8.0 Drilling PDF

HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
PED1111
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in a form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner. This document has been produced by PETRONAS whether by itself or through third party consultants
and the manner in which this document is used is strictly controlled by PETRONAS.
DRILLING
Chapter 8

DRILLING
8.1 INTRODUCTION
This module is designed to enable and provide trainee with a

brief understanding in drill the oil well
Major function - to safely drill a subsurface hole until it
penetrates a potential oil and/or gas-bearing formation. The
drilled hole, called a "well-bore,

DRILLING
3 types of drilling
Exploration Drilling
Appraisal Drilling
Development Drilling
Some of the exploration & development well be converted to

development well.

EXPLORATION DRILLING
Use to confirm hydrocarbon prospect after exploration survey
Get information about the reservoir
Geological information
Type of sedimentation
Reservoir continuity
Sand distribution
Petrophysical information
Porosity
Permeability
Fluid type
Fluid contact
APPRAISAL DRILLING
Get more information about the reservoir

Detail investigations & studies on the area of interest
Geological information
Reservoir Structure
Reservoir continuity
Sand distribution
Petrophysical information
Porosity
Permeability
Fluid type
Fluids contact
Hydrocarbon saturation
Estimate the volume of the reservoir
Reduce uncertainties & potential problem

DEVELOPMENT DRILLING
Well is drilled in several stages to develop the reservoir for producing HC

or injecting the fluids for pressure maintenance
Design Goals:
Design a well meeting our &
Government Policy/Values with
respect to environmental, health &
safety performance
Well should be planned to beat the
performance of the best offset well in
the area in terms of time, cost &
safety benchmarks

DRILLING OPERATION
Making A Hole Conductor

Casing
Surface
Casing
Cement
Intermediate
Casing Cement
Production
Casing
Cement
Production
Liner Cement

DRILLING OPERATION
Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

DRILLING OPERATION
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Run Cement Bond Log
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Run Cement Bond Log
Drill production hole
Run production casing
Cement production casing
Run Cement Bond Log
Drill production hole
Run & set liner
Cement liner
Run Cement Bond Log

RIG COMPONENT SYSTEMS
8.2 DRILLING
8.2.1 RIG COMPONENT SYSTEMS
The rotary drilling rig consists of five (5) major component

systems:
i) The hoisting system

ii) The rotating system
iii) The circulating system
iv) The power system
v) The blowout prevention system
RIG COMPONENT SYSTEMS
Component of
Drilling System

RIG COMPONENT SYSTEMS 3
ASSIGNMENT
Divide the class into 4 small groups. Each groups should have 5-6 people. Have each small group
select one of the Drilling Rig System
1)The circulating system (5 pax/group)

2)The blow out prevention system (5 pax/group
3)The hoisting system ( 5 pax/group)
4)The rotating system & drilling bit (6 pax/group)
Each of the group need to research specific information on the Drilling Rig system/component
assigned to them and must present and share the information to the class.
Your research can include but not limited to :
1)Definition or literature review of each of the drilling rig system/component

2)Equipment involves and the function
3)Operation
4)Videos or photos of the system
PRESENTATION IS ON WEDNESDAY, 2.30 4.30 PM & THURSDAY 10.30 AM 12.30 PM. Order
of the presentation will be decided by LF on the day of the presentation.
RIG COMPONENT HOISTING SYSTEM
HOISTING SYSTEM
Consists of two major subcomponents;
The supporting structure - the framework that supports

the assemblage of required equipment and
The hoisting equipment - to actually lift, lower and

suspend the drilling stem.

The supporting structure ii) Rig floor - the covering placed

i) Substructure - large steel over the substructure framework
framework assembled directly that provides a working platform
over the drilling site providing the for most drilling operations
work space for equipment and
men on and below the rig floor.
Its height is determine by the
BOP requirements.

Supporting
Structure

The supporting structure

iii) Drilling tower - the steel tower-like
framework that rises above the rig floor
allowing the hoisting equipment to
function.
MAST -is narrower, enclosing only part
of the rig floor. It arrives at the site
partially assembled.
DERRICK -encloses the entire rig floor

and is erected and dismantled at the
site piece-by-piece.
The Hoisting Equipment
i) The drawworks -heavy duty hoisting wrench that raises, lowers

and suspends the tremendous weight of the drill stem during drilling
operations. Located near the rotary table on the rig floor.
ii) The drilling line - heavy-duty wire rope made out of strands of
improved plow steel that connects all components in the hoisting
system.
iii) The overhead tools - the "connecting link" within the hoisting
system.

