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~DESIGNS TOFIT

ANY ,REQUIREMENT Industrial


1,360 Sq. Ft.

'30 MW
23,000 Sq. FI. 600MW
6-Pressure
440,000 Sq. FI.

, .)
.. .

. ,.....i.t...

STAG Cycle
fliii:
<~. ';::;:. ::.~
: .,
;'-'

.,
97,580 Sq. Ft. --_1--:--., ~~. '~:::...:~'.~"~:.,
:-,' " . oo' ~ .. ", -

) e
980 MW
2-Pressure
,,846,000 Sq. Ft.

.1250 MW
3-Pressure
1,400,000 Sq. Ft.
~!!!lI7fl!lJ@@ @(j)IJj}({j@Jj}@@J@
introduction
pe/formunee culeulo/ioos
...s < . I '\

The pU!poSS' of fuis manual is to bring together fuose variables effecting theAh,iW
transfer performance calculations for steam surface condensers in an orderly fasiion to
simplify fueir use. The many necessary constants fuat are tabulated herein are drawn from
various handbooks and are in complete accord wifu the Heat Exchange Institute, Standards
for Steam Surface Condensers, Seventh Edition.

I addion to ~e b~lc condenser performance caJC1ations !fiere are curves pl6trea


lo renect possible Irehl\~C.\VhB changes in only one parameter at a time, such as ttibe diam-
eter or water velocity.

Finally, guidelines are given to help fue user apply the performance calculations to
specific installations.

,
I
formulae
Condenser performance calculations are made up of t",o parts, the heat transfer function
to be performed and the physical characteristics of the condenser nccessary 10 perform the function.

Assume there is a hcat load of (Q) BTU/hr to be condensed at an absolute pressure of


(P) " Hg using cooling water at a LemperaLure of (T,) F. Then consider the basic lemperature
relaLions in a surface condenser by referring 10 Figure 1.

