break in time series around 1990 in the non-
OECD data is due to the data being reported by the
Commonwealth of Independent States being in the
order of 7 Exajoules higher than what was reported by
the Former Soviet Union in the preceding year.
Gross electricity production in 2014 in the OECD
(excluding generation from pumped storage plants)
was 10 773 TWh, a decrease of 0.8%, while electrici-
ty generated from coal-fired plants in OECD countries
fell by 2.1% to 3 508 TWh. Heat produced in com-
bined heat and power (CHP) or heat only plants was
765 PJ during this period. This combined heat and
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
electricity energy was generated using 1 169 Mtce of
coal and coal products, at an average efficiency of
39.1%. Coals share of total electricity and heat gen-
eration in OECD countries (31.9%) is a decrease from
33.6% in 2010 (Table 5.5, Part III).
Whether it happens to be a case of positive or nega-
tive growth, the Peoples Republic of China continues
to strongly influence global markets and statistics,
100 partly due to the sheer size of its market share. In
2013, it was estimated that the Peoples Republic of
China produced 436 Mt of coke oven coke (65.8% of
80 world production), 822 Mt of crude steel (49.8% of
world production), 709 Mt of pig iron (60.7% of
60 world production), and around 2.42 Gt of cement
(59.3% of world production) 6, and preliminary 2014
data for Chinese coal indicated that:
40
Coal consumption (TPES) 7 shrank to 2 836.0 Mtce
(or 51.2% of world consumption); and
20 production shrank by 2.5% or 96.1 Mt; and
net imports fell by 31.5 Mt to 286.0 Mt as exports fell
0 to 5.6 Mt, but imports decreased further by 10.9%.
Pulverised coal injection (PCI)
The latest available data for 2013 shows that total PCI
consumption increased by 1.7% or 0.8 Mt (Table II.22).
Consumption increases in Japan (0.9 Mt), the
United Kingdom (0.4 Mt), and France and Germany
(0.3 Mt), were offset by decreases in Italy (1.0 Mt) and
Korea (0.2 Mt). The top five reported PCI consumers
(Japan, Korea, Germany, the Russian Federation and
India) accounted for 72.8% of all PCI consumption. It
would however be remiss to not point out that many
emerging economies are using PCI techniques and are
injecting metallurgical quality coal, but are not yet
providing statistics in this area. For example, reasona-
ble estimates for the magnitude of PCI use in the
Peoples Republic of China could outweigh the entire
table below in its current form by a factor of more
than two on an annual basis. Estimates for 2013 show
105.6 Mt of other bituminous coal being consumed in
6. Iron and steel data are provided by the World Steel Association and
cement data by the United States Geological Survey.
7. Consumption (TPES) when discussed with regard to production, im-
ports, exports and stock changes, differs to consumption calculated from
sectoral end-use consumption data by the statistical difference. The statis-
tical difference reflects unexplained differences caused by different data
collection methodologies, application of conversion factors and so forth.
The magninitude and volatility of the statistical difference over the years
may lead to issues when calculating some specific growth rates for the
Peoples Republic of China. (For more information, see the Coal balance
in Part V.) See definitions in Part I for more information.
 EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) - 21

their iron and steel industry the exact percentage of by 3.5% or 56.3 Mt due to a severe winter in 2013,
that which is fed into blast furnaces is unknown. but of the other 33 OECD countries; 16 had a com-
bined decrease of 81.9 Mt, while the remaining 17
Table II.22: PCI used in blast furnaces
(major consumers in thousand tonnes)
shared an increase of 62.5 Mt.
2011 2012 2013 Japans emissions increased by 30.8 Mt or 7.3%, as a
result of limited electricity generation from nuclear
Japan 12 689 13 816 14 681
Korea 9 414 9 286 9 092
power in 2013. While this was also the case in 2012,
Germany 3 772 4 157 4 460 the shortfall in generation, while load managed was
Russian Federation 4 605 3 885 3 831 met by other generation methods including use of
India 2 860 3 023 3 037 crude and heavy fuel oils. In 2013, generation from
France 2 309 2 284 2 598
United States 2 046 1 423 1 461
other bituminous coal increased by 11.6% or 31 TWh,
United Kingdom 995 987 1 411 while generation from heavy fuel oil decreased by
Netherlands 1 284 1 436 1 303 21.2% or 20 TWh, and generation from crude de-
Chinese Taipei 1 379 1 020 1 111 creased by 8 TWh or 13.9%.
Belgium 892 1 066 1 087
Italy 1 328 1 856 815 Since 1971, coal-related emissions have increased by
Spain 708 617 759
Turkey 459 676 744 168% from 5.2 Gt to 13.9 Gt in 2012 passing 8.3 Gt
Slovak Republic 421 605 576 in 1990, to now account for 43.9% of CO2 emissions
Australia 760 538 515 (Figure II.16). Coal, since 2004, is the leading source
Sweden 438 356 443
Poland 80 194 141
of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, outstripping
Norway .. 111 112 those from oil and natural gas and other sources.
Serbia .. 40 25 Emissions of CO2 from coal have grown by 4.1% on
World 46 439 47 376 48 202 an average annual basis (or 460 Mt/y) since 2002. A
Data for Australia, India and Japan are provided on a fiscal basis. large majority (83.3% 9) of which has come from rapid
Data for OECD countries are shown here as submitted, and this may growth in the Peoples Republic of China.
differ from consumption data available elsewhere where portions may
have been moved from blast furnace transformation to consumption in
the iron and steel industry as part of the IEA blast furnace model.
Figure II.16: World CO2 emissions by fuel
See Table 5.4 in Part III for other countries and historical data. In- 16
cludes granular coal injection for some countries. Data for PR China
are not available. 14