The Hoisting
Equipment

The Mast with

the hoisting
system

The Overhead Tool ( Connecting Link )

Consists of:-
i) The crown block - assembly of pulleys called "sheaves,"
located on a framework at the top of the
drilling tower.
ii) The travelling block - arrangement of sheaves which allows

the travelling block assembly to move
up and down within the drilling tower.

The Overhead Tool ( Connecting Link )

iii) The hook - a large hook-shaped device located beneath
the travelling block from which the swivel and
drill stem are suspended at times during
drilling operations.
iv) The elevators - extremely rugged, heavy duty clamps

suspended by elevator links which are
attached to the side of the travelling block.

RIG COMPONENT ROTATING SYSTEM
8.2.2 ROTATING SYSTEM

The rotating system is centrally located within a drilling rig.
Most important operational components of a rig.
Its major function is to rotate the. drill stem and make the bit drill a
subsurface hole.
It consists of three major subcomponents:-
i) The rotary - turns or rotates the drill stem,

ii) The drill stem - acts as a "connecting link" between the
rotary at the surface
iii) The bit - at the bottom of the well bore which actually cuts
or drills the hole.
Rotary Rig Components

The Rotary ii) Rotary Slips -

Consists of:- a set of tapered steel gripping
devices placed inside the
i) Kelly Bushing -
master bushing around a
the device which is engaged
section of the drill stem,
in the master bushing and
suspending the drill stern in
transmits torque to the kelly
the hole when a connection
and drill stem during drilling
is made or broken.
operations.

iii) Master Bushing - the removable device that

fits into the opening in the rotary table and
when used with the kelly bushing transmits
torque or the turning movement to the drill
stern and when used with rotary slips it can
suspend the drill stem in the hole when adding
or removing sections.
iv) Rotary Table - extremely rugged
and powerful rotating device. When
used with the master bushing and
selected accessories, it transmits
the rotational or turning movements
to the drill stem, or it suspends the
drill stem in the well bore.
Arrangement of Drilling Equipment

Drilling Operation Connection Purposes
The rotary force is required The Rotary slip is used to
to rotate the Master bushing, grip the drill pipe and hang
Kelly Bushing, kelly and at on the Master Bushing and
the end the drill pipe and bit Rotary Table

Top Drive System Kelly and Rotary Drive System

The Drill Stem

Consists of:-
i) Swivel - a uniquely shaped tool that is hung from

the rotary hook, attached beneath the travelling
block, which is attached to the upper kelly valve and
kelly supporting the entire weight of the drill stem
while rotating. It is at the head (top) of the drill stem
and permits the kelly and drill stem to rotate freely
during drilling operations. It provides a connection
for the drilling mud to enter from the rotary hose into
the kelly and drill stem below.

The Drill Stem

ii) Kelly - the square, triangular or
hexagon-shaped heavy steel pipe
that is suspended from the swivel,
passes through the rotary table
and is connected to the drill stem.
It transmits torque from the kelly
bushing which in turn rotates the
drill stem. Kelly is the longest
single section of drill stem (about
40' but also comes in 43', 46' and
56' lengths). It must be longer than
any single joint of pipe (which is
about 30' in length) . 2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
The Drill Stem

iii) Drill Pipe
Drill pipe is a round hollow steel tube with attached tool joints, located
in the upper and middle sections of the drill stem. They are used to
lengthen the stem and act as a connecting link to the drill collars and
bit.
iv) Drill Collar

Drill collar is a thick walled, heavy steel tube placed on the bottom of
the drill stem to provide concentrated weight to the bit. Drill collars are
usually 30' long and wall thickness about 31/2" or more.

The Drill String 2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

RIG COMPONENT DRILLING BIT
The Bit
Types of bits:-
Roller-cone /
rock bits - Have cone-shaped, steel devices called cones
- Cones are free to turn.
- Cut teeth out of the cones or
- insert very hard tungsten carbide buttons
into the cones.
Strata bits - Typically used in soft to medium hard formations

(shale, sandstone, limestone) for maximum
penetration rate.
Types of bits:-
Diamond bits - Do not have cones or teeth.
- Diamonds are embedded into the bit.
- Used for drilling the hardest formations.
- Cheaper to use them than to trip out long drill strings.
Core bits - - Special type of diamond bit.