LMTD

TR

T - I - l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _----'
1
~~~~I" ~I.~---'----- TLWT --------.;..,1
1
Fi5Jure 1

In a saturated sleam mixture al 811 absolute pressure of (P) Hg there is a correspond-


11

ing steam temperalure of (T,) F. The difrerence between the steam temperature (T,) alld the
cooling water temperature (T,) is defined as the initial tempera tu re dilference (ITD).

As the cooling water progresses down the length of the condenser tubes, its t emperalure
is continuously elevated until the water exit, at a temperature of (T,) F. The diITerence bet.ween
inlet pnd exil cooling water lemperalures is caIled the temperature rise (TH).
::.. ~
'file ratiu uf tbe lemperature rise (TR) lo the initial lemperalu,e diITerence (ITD) i. de
fined as (H).

The din'erellcc octnecJI tile stcHm lcmperaturc (T~) t1nd . lile coJing water CXilo tempciaturc
(T,) is kllo\\'" as the terminal tempcralure diITerenc. :(TTD) or approach (A) .

From fundamelltal hcat trallsfcr relations we define the Log Mcall Temperature nITcrcllce
(LMTD) as:
-----I-----------~lI~TD~)=~~U~DI~~,,~hel~oo,~~(~TR~)~--~~----~~~
rrD which i< Ihe ,om. 0< 1 ,,"\ \) _ 1: \ \) _ , (i ecr11)
In ( nD) In (l-R) O .,,[) ,1 lr,<, e )-1
~\: t) ::;rV \ i \... T-O-
By definitioll we denole liJe dellominator of eq (1) as (1\.) and then " 11 1

1
j .. \ [' l ' ! )
R = 1 - (Toble VI). "1 1 )
e' , 1
(i Df) I- r,
The required coolillg water Do\\' (GPlI1) call be ealculalcd fro111 lhe heat balallcc:
)
, . ' ,v Q eq (2)
e
'/''',

GPM = 500 (TR)


where, 500 Ib / hr = I GPM

,.. By ti study uf lite Itcal trallsfcr characteristics of cOlldenser tubes \Ve can wri Le t}c follO\... -
ing rclationship: ,/
(l) (NP) , ' b+'70 eleon /IOO eq (3)
K
V'!..
where: t EfTective tube length, ft.
NP Number of pcsses of (001in9 water
e = Constant vorying with tube jameter ond """011 th ckne~s
(Toble 111)
b = ". Tube material correction factor noble IV)
f ('JOjing water nlel lemper;::ture correcti on 70ClO;-
, (Table V)
% dean Tule overol! deonliness factor
V = Velc-~ity of cooling water within the tubes, ft j sec
)
For a typical surface condl.:"nser calculation a summary of the foregoing formulac in their

.. normal arder of use is as showl1 belcw:


(o) P corresponds to Ts (Toble 1)
(b) (T,). (T,) = ITD
~ (L) (NP) . ob+% ele o n/100 eq (3)
(el K
VV
(d) K r;orrespones lo P. (Toble VI)
le) TR ~, (R.(ITD)
Q eq (2) ,1
(1) GPM
500. (TI<)

(g) NT GPM x (NP)


9 x v
where; NT Number of hJbes (totoli
G~,'1 9 GPM/tube 'oi 1.0 rps (T able 11)
- _. - "' .' ")
m sq. f-t/lineol ft. .of tube (Table 11)
s sq. ft. or surfc:e orea (total)
(h) S = (NI) (t) x m
For general interest, you will note that the overaU c.oefficient of hea! transfer (U) is nol
apparent in the foregoill" equations. ActuaUv lhe relation U =
c .
e vv x b x f x 'Ir clean has been
100 .
absorbed into the (onn of equation (3). Values of (U) for any cOlldi li oll can be calculaled by:

U = K. GPMxSOO ()~ ~, 'A ,1" ,-' eq 14)


. S
HOTE: "" ouordorw::e with 1M HeDf bcnofl"e lMlihlte Standards tOl' Stec", Surlote Conciel'ueu, fhe le,~inol
lell'lpet'otvre difterenc:e tnDI 'IOfoIld nol be leu ftlan 'F.

sample problems
(Hefer to illside back cover for an example of a work sheet.)
A. CALCULATlON OF SURFACE ANO COOllNG WATER REQUIREMENTS
Givcn:
Q 1000 x 10' STU/ hr heol lood ,/
P 2.00 " Hgc /
.
.'
\ T,
V
75F nler cooling water /
= 7.00 fps v
Condenser to be single pass with 85 % cleon 1" 0.0. - 18 BWG Admirolty
tubes having o 50' ..o" effective tube length.

Thon: ..-/
i '-)
Ts
ITD
= 101.14. F (Toble iI
101.14.75 = 26.14F
,
".,v

K
50 11)(.06914111.0)11.025) (1~) 1.1 38
\ .'

R = .630 (T o b le Vil
;/7 ..00 . '", . .).
/>
~,
'.
TR = (.680) (2.14) = 1778 ~ (;..~
'-"
.~-O
iOOO x lO' '.
S
GPM = = 112,486 , J ' I:!
500 (1778) -....) ,<
0'
,-
,;,
~
112,4 ~6 .'
NT (l) = 8,067
(1.992) (7,OO) ". 'v
'---x~
.S 8,067 (50) (.2618) = 105,600 Sq. FI.
NOTE: (lTO) - (TR) E: TID = 126.U) - 117.78 ) = S.J-F > 5-
)
" B. CALCULA TlON OF TUBE LENGTH, SURFACE ANO GP M FOR A FIXEO TR
Givell:
Q = 1,000 x lO' STUjhr
P ~ 1.50" Hgo
T, 60F
V 8.00 fps
TR = -20F lor thc t T: sholl nol e:x ceed 80F)
Condenser to hove 100 % cleon 1" 0.0.22 BWG Type 304 Slo inl ess Stee !
1ubes.

Then:
T, -, 9172F IT oble 1)
ITO 9 172 60 . = 3172F
TR 20
R - - - - = .630
lID 31 . 72
K .994 (Table VI)
Rewrite equotion (3)
(l) (NP) = K ;/ ~ = .994 ;/8.00 __ = 61.6 ft. cq 15)
