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LPF HPF
BPF BSF
Ideal Filter Response Curves
Passive Low-Pass RL filter
Transfer function of RL LPF
Cut-off frequency
Ideal filter: The frequency between the
pass- and-stop bands is called the cut-off
frequency (c)
Practical filter: The frequency at which the
magnitude |H(j)| is reduced to 1/2
(=0.7) times the maximum magnitude
Cut-off frequency of RL LPF
1
H ( j )
2
L
1
R
At f 0 Hz ,
H ( j ) 1
At c , H ( j ) 1/ 2
1 1
2
c L 2
1
R
R 1
c and H ( j )
L
1 j
c
If several two-port network are placed in a cascade (output of one is
attached to the input of the next), the overall transfer function, H, is equal
to the product of all transfer functions
Bode plot
Magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency in a semi-log
format
Magnitude H ( j ) dB
Phase H ( j )
RC Low Pass Filter Circuit
Low Pass Filter Example
A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 47 k in series with a
capacitor of 47 nF is connected across a 10 V sinusoidal supply. Calculate
the output voltage ( Vout ) at a frequency of 100 Hz, 200 Hz and again at
frequency of 10kHz, 11 kHz.
1
Xc
2 fC
Z R jX c
Z R 2 X c2
Xc Xc
Vout Vin Vin
R 2 X c2 Z
Low Pass Filter Example
Low Pass Filter Example
Let
Second order active filter
Sallen-key filter RF
vo 1 vB Ao vB
Ri
Two RC pairs KCL at node A
-40 dB/decade viY1 v A (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) voY3 vBY2
vo
viY1 v A (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) voY3 Y2
Ao
KCL at node B
vo
v AY2 vB (Y2 Y4 ) (Y2 Y4 )
Ao
vo
vA (Y2 Y4 )
AoY2
Second order active filter
vo AoY1Y2
vi Y1Y2 Y4 (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) Y2Y3 (1 Ao )
Y1 Y2 1/ R, Y3 Y4 sC
Transfer function H ( s )
Ao
H (s) 2 2 2
s C R sCR (3 Ao ) 1
Transfer function of low pass second
order filter
Ao
H ( s) 2 2 2
s C R sCR (3 Ao ) 1
Aoh2
H ( s) 2
s h s h2
Ao Gain
h Upper cut-off frequency in radians/second
= damping coefficient
1
h
RC
(3 Ao )
Transfer function of low pass second
order filter
Substitute s j
Ao
H ( j )
( j / h ) 2 j ( / h ) 1
Normalized exp ression for LPF
Ao
H ( j ) 2
sn sn 1
Normalized frequency
sn j
h
Frequency response for different
values of
, small oscillatory
= 1.414, Butterworth filter
Audio amplifier uses Butterworth filter
Higher order filter