- A core section remains within the center space
- of the string.
- The core is brought to the surface to be analysed.

TYPES OF BIT

Rock Bit PDC Bit

Core Bit

RIG COMPONENT CIRCULATION SYSTEM
8.2.3 CIRCULATING SYSTEM
The circulating system provides vital support to the rotating system

as it drills the well bore.
At the surface, it provides the equipment, materials and working

areas to prepare, maintain and revise the "lifeblood" of the circulating
system -the drilling fluid (popularly called "mud").
As the drilling fluid is pumped "down-hole'" it assists the rotating

system in drilling the hole and then helps control the changing
conditions within the well bore as new subsurface formations are
penetrated.
The drilling fluids is liquid mixture of various components which can

include water, oil, clay, chemical additives, gas, air, mist, foam or
soap with its composition determined by the down-hole conditions
and the types of formations being drilled.
There are three basic types of drilling fluid:

1. Water based
2. Oil based
3. Air or gas based
The most commonly used is water-based drilling fluid.

The major functions of drilling fluid are to:
1. remove cuttings from the bottom of the hole and

transport them to the surface.
2. lubricate and cool the bit and drill string.
3. form a filter cake on the walls of the well to reduce
fluid loss to the formation.
4. prevent entry of formation fluid into the well bore.
5. keep cuttings in suspension, even when circulation is stopped.
6. support the well bore wall.
7. transmit hydraulic cleaning power to the bit.
8. prevent corrosion of the drill string.
Mud Circulating System

Shale Shaker

Shale Shaker

Shale Shaker

RIG COMPONENT BOP SYSTEM
8.2.5 BLOWOUT PREVENTION
A blowout is the most serious accident that can occur on an

oil rig. To prevent it, Blowout Prevention (BOP) equipment is
installed.
The blowout preventer is used to control well 'kick during

drilling operations
It consists a series of powerful sealing elements designed to

close off the annular space between the pipe and the hole

a) Blowout and Its Causes
A blowout can be defined as an uncontrolled violent escape of well
fluids (oil, gas, water) from the well bore.
A blowout may occur

when the pressure exerted by the mud column is lower than the
pressure of the formation. Unexpected, abnormal pressures are
encountered, mainly due to expanding gases.
when the drill string is being pulled out of the hole to change the bit (a
procedure called tripping). If a sudden, quick pull on the string is
applied, it will behave like a piston in a cylinder creating a vacuum
below the bit. Fluid rushing into vacuum without control can cause a
blowout.

b) Blowout Preventer
A blowout preventer is a safety

valve which is placed at the top
of the hole for closing it when
necessary. It can be closed
manually or by use of hydraulics.
There are two main types in use:

1. The annular type
2. The ram type.

Annular Preventer
The annular preventer consists mainly of a
massive packing unit. The rubber or
synthetic packing unit can close tightly
around any equipment (i.e. drill string,
casing, kelly, etc.) which is in the hole.
When no equipment is present in the hole,
the packing unit will close completely,
blocking the whole cross-section of the
hole.
The preventer should in any case prevent
fluids from escaping from the hole while
operation like stripping out or stripping in.
Ram Preventer
The ram preventer is a gate valve that
can be closed to prevent fluid flow. The
closing components are two bow-
shaped pieces of metal that are
pushed from opposite sides to meet at
the center.

There are three types of such rams, pipe rams, blind rams and shear
rams.
Pipe ram parts have been constructed to fit around the drill pipe or
casing when the valve is closed. Different rams must be used for
different pipe sizes.
Blind rams are flat and are meant to close flush when there is no
equipment in the hole.
Shear rams are similar to blind rams except that they are equipped
with knife-like edges which can cut off the drill string as they close.
Shear rams are used in crisis situations.