Qb+% el ee n/ l00 (.06313) (.79) (.915) (1DO)

,! 5
Thus, wilh lhe raed temperalure rise there is onl) one total lenglh of cooling water trove;
possible when lhe velocity and diarneter are fixed. The condenser ca" be two pass wilh 29.3 5 fl.
elfective luDe lenglh or single pass wilh 58.; fl. eITeclive tube lenglh. (Nole lhal lhis was as-
certained independenl of lhe heat load Q.)
Then:
lC'Xl x 10'
GPM 500 (20) = 100,000

- - - - - - , ------lHT (2.: ~~oo)-1J )-~7.28-----1,-Single,;a;S61:6'tbe'------


s = 5728161.6) (.2618) = 92,374 Sq.Ft. S
or

NT 100,000 (2)
(2.182) (8.00) = 11,456 } Two pass 30.8' tu bes
s = 11,456 130.81 (.2618) = 92,374 Sq.Ft.
C. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE FOR A GIVEN SURFACE
\
.. :.;
Given:
s = 300,000 Sq. ft. Ya" 0.0. - 18 BWG Aluminum Srass tubos
GPM 175,000 Two poss, 36'-0" offedive tube I_ngth

Calculate the pressure (P) for a heat load of 2,500 x 10' BTU/ hr for a cooling water temper-
ature 80 F with 85% cleanlncss.
, 300,000 / :- ~
NT ~'-F""
= (.2291) 36 = 36,37 4 --,. ;: u;' ;
175,000 (2)-'~~'"
. ;'
v = '36,374 (1.478) = 651 ft / soc -<
36 (2) (.08153) (.97). (1.045) (.85)
K 1.953
,/6.51
R _862 (T obl. VI)
2500 x 10'
TR = 175,000 (500; = 28.57

ITD =TR/R = 2857 = 3314


,862 .

) T, = ITD +
T, = 33.14 + 80 = 113.14F
P = 2.84" Hgo (,obl_ 1)
NOTE: rTo .~ TR EZ 33.1' . 2Sp = J. .57 < 5- no

Since the ca!culations result in a TTD less than 5, then th e example should cominuc as:
TR = 2857
lTD TR + 5 = 28.57 + 5 = 33.57"
T, ITD + T, = 3357 + 80 = 11357
P 2.88" Hgo

D. PERFORMANCE CURVES
The previous example represents the sequence that is used lo calcula le con den ser per-
formance curves tha"! plOl condenser pressure, "Hga againsl condenser heat load, BTU/hr, for
one or more inlet cooling waler temperaturcs. C~re musl be taken lo use TR + 5 = ITD for
every point thal calcu lales lO a TTD less than 5 F.
Sinee the pressure that will exist when there is zero heat load is not readil)' ealculacle,
vaJues of these z.ero load pressures for any inlet water temperaturt have be, n establisheci in.
curve [onn. (Ref: Curve "B", Fig. SF-3, H.E.I. Standards for Steam Surface Condenser.;.)

6
Further, at combinations of low condenser pressures and low cooling water tempera
tures, the cffect of air in tbe air--vapor mixture leaving the "nose" of the condenser will in
fluence the performance of the unit. Thus the performance curve is a1tered tb reflect rhe
effecr of the air partial pressure below a certain pressure caBed the curoffpoint. Yalues of
these cutoff points for any inlet water temperature have been established in curve formo
(Ref: Curve "A", Fig. SF-3, H.E.L Standards for Steam Surface Condensers.) Therefore,
pressures for light load and/or low inlet water temperatures can only be determined by
actu ally drawing the performance curve.

---t:E:---MUlrl-p.RESSURE-Pi:RFORMANCE-----------------t-----
Whclher lwo or three or more pressure levels are lo be considered, lhe calculations musl
treat the condenscr as a series or individual condensing compartments, each opcrating at its own
absolute pressure. ",ju) a series cOQling water circuito Tilus the nlel cooling water temperature
lo j.e second and succeedins comparlmenls s equal lo lhe n;t waler temperature from the [rsl
or preceeding compartmenl.
Consider lhe condenser calculaled for Example "A" \\'ill be orenled with ls lubes parallel
lo the shafl of a Tandem Compound Four Flo", Turbine-Generalor unit havng lwo lo\\' pressure
turbine exhausl openinss. Then divide the SO fl. tube bundle inlo lwo compartmenls of 25 fl.
length, each lo serve one of lhe L. P. lurbine exhausls. The same 105,600 Sq. Fl. condellser \ViII
perform as Jollo\\'8 with the sliShl])' ncorrecl assumption thal !he heal load (Q) will be equall)'
di,'ided lo SOO x 10' BTU/hr nlo each comparlmenL Actuall)' lhe sleam 00"" rale in Ib/ hr will
be di"ided illlo essentially t;'o egua] parls, bul the enlhalpies of the 1\\'0 hal ves will diITer slighlly
due lo the absolute pressure diITe~ence.

25 (J) (.0691 4) (LO) (L025) (f&;) = 0.569


- ,/7.00
R. 0434
-NOTE: Subtcriph 1 a"d 2 refiect 'he fjrst ond 5econd Comportmenls respectively.

IR 1778
TR, = "2 = -2- = 8.89"

TR, = 8.89 = 20.48


R, .434
T, . = 75 + 20.48 = 95.48"F ond P, = 1.69" Hgo
T1 + TR: = 75 + .8.B~ = 83.89 nlet to second compor1ment
. (85)
25 (J) (.06914) (LO) (L056) 100
K, = 0.586
;/7.00
R, .443