12
On a tonnage basis, Belgium (45%) and France (43%)
displayed the highest proportion of PCI inputs into 10
Gt CO2

blast furnaces, while the average for the countries 8

shown in Table II.22, which reported PCI/GCI use
came to 24.4%. Poland (7%), the Russian Federation 6

(10%), and India (11%), showed the largest potential 4

for increasing this ratio, subject to plant constraints.
2

CO2 emissions
Global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion grew
again in 2012 8, increasing by 390 Mt to reach 31.7 Gt.
Coal remained the largest source of anthropogenic CO2
emissions at 13.9 Gt, and the 172 Mt annual increase of
emissions was 44% of the worlds 2012 increase.
In 2013, OECD coal-based emissions increased mar-
ginally (0.9%) from 3.91 Gt to 3.95 Gt (Table II.23).
These 36.9 Mt of extra emissions could be explained as
the result of emissions in the United States increasing
8. The latest year where global sectoral emissions data are available at
time of publication.
Coal and peat Oil Natural gas Other
Source: IEA/OECD CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
The annual growth in emissions from fossil fuels av-
eraged 2.1% between 1971 and 1990, before averag-
ing 1.3% between 1990 and 2000 and 2.4% between
2000 and 2011. This lower pace of growth in the
9. Excluding the Peoples Republic of China, countries with growth in
emissions over this period, increased emissions by 768 Mt, while emis-
sions in the remaining countries decreased by 650 Mt. Thus, overall
emissions increased by 4.60 Gt, of which the Peoples Republic of
Chinas contribution was 3.83 Gt or 83.3% of net growth, and 73.0%
of all growth.

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22 - EXCERPT FROM COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition)

1990s is in part related to the collapse of the formerly share of emissions decreased to 32.1% from 33.0%,
centrally-planned economies of Central and Eastern while natural gas increased its share of emissions
Europe. Other important factors include the use of from 24.9% to 25.7% (Figure II.17).
more efficient technologies, fuel switching and renew-
able energy sources. The most prominent feature in Figure II.17: OECD CO2 emission shares
emission profiles since 2000 has been the rapid ex- by fuel
pansion of non-OECD economies which has caused 60%
their emissions to increase on average by 5.0% be-
tween 2000 and 2012, with non-OECD coal emissions 50%
increasing by 6.4% per annum over this period.
40%
World CO2 emissions have also been influenced by
changes in international energy prices. Oil had been 30%
the largest contributor to world emissions until 2003,
20%
even though the upward trend was interrupted by the
oil shocks of 1974 and 1980. Even after the decline in 10%
oil prices after 1985, the growth in emissions was par-
tially mitigated as consuming countries adopted more 0%
energy-efficient technologies and behaviour, and
some fuel switching occurred. In fact, as OECD coun-
tries started diversifying their energy consumption Coal Oil Natural gas Other

after the two oil shocks, their share of oil contributing

to CO2 emissions gradually declined from a peak of
53.4% in 1978 to under 45% in 1985. Since then, oils
contribution has largely continued to lessen in relative
terms, despite 2010 OECD road transport emissions
having increased in real terms to 2.9 Gt, or by 27%
since 1990 and 107% since 1971.
Oil, however, remains the main contributor to OECD
emissions and it generated 41.2% of the CO2 emis-
sions in 2012 just as it did in 2011 and 2010. Coals
Source: IEA/OECD CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Between 1971 and 1985, coal was used as the main
replacement for oil and its share of emissions in-
creased, especially between 1978 and 1985, from its
lowest point (31%) to its highest point (39%). After
1985, the share of emissions from coal declined con-
sistently, and after 1993, coals share of emissions
remained between 33% and 35% of toal OECD emis-
sions until the most recent decline.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY