Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Thesis Prospectus
Submitted to:
Dr. Brandon Kemp
Dr. Paul Mixon
Dr. Ilwoo Seok
Submitted By:
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents........................II
List of Tables.IV
List of Figures........V
1. Introduction..1
3. Rectangular Waveguide...5
II
5. Thesis Proposal......19
5.1 Objective...19
Bibliography..20
III
LIST OF TABLES
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.2: Variation of z-directed scattering force with the change of radius r of the
Figure 3.4: Plot of intensity and gradient force at the x-y plane....10
Figure 3.8: Plot of intensity and gradient force due to evanescent wave..12
Figure 4.1: Theoretical model of a Rayleigh particle and a dielectric slab waveguide.15
Figure 4.4: Pushing and pulling forces due to a propagating and evanescent wave,
respectively...18
v
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Light wave can exert force on particles. Maxwells theory predicts the optical
pressure of light[1]. Optical pressure of light has held the attention of scientists and
is being investigated by them for many years[2, 3, 4, 5]. Particles can be trapped using
light wave. Particles can be trapped, transported and manipulated due to the me-
chanical effects in light-matter interaction. Optical trapping forces are being applied
by scientists for many years[6, 7, 8]. Application of optical trapping and manipulation
of particles arise from the intricate forces due to the interaction of electromagnetic
fields and matter[9, 10]. In optical trapping, electromagnetic force components give
rise to a point of equilibrium where the gradient force dominates the scattering force of
radiation pressure[10, 11]. The scattering force generally arises due to change of light
momentum upon the scattering from the particle[12]. It is directly proportional to the
intensity of light and acts towards the direction of wave propagation[10]. In the case
of a counter propagating wave trap, the scattering force plays the dominant role in
trapping the particle at the equilibrium position between the two incident waves[12].
The gradient of time averaged intensity of optical field can produce forces on a small
dielectric particle, and trapping of the particle can be achieved by proper fashioned
optical gradient[13, 14]. The gradient force is directly proportional to the gradient of
the time-averaged intensity of optical field. It arises due to the interaction between
the dipole and the gradient of the focused electromagnetic field, and the dipole tends
to move towards the higher intensity region to minimize the interaction energy[12].
1
Optical binding is the stable spatial arrangement of several microparticles using light
illumination where the position of a particle can be changed by light redistribution
by another particle. Though optical trapping depends on the forces rising from inci-
dent field, optical binding forces depend on the modification of incident field in the
presence of several illuminated objects [12]. Optical trapping can also be achieved
as a balance between radiation pressure and optical binding forces[8, 15]. Particles
can also be pulled or pushed toward or away from the light source. Optical pushing
forces act on a particle toward the energy propagation direction, and optical pulling
forces act on a particle opposite to the energy propagation direction. A particle can
be pulled toward the light source using a Bessel beam[16, 17]. Optical pulling forces
also exist in causal negative index metamaterials[18, 19]. Evanescent wave can also be
used to pull the particle toward the light source[20]. Nanoparticles can also be pulled
using propagating wave in a multimode waveguide[21]. Particles can be trapped and
transported not only in stationary medium, but also in flowing fluid using nano fiber.
Particles can be transported to the opposite direction of the fluid flow using a light
wave propagating in the opposite direction of the fluid flow[22].
In biological applications of optical trapping, pulling, and pushing of a particle,
controlled forces can be applied on internal parts of cells. Separation of living cells
has been developed without any detectable optical damage, measurement of elastic
properties of parts of the cell cytoplasm, and force generated by RNA polymerase
as it moves along a DNA molecule are possible[9]. Moreover, optical trapping has
been used to probe cell membranes, aggregate protein fibers, modify chromosomes
in living cells, and transport and modify cells precisely which has led to clinical
applications[23]. The ability to trap, stretch, rotate, push, and pull particles or cells
constitute an optical tool box for existing and emerging applications.
2
Chapter 2
3
2.3 Left Handed Medium
Evanescent wave decays as it goes away from the light source. It can trap a
particle toward the higher intensity region, and pull it toward the light source. Par-
ticle can be easily trapped, and pulled using an eavanescent wave in a waveguide
structure[20]. The limitations of low intensity focus of Gaussian beams, diffraction
problem of Bessell beams can be overcome using evanescent wave. Though the forces
decay as the distance between the particle and the light source increases, but it exerts
very strong forces if the particle is located at a certain distance away from the light
source.
4
Chapter 3
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
For TE fields, the z-component of electric field is 0, and the magnetic field is [25]
ib ky
Ex = cos(kx x) sin(ky y)eikz z , (3.2)
2
b b kz
2
5
ib kx
Ey = sin(kx x) cos(ky y)eikz z . (3.3)
2 2
b b kz
From Equation (3.2) and Equation (3.3), the transverse electric field components
are
Ex = 0, (3.4)
ib
Ey = sin(kx x)eikz z . (3.5)
kx
q
The propagation constant is kz = 2 b b kx2 = vb
, where vb is the phase velocity of
wave in the background medium of the waveguide. To determine the cutoff frequency,
the condition is
2
cmn b b = kx2 . (3.6)
If the frequency of the wave is less than the cutoff, the value of kz = kz0 + ikz00 = ikz00
is imaginary. For evanescent wave, the y-field becomes
ib 00
Ey = sin(kx x)ekz z . (3.7)
kx
On the other hand, if the frequency is above cutoff, then the value of kz is real, the
wave is a propagating wave and the y-field becomes
ib 0
Ey = sin(kx x)eikz z . (3.8)
kx
In the Rayleigh scattering regime, the particle acts as a simple dipole in the
presence of electric field and its dipole moment can be represented by[26]
p b
P(r, t) = 4b r3 E(r, t). (3.9)
p + 2b
6
np p
q
The relative refractive index of the particle is nr = nb
= b
, where np and nb are
the refractive indecies of the particle and background media, respectively. Thus the
dipole moment is
n2r 1
P(r, t) = E(r, t) = 4b r3 E(r, t). (3.10)
n2r + 2
For the calculation of radiation pressure on a dielectric particle, the Lorentz force
can be applied to bound charges at the surface of the particle and bound currents
distributed throughout the background medium of the particle[2]. This radiation
pressure induces two forces. One acts in the direction of wave propagation that is
called the scattering force and another one acts toward the gradient of the incident
field intensity that is called the gradient force. The resulting scattering force acting
on the particle is [26]
nb
Fscat = z Cscat hS(r, t)i, (3.11)
vb
where hS(r, t)i is the time-averaged Poynting power. It can be expressed in terms of
the intensity
1 b vb
hS(r, t)i = z Re[EH ] = z |E(r)|2 . (3.12)
2 2
!2
8 n2r 1
Cscat = [Re(kz )]4 r6 . (3.13)
3 n2r + 2
The gradient force always attracts the particle towards the higher intensity region
7
of wave and the time-averaged force is given by[27]
1
Fgrad (r) = Re[(p.5)E (r) ib P(r) H (r)]. (3.14)
2
1
Fgrad (r) = Re{ 5 |E(r)|2 }. (3.15)
4
2
b
|E(r)|2 = Ey (r) Ey (r) = sin2 (kx x). (3.16)
kx
From Equations (3.11),(3.12),(3.13) and (3.16), it is clear that the scattering force on
a
the particle is maximum when the particle is at a position of 2
along the x-axis and
gradually decreases as the position of the particle is changed towards the edge of the
waveguide as shown in Figure 3.1.
At a certain position the scattering force increases as the radius of the particle
8
Figure 3.2: Variation of z-directed scattering force with the change of radius r of the
particle located at a position (150, y, z)m.
increases as shown in Figure 3.2. The gradient of the square of the magnitude of the
wave from Equation (3.16) is
! " 2 #
2 b 2
5|E(r)| = x + y + z sin (kx x)
x y z kx
2 2
b
= x sin (2kx x). (3.17)
kx
1 2 2b
Fgrad (r) = x sin (2kx x) Re[]. (3.18)
4 kx
From Equation (3.18) it is obvious that the magnitude of the gradient force is max-
x direction when the particle is at a position ( a4 , y, z)m.
imum and acts in the +
It reduces to zero when the particle is at a position ( a2 , y, z)m and the magnitude
becomes maximum, but acts along the
x direction when the particle is at a position
( 3a
4
, y, z)m as is shown in Figure 3.3. The particle always tends to move to the stable
equilibrium point at ( a2 , y, z)m as shown in Figure 3.4. The gradient force acting
on the particle remains same as the wave propagates, since for a propagating wave it
does not depend on the value of z.
9
Figure 3.3: Variation of x-directed trapping force.
1 2 2b nb
Ftotal = x sin (2kx x) Re[] + z Cscat hS(r, t)i. (3.19)
4 kx vb
Thus, for a propagating wave, the x-directed force always traps the particle at the
midpoint of the a-edge (i.e. the higher intensity region, and the equilibrium point) and
the z-directed force always pushes the particle towards the direction of propagation
(i.e. the particle is forced to move towards +z direction, or away from the source) as
is shown in Fig. 3.5.
Figure 3.4: Plot of intensity and gradient force at the x-y plane.
10
(a) Plot of Fx component of total force (b) Plot of Fz component of total force
given in Equation (3.19). The line plot is given in Equation (3.19). The line plot is
shown in Fig. 3.3. shown in Fig. 3.1.
! " #
b 2 2
00
5|E(r)| 2
= x + y + z sin (kx x)e2kz z
x y z kx
2 2 2 2
2 b 2kz00 z 00 2 b 00
= x sin (kx x) cos (kx x)e zkz 2
sin2 (kx x)e2kz z(3.21)
.
kx kx
1 2 2b k 00 2 2
" #
00 00
Fgrad = x sin (kx x) cos (kx x)e2kz z z z 2 b sin2 (kx x)e2kz z Re[].
(3.22)
2 kx 2 kx
The magnitude of the x-component of the force is maximum when the particle is
at a position ( a4 , y, z)m and acts in the +
x direction. It reduces to zero when the
particle is at a position ( a2 , y, z)m, and it becomes maximum and acts in the
x
11
(a) z = 0m (b) z = 100m
Figure 3.8: Plot of intensity and gradient force due to evanescent wave.
From Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7, it is obvious that for a wave which is evanescent
12
along the positive z-axis, the particle always tends to move to the stable equilibrium
at x = a/2. This force weakens as the wave propagates as shown in Figure 3.8. The
z-component of the force which acts along the negative z-direction pulls the particle
towards the light source as shown in Figure 3.7. Pulling the particle is only possible
if it is placed within a certain distance from the light source. If it is located at a long
distance away from the source where the x and z-component of the force diminish,
then it is not possible to pull the particle towards the light source.
13
Chapter 4
14
incident light wave. This model is depicted in Fig. 1.
Figure 4.1: Theoretical model of a Rayleigh particle and a dielectric slab waveguide.
For the TE wave solution, the electric field vectors in the air region (i.e. Region
-1), and inside the slab (i.e. Region 0) can be represented by E1 = ye1x x+ikz z ,
and E0 = y A0 eikx x + B0 eikx x eikz z , correspondingly[25]. The guidance condition
for T Em mode of wave propagation at frequency f can be represented by, 1x =
q
1 kx d m
x
k tan 2
2
, and 1x = 2 2 1 1 kx2 , where the value of kx is greater
m (m+1)
than d
, but less than d
. The value of kx and 1x can be determined from the
point of intersection of these two curves[25]. The value of kz can be determined from
q
kz = 2 kx2 . Varying the frequency, it can be determined that at a particular
s
frequency, the value of kz is 0. This is the switching frequency fs = 2
. When the
frequency of the incident wave is greater than fs , the value of kz is real, the wave acts
as a propagating wave.
15
4.3 Lorentz Force
The Lorentz force is applied for the calculation of radiation pressure acting on
the particle. For propagating wave, the total force is[20]
3/2
41 r6 p 1 2 21x x
1 21x x
Fprop = x21 r3 1x pp+21
e + z
3 0
(kz0 )4 p +21
e (4.1)
1 (21x x2kz z)
00 1 (21x x2kz z) 00
Fevan = x21 r3 1x pp+21
e z21 r3 kz00 pp+2 1
e (4.2)
00
Here, kz00 is the imaginary part of kz . This force decays by a factor e2kz z in the +
z
direction.
16
toward positive z direction along the surface of the slab as is shown in Figure 4.4.
For evanescent wave, the z component of total force always pulls the particle toward
negative z direction, but decays as the wave goes forward, as is shown in Figure 4.4.
17
Figure 4.4: Pushing Fz (prop), and pulling Fz (evan) forces due to a propagating, and
a evanescent wave, respectively.
18
Chapter 5
THESIS PROPOSAL
5.1 Objective
The main objective of this research is the feasibility study of optical pulling
forces for Optical toolbox and lab-on-a-chip application and preliminary designs
for waveguide implementations.
19
Bibliography
[6] A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, and T. Yamane, Optical trapping and manipulation
of single cells using infrared laser beams, Nature 330, 769-771 (1987).
[7] K.C. Neuman, and S. M. Block,Optical trapping, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2787-
2809 (2004).
[8] T.M. Grzegorczyk, B. A. Kemp, and J. A. Kong, Stable optical trapping based
on optical binding forces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 113903 (2006).
20
[9] A. Ashkin, Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 94, No. 10, 4853-4860, 1997.
[16] J. Chen, J. Ng, Z. Lin, and C.T. Chan, Optical pulling force, Nat. Photon. 5,
531-534 (2011).
[17] N. Wang, J. Chen, S. Liu, and Z. Lin, Dynamical and phase-diagram study on
stable optical pulling force in Bessel beams, Phys. Rev. A 87, 063812 (2013).
[18] B.A. Kemp, J.A. Kong, and T.M. Grzegorczyk, Reversal of wave momentum
in isotropic left-handed media, Phys. Rev. A 75, 053810 (2007).
21
[19] V. Yannopapas, and P.G. Galiatsatos, Electromagnetic forces in negative-
refractive-index metamaterials: a first-principles study, Phys. Rev. A 77,
043819 (2008).
[20] N.K. Paul, and B.A. Kemp, Push pull phenomenon of a dielectric particle in a
reactangular waveguide, Prog. Electromagn. Res. 151, 73-80 (2015).
[21] V. Intaraprasonk, and S. Fan, Optical pulling force and conveyor belt effect in
resonator-waveguide system, Opt. Lett., 28(17), 3264-3267 (2013).
[23] D.G. Grier, A revolution in optical manipulation, Nature, Vol. 424, No. 6950,
810-816, 2003.
[24] Ding, Kun, Jack Ng, Lei Zhou, and C. T. Chan. Realization of optical pulling
forces using chirality. Physical Review A 89, no. 6 (2014): 063825.
[25] J.A. Kong, Electromagnetic wave theory, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1986.
22