ITD, = TR, 8.89 = 2007
R, = .443 .
83.89 + 20.07 = 103.96"F ond P, = 2.1 '8 :' Hgo
Thus the [rst L. P. turbine operates at 1.69" Hsa and the second al 2.18" Hga at the de
sisn condition. This mode of operation would ha ve lo be evaluated for the specilic turbine lo
es Lablish the hcat ralc saving that could result compared lo a single pressure unit opcrating al.
2.00" Hga.
Assuming there. is a heat rate saving with the aboye two pressure conditions, there
also will be a smaller condenser surface, or a lower cooling water flow , or a combination of
the two, which will give the same heat rate in multi-pressure operation as exists with the
I.
single pressure selection operating at 2.00" Hga. Using the single pressure 'cooling water
flow, the surrace can be reduced by using a shorter tube length, and the water side fri ction I
will be reduced lowering the total pumping power required. Examples of sorne of the l.
possibilities for the foregoing application are tabulated in Figure 2. t

"7
.
Sa",. H , la'
...,.... "c. I"",ud
Siflllle H I "educad S. R.duc.cI i .chlcael
'r ....,. la" GP'M 1. BHI' G'M 1. 8H" S " BHP

nu/", + 10' 1000 500/ 500 500/500 500/500 500/ 500


" Hllla 2 . 00 1.69/2. 18 1 .73 / 2.25 1 .73 / '2.26 1.75/2.25
Sq" 105,500 105,600 101,3 94 105,600 97,1 52
G'M 112,..486 112,A86 1013 ,108 105,576 "12,486
V.loehy. fp5 7.00 7 .00 7.00 6.Si 7.00
H 17 . 78 8.89/6.89 9.25/9.25 9.1.7 /9,.(7 8 . 89/8.89 '
-fridioll, " 12 . 13 12 . 13 12.1:1 1\ .5'" .11.33
lBH" 897 B97 B6' B33 871

-Ieter 10 HEl S'andards for Sleom $4Irface Conden5ers


tAssvme t5' e.'emal hiio" onc! 86';'0 efFicienl (irtuloli,,; pvmpl

Figure 2

A further refinement in he eeonomic evaluatioll would be t o study olher than a 25 fl. -


25 fl. division of lhe 50 fl. single pressure tube l en~th .

trends with . changes in .individual parameters


Three fundamental figures make up' tile majar cconom ic influencc 011 any -colldenscr sc-
leclion for comparison to allother for th e same heal t.ra llsrer fun eti on. Tile)' "re the lotal square
feel of condensing surrace. the total GPM of cooling waler and the tot.al BH P of pumping pOIVer
required to move thal GPM throu gh the specific cooling waler cireuiL. Oddly ellough, the three
yariables are al",ays ill a form of balance. When a lesscr amoun t of cooling waler is dcsired there
",iJl be an incrcased amount of surf(i cc or pump power (or a combinatioll of each up or dow n)
to perrorm the same heat transrer fUll ction . Examplcs or lhis basie relalio nsilip ""d ot her less
important concepts are reflected in tile following graphs showing tile inOuence of vary illg Orle
parameter aL a time .

. A. TUBE OlA METER


Figure 3 reflec ts thc influence of diffl!rcnt. tube diamet.crs fOT a given !l eat lransfcT fUllCli oll
using a constant tube lcngt.h and cooling wai.cr velocity. \Vith increasin g lubc diame Las t,hcre
will be less square feet of condensing surfare and more cooling water requircd. The rcl R!.ive change
in cooling wa ter pumping is ShOWll for an assumed siphon wat er cirru it. and coolin ; 10wcr w::l1er
( re.nit, hot.h of ",hic] ::lTC r:omm oll foo::ly.
\.
,/
GPM (
1.20

S B"~

1.10

w
o
z
<
z TU S!:.
u
DIA METER - ' 0.0.
'">
:
1.00
<
~
w
3/4-
.'"
7 1'14

" 6 HPs

8HPS ASSUMES 15' EXTIRNAL. F"RICTION AS


.90 A TYPICAL $ IPHON CIRCUIT WH ILE
8 HPT ASSUME.S so' EXTERNAL fR ICT ION AS
A TYPICAL COOU NG TOWER CI RCUIT.

TH E TW O SHP cURY(S DO NOT REFLECT


TrIE TOTAL OIFFERENCES BETWEEN TH E ....SE.lVES.

86':;. PUM P EFFICI ENCY 15 A$SUMEO .


. 80

Figure: 3

B
Ji V ELOCITY OF COOLlNG WATER
Figure 4 shows lhe eITecl of challgillg l he velocit)" of liJe coolillg waler ",ilhill a givcn lube
diameler for a fued luLe lenglh, all lo pedorm lhe same heal lraosfer funclioll. Wilh higher
velocities, the required square feel of condellsing su rface is reduced, bul lhe cooling waler now
is increased a nd alons with it the condens~r water sirle frictiofl and ovcraJ/ circulating waLcr
p umping power. Agaill,'bolh all assumed sipllOlI alld cooli llg lower cireuil a re shown.

L> fU.t.ATlvE tttANES IN co~ot~SER LO ftELATIVE, DCANGES.m t:QNDENSER s


RmU.tR[foIEtnS ~IT.. VORl1t.1G 8HP, flEDUIRENENTS -wJTH \UUh'ING
tDDUNG -.aTEA \lIt..OtmES TUSE Ut.rGTtrS X 'NO PASSE$
l.' 1<

1.3
l.>

.) w 1.2 w
~
1.2
~
z %

"'x

u 1.1
w w 1.1
> > eH?"
;: ;:
"'w
~

~
LO
10.0
"'w
~

~
70 80
10
>0 90 100

TOTAL LENGlH OF WATER TRAVEL, FT.