ANNULAR AND RAM PREVENTER

RAM PREVENTER

c) BOP Stack
On a wellhead, all blowout equipments are mounted, one on top of the
other, to form a complete safety system referred to as the BOP stack. In
the event of a kick or an impending blowout, one or more the valves are
closed.
The BOP is usually opened and closed by means of hydraulic pressure.
To activate the BOP, hydraulic valves have to be operated. This can
either be done locally by hand, or remote by means of a pneumatic
signal which activates the hydraulic valves. In any case the BOP is
activated by a manual action.
Each of the rams or the annular BOP can be opened or closed
individually by means of two hydraulic lines. One will be pressurized,
while the other will act as a return line.
Schematic of Blowout Preventer (BOP)

Single Pipe Ram

DRILLING OPERATION
8.3 DRILLING OPERATION
DRILLING PROCESS
Major purpose
To safely drill a subsurface hole until it penetrates a potential
petroleum reservoir
Drilling process
A well is drilled in several stages
Starts with a hole of 30 - 36 inches (76-91 cm) in diameter
down to a depth of 150 - 250 m. A stell pipe called casing is
lowered into the well and cemented
After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with
smaller drill bit. Another string of casing is set and cemented.
DRILLING OPERATION CASING DESIGN
CASING STRING
Conductor Casing/Pipe
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Production Casing

Conductor Casing/Pipe
The first length of casing string to hold open

the hole for further operations.
The conductor pipe can be installed in two ways:

- A hole slightly bigger than the outer diameter (O.D) of
the casing is drilled. Then the casing is lowered into
the hole and cemented to the formation.
- A hole slightly smaller than the O.D of the casing is
drilled. The casing is then hammered or piled into the
formation
Surface Casing
The surface casing will be set as deep
as 5000 ft ( 1524 m ).
The casing is set for several reasons:
- to protect shallow freshwater aquifers from contamination;

- support the unconsolidated, low-pressure formations nearer
the surface and prevent the loss of drilling mud.
- to provide a base for well control equipment

Intermediate Casing
The function of intermediate casings are to:
- Prevent the hole from collapsing.
- Protect fresh water zones at the upper part of
the well
- Keep water away from the productive zone.
- Isolate zones with abnormal high or low
pressures.
- Isolate salt formations.
- Isolate different productive zones
Production Casing
The production casing runs all the way from the

productive zone to the surface
Its primary function is to seal off the pay zone

from adjacent layers

DRILLING OPERATION
8.3.3 CEMENTING OPERATION
The circulating system provides vital support to the rotating

system as it drills the well bore.
At the surface, it provides the equipment, materials and working

areas to prepare, maintain and revise the "lifeblood" of the
circulating system -the drilling fluid (popularly called "mud").
As the drilling fluid is pumped "down-hole'" it assists the rotating

system in drilling the hole and then helps control the changing
conditions within the well bore as new subsurface formations are
penetrated.
DRILLING OPERATION - CEMENTING

DRILLING OPERATION - CEMENTING

DRILLING OPERATION DIRECTIONAL
DRILLING
Kicking off with a Whipstock

DRILLING
Bent Sub with Motor

DRILLING
Kicking off a Jet Bit Deflection

DRILLING
Example of extended reach drilling scheme

DRILLING OPERATION
Can you be so
unlucky ?

END
THANK YOU

8.0 Drilling PDF

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HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

This module is designed to enable and provide trainee with a

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Some of the exploration & development well be converted to

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Get more information about the reservoir

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Well is drilled in several stages to develop the reservoir for producing HC

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Making A Hole Conductor

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Typical sequence of operation

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

8.2.1 RIG COMPONENT SYSTEMS

The rotary drilling rig consists of five (5) major component

i) The hoisting system

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

1)The circulating system (5 pax/group)

Your research can include but not limited to :

1)Definition or literature review of each of the drilling rig system/component

The supporting structure - the framework that supports

The hoisting equipment - to actually lift, lower and

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The supporting structure ii) Rig floor - the covering placed

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The supporting structure

DERRICK -encloses the entire rig floor

The Hoisting Equipment

i) The drawworks -heavy duty hoisting wrench that raises, lowers

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Mast with

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Overhead Tool ( Connecting Link )

ii) The travelling block - arrangement of sheaves which allows

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Overhead Tool ( Connecting Link )

iv) The elevators - extremely rugged, heavy duty clamps

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

8.2.2 ROTATING SYSTEM

It consists of three major subcomponents:-

i) The rotary - turns or rotates the drill stem,

Rotary Rig Components

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Rotary ii) Rotary Slips -

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

iii) Master Bushing - the removable device that

Arrangement of Drilling Equipment

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Top Drive System Kelly and Rotary Drive System

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Drill Stem

i) Swivel - a uniquely shaped tool that is hung from

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Drill Stem

The Drill Stem

iv) Drill Collar

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

The Drill String 2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)