~~~:::::':T:"b:'~U::"':Ih::X~":O~.P:O:"~':'~~
.5 BH~


,-----.-.-.
--..
-.~.,

.__
......_ _
..._ ....._ ...
..-...._.,.....,_u
U

....... ... S
_ ...._u ""(.,,_,, ..... _ o,
.,. . . . . ._--,.<. . . .
, .-.c.o, ._ ...,...'_"
_ .... _ n ... ' ' ' ' _ ..,._ oS

............ _. . _.on
...... .... _ _ _ _ .-t:.I.fCf
..., __ ..-. __ '''01 <'
.7
~

_ " _ t "-oco .. _ .. . . - ... . .


.0.( _ . .... " . , 'u ...... , ..... ...u...

_~ ~-,.
GPw.

Fig ure <4 Fig ur e, 5

C. TO TA L LENG TH O F WATE R TRA V El


-\ Figure 5 depicls lhe relativc challges in lhe lhree basic paramelers S, GPII1 alld BHP as
-"
the toLal length of cooling water tra\el (tubc lellgth tillles Jlumbcr or passes) is ilH:reased all for
the same hcat traJlsfer functioJl and a constaJlt water velocit.y. \\"ith illcrcasi llg TL\\'T tIJe COII -
denser cooling water friction drop evcnt.ually excccds tIJe assumcd exterJlal syst.cm frictioJl in
the sipholl circuit analysis, and the BHP pUlnpillg po\\"cr rcaches a InillilllUIl1 alld tlll.!1l bcgitls lo
increase .

. D. TUBE MATERIAL

For general informalioll a tahulalion of tile coudellser requirernellts for une lIcat tnulsfer
job USillg 95 percelll clean Typc 304 slainless sleel 22 BWG lubes comparcd lo 85 perccnl cleall
admirally 18 B\\'G tubes is sho",n in Figure 6. Usillg the admiraJly seleelioll as a referellce, lhe
tabulation shows l ile pcrcellt changes of the individual requiremenls with stainlcss steel fol' lhe
following conrutiolls:

A. Same _velocity. GPj\"r ,.and TR bUl ",iLb a lon~cr tube and increased sur{ilce and pump po~" er.

B. Same t uOe lenSlh and velocit)" bUI ..... ith incre.ased GPM , sur{::ce auJ pump po""er.

c. Same tube lengrh and surface Lut ,,"ilb incrcn6ed GPM, pUIOp poy,er and a higber ~clocity .

9
I.S'EI CENT eU.A.H 1I1WG ADMIRAlTY~.
y.
95 ,El CENT CLEAN n 8WG 30" 'STA1NlESS STEEL

8 e
S.an + 13.' +4.8 o
GPM o +1<1.8 + 17.5
T. lo +".7 o o
Velodty o o +6_9
Temperatun Ji o (-)13.0 (-115.0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _.., _ _ __
-------1---+-------..8_ . : 'S-:1I -+'2,' ----r+197
BHPl +2.2 +12 . 18.2

Fi'll ",re 6

An examinalion of lhis spccific example shows lhal whi le lhe use of slai nless sleel tubing
fo!," surface .coJldenscrs ma)' Le desira blt! [ro01 a ma t.cri., Ji fe vic,,"poillt. 011 tlJe st.eam 811d j or wat.er
side or from a first cost anal ysis. slill thcre cxists a perform an ce difl'erence ill tJ. c a mounLc; of COH -
dClIsing surface, cooling water OO\\' and pumping power lo pcrform a gi"cll hcaL trallsfcr functioll.
Qlle of tile mosL imporLant faclors ill (t dccisioll of t-his t.ypc is the. cx pcri cllccd t.ube c1 ea niin css
for admiralty tubcs at a specific jobsite.

guidelines
Straight forward condenser calculalions are fairl)" simple lo do, but the proper applicatioll
of lile many arrallgements of tu be IcngtiJ, diameters alld orientat.ion requ ires sorne cxperience.
Commcnts rcflecting sorne of this cxpcricncc ma)' be of ass ista llcc.
\Vhcthcr by legislatioll or plant dcsigu, tilc maxinl1lm allowablc tcmpcraturc rise across
:Jgivcll surfa cc cOlldcnscr is often sta ted as part of the desigll problcll lS. This a utomatica lly fixes
the mJlimum GP.M of cooJillg water to be used with l. gl\'CIl hcal load cOlllplctcly ifldcpcndcnt
o[ the condcJlser tube diam eler, Jenglh or \"clocity .

I~ 0. 0.

-'
~
50
>
<
""
"
~

".;;:
<

~ = <40

==
~
z
~
-'
-'
~
:? '"

10 IZ l. 16 l. 20

Figul;.C 7 _J...___ ~
rR
___________________.J

'-
Conoider Example B of this manual again .. Further, consider the case ",here a maximum
tube lenglh has been established and the combinations of (ube diamelers. velocilies and lower
TR's are Lo be investiplled for a given heat transfer joL. Then equalion (5) would be ulilized
, for a range of velocilies for eaeh lube diameter Lo be cOllsidered. This allalysis would be repeated
for eaeh TR u.nder consideration and in every instan ce a Lotal length of water travel (L) (NP)
is calculated. The results can be plotted with (L) (NP) versus TR for eaeh tube O.D. and veloeit;-
studied. Figure 7 is all example of such ao analysis and shows the man)' combinations possihlo.
Lo perform one heat transfer dut)' at a glancc.
Man)' references have beell made Lo condenser tube diameters, materials, velocit,. levels
a nd clcanJjTlpc;s Condenser per1"ormallCC calc,JJat.ialls....musLh~!,ideD tq: 1he ser's Pl"pc.cieIJCl!._ _ _.f _______
with the cooling "'aler available for cach speciflc application,
Material seleclion falls into two basie groups, fresh water and sall water. Admiralt)',
Arsellical Copper and Type 304 Staillless Sleel are eommon for fresh' water applieations \Vith
Copper Niekel, Aluminum Brass and sometimes T)'pe 316 Stainless Steel for salt water.
Design c1canliness can Yary from 70 pcrcent 10 90 pcrccnt for thr copper allo)' tu bes with
85 perccnt mosl com.non, and from 80 pereent to lOO percent for the staillless steel tuhes ",ilh
the majorit)' 90 pereenl or higher.
The copper allo)' tubcs are most afien 18 B"'G ",all thiekness ",ilh sorne 19 BWG ap-
plia,tions in recent years. The stainlCss s,eel tuUcs are usuall)' 22 BWe wall thiekness ",ith fe\\'
cxceptions. (Air cooler alld periphcr)' are sornctimcs of 20 B\VG 1.0 providc a corrosioll allowancc
or faeLor of safety.)
Water velocily in the tu hes will range from 6.0 fps to 8.0 fps for copper allo)' tubes wilh """-----
fresh waler, and lhere is a Lendenc)' lO limil velocilies to a maximum of 6.5 fps to 7.0 fps ",ilh
salt water. For stainless sleel lubes the velocil)' has 110 real maximum limil, and there is some
evidence indicaling thal a minimum velocily may be desirable to maintain beller eleaniiness.
Applic?t.ions al 7.0 fps up to 10.0 fps have been made.
'VJCll a range or velocit.ies is permissiblc for ally givcn insLallalioll , lIJe ecollomic eva]u-
alan including pumping power ",iJI gCllerally illdicalc lhe opLimum. Similarl)', whcll t.here is
more than one allowablc tube diameler, Uie economic sludv ",ill illdicatc the propcr selectioll.
r
It is ,,'bIftll nOli!;,? lhal the condenser requiremenls a;e more rureet.J)' relaled lo lhe ITD
than a given desigJl prcssure. For cxample, a unit dcsiglled for 2.~O" Hga using 80 F cooling
waler has essenlially the same ITD of 28.7 F as a unil desi[!Oed 'for 1.50" Hga using 63 F coolin'g
water; and the total condcnser requirements are identical.
Sirnjlc1rJy, the designer should realize thal a tWQ pass condcnscr wiLh 30 1 tubcs \ViII llave
lhe samc surIace ~nd watr requirements as a sifl~lc pass ('ondcllscr wilh 60' tu bes, assuming
other variables are held equal. Wilh this in mind, il is understalldable that a single condenser
sheJl wilh 60' long lubes inslaJled paraJlel Lo the turbille sbaft of a talldem compoulld four-Oo\\'
turbine rna)' oTcr firsl cost cconomies Qvcr a twin-shell, two-pass condcJlser uIIil wilh 30' long
tubes perpendicular lo lhe turhille shar!.
There are sorne cases tllaL result ifl a Lotal lenglh o[ water Lravcl as economically propcr,
but so long lhat lhe lermillal temperature diiTerellce is less lhall 5. This problem r.all be clim-
inated by multi-pressure operalioll should ils application provc compatible wilh lhe proposed
equipmelll arrangemellt. The TTD of Example A (sillgle pressure) is 8.36 while lhose of
Example E '(mulli-pressure) are 11.59 and lU8 for lhe [rsl alld second comparlments respec-
tivel)'. It is apparenl lhat longer lube lengths are possible with multi-pressure operation thao
one pressure [or Jike termillal lemperature diITercllces.

conclusion
The surface condenser represcllls a large illvestmcnt. for a utility and has a direci inOuellce
on sizabJe related. equipment 5uch as circulating water pumps, water lioe sizes, and motors. The
proper selection of the condenser Tequirements involves a complete knowledge of t-he actual coo- ~
nitians under whch Lhe equipmcnt must opera le, including the performance charac.terisLics o[
the Jo\\" pressure turbines lo be served.
The [nal result of an)' speeific analysis should be based UpOIl a thorough study of aJl pos-
I
,

,
sible combillat.iollS foJlo",ing t.he principles described in this manual.
TASLE I
SATURATED STEAM TEM PERA TURES
Aiu. lul. I AasD lulo
",eu.,.,. . 00 .0 1 .02 .03 0' .0' .0' .07 .01 . 0' P,.u,,'
In. liSl. I n. H~.

.2 3".56 35 .7S 3L96 38.09 39.18 AO .23 l .(1.13 ./:2.22 J. 17 : .2

.. ..
"" .08
.3 .96
.l.( 45 .22 ./:t . 6' 47."6 "8.28 "~.O5 <4,.60 50.53 51 .?:S 51.96 .3
.52.6A 53.31 53.98 5.(.62 S! .25 55.88 56."8 57.08 57 .66 SS .204

., .,
_ _ _O
58:80
Jttti59.35 59 . 90
J ! ~~; :~.96
5 81
61."8
66.26
62.00
66 70
~:'9
7 13
62.99
67.S I 63 . J.7
67.99 .6

.
.,..
7i-"~6
00

l
.7
I 6t!}
72.33
bE . S2
72.70
H.23
73.06
69 . 63
73.J.2
70.03
73.78
70 . .(3
7.(.13
70.81
7.( ...(8
71.20
7.C63 75.17
71.96
75.51
.7
I
j 75.85 76.18 76 . 51 76.83 77 . 15 77 ."7 n .79 7S.11 78.A2 7 .73 .9

1
1.0
, 1
1.,
iI 79.03
81.95
5,( .65
.79.33
82.23
84.91
79.6.(
82 .S\
85 .17
79 .9"
82.7B
85 . .l3
80 . 23
83.06
"S5.68
80.52
83.33
25.93
80.S1
63.60
86. lB
81 . 10
83.87
66 . .(3
81 .39
8".1 J
86.68
81.67
8".39
86.92
1.0
1.1
1.,
1.3 37.17 )7 . .(1 87.65 87.89 S8 . 12 88.36 8B.5'i' 88.83 89.06 89.28 1.3
I
I . 1.4
I 89.51 89.7" 89.97 90.19 90.Al 90 .63 90.1!5 91.07 91.29 91.50 l.'

U 1 91.72 91.93 92. lA 92.35 92.56 92.77 92.98 93.19 93.39 93.60 U
: .6
I _ f3.80 9" .00 9" .20 9" . .(0 9" .60 9" .80 95 .01 95.20 95.39 95.59 l.,
I

I
1.7 ~5.78 95.97 96 . 16 96.35 96.5" 96.72 96.91 97. 10 97.26 97 . .(6 1.7
.. "-.
O
"

1.3 9? .65 97.83 98.01 98 . 19 98.37 98.55 98.7"3' 98.91 99 . 0 9 99.26 U


J
I
~.9 9Y .4~ 99 .6 1 99.78 99.96 100.13 100.30 100 . .(7 100.6" 100. 8 1 100.97 1.9

2.0 . }O1.1<4 / 101 . 31 101."7 10 1 .6" 101.80 101.97 102.13 102 .30 102 . "6 102.62 2.0

I
2. 1 102.78 102.9.( 103 . 10 103.25 103 .<4 1 103.57 103.73 103 . 88 l0" .0.4 10.t .19 2.1
:.2 10el" 10" . 50 104 . 65 104 . 80 10.t .95 105.1 1 105.26 105 .J.l 105 .55 lOS .70 2.2
:l:.J i05-:'~5 1106.00 106.15 106.29 106.<4A 106.5S 106.73 106.87 107 .02 107.16 2.3
loe .57
1'<
I 107 . 31 107 45 107 . .59 107.73 107.S7 108 . 01 108.15 108.29 108 .A3 2.<

I 1.~ lOC .71 1


108 . ~, 1 Da .98 109 .1 2 109 .25 109.39 109.52 109 .66 109 .79 109.92 2.5
11 o.es 11 0.98
~ ~

111.2.(

I
2.' 110 :06 110 \9 110.32 110.A6 110 . .39 110.72 111. 11 2 .'
2.7 111.37 !111 .<9 111.62 111.75 111 .a8 112.01 J 12.13 112.26 112.38 112.51 2.7
:l.! 112.63 112 .76 112.8S 113 .01 113.13 113.25 113 .37 1 \3 .50 113.62 113.7.t 2.'
i 11.( . 11 11.(.35 11.( .58 11e70 1\.t.82 11 .t .9 " 2.'
2.~ 11:i .86 113.98 11-l.23 1 U.A6

:l.O
II 1n .06 IlS.);' lJ 5 .30 11 S .Al 115.52 115.6.t 11 S .76 l1S.86 116 .00 116.11 3.0
117 . 11 117.22 3.1
3.1
3.2 ! 11 lo .22
117.35
J 16 .33
117.A6
116 . -l5
117 .57
116.57
117.69
116 . 68 116.79
117.80 117.90
116.90
115.0'
117.00
118.12 118.22 11 E .33 3.2
:;.3 1 H: . .t5 118.56 116.67 1 1B .78 118.89 118.99 119. ;0 119.20 119.30 119 .<1 3.3
120.35 120
3.4

3.'
119.52

120.56 120.66
119.62 119.72

120.77
119.83

120.87
119.93 1 120.04

120. 98 1 12 1.07
120.15

1::1 .17 121.28


120.25

121 .39 121 .<9


" 3'<

:u

I
3.'
:>.7 ..
12 1 . 58 1111 .6S
122 . o, 122.66
12 1 .71':
122.( 6
121.88
122.e5
121.98 122.08
122.'i6 , 23.G&
121 18 i22 .18
72:;. 15 1 123.25
172.37 127 . .tI
123 .35 , 123 . .t5
~,.6
0._
3.'
J.~
!
121.55 1123 .63
1].( . .(9 12" .59
123.72
12 .( . 69
123 . 82
l1J. .78
123 . 92 11.t.02
12.t .S7 j:2.t .97
12.t.1 0 11 2.( . 20
125.('5 125. \.t
12A . 30 12.t . .lO
125.23 125.32
::U'
2.9
I
'.0
' 1; .1
125 ~ -.(2
126.33
127.22
12 5 . 51
126. Al
127.31
125 . 60
126.50
127 . .1: 0
125.70
126 . 60
127.50
125. 79
126.70
127.59
n5.88
1:26 .78
127.67
125 .97 126 . 05
126.87 l26.96
127.76 .127.85
126 . 13
127 .05
127 . 93
126.23
127. 3
128.02
<.0
..,
<.1 I
... I 1"
' .2
,/ '.3 125 . 1f) 12&.18 128.26 ~ 1f..;5 128 . .(.( 2E .52 126.601 125 .69 128.78 126 .86 U \.

U
";.~
, 128.95

129.79
130 .61
12~.03

129 .87
130 . 69
i
129. 11

129 . 95
130.77
129 .20

130.03
130.85
129.28

130. J 1
130.93
129.37

130 19
13i .01
129 . .t5 129.53

130.26
J 31.09
130.36
131. 17
129.62
130 . .(.t
131 .25
129.70

130.52
131 .3.1: ....,
4.4

4.5

......
I 4.7 131 . .(2 )JI .50 131 . .58 131 .66 131.7.1: 31 .,:r 131 .90 131.98 132.06 132.l.t 4.7
13 2.22 i32.30 132.38 132 . 46 132.53 132 61 132 69 132.77 132.25 132 .93 <.B 1
I 133.00 133.09 133.17 133 .25 133.33 133
." 13:: . .t9 133.57 133,65 133.73
J
TABLE 11
--
CPM PER TU B:, AT 1. 00 FT. PER SECo vaOC1TY (gJ
T"be Sq. FI. oE Vol"e 01 TUfiE WAll CAUGE - BWG
SiH IHe~ :>cr f- I. Conl lonl- C

_ _
0 .0.

'.
o
.... 1 l..rr'3 th
Im l
In U =CVV 12
1"
13 15 16lj ~ 18
1Y 20 I 21
~
2
"1 04

B ~
"
.
JI. ..
0 .163 6
0.IY6"
767
2.7
O '06 0.46310.516 0.566 0.60lO.63 .t )0.6 80 0.716

693 0.76810 . 835 0.e99 0.~ '( 110.98.( l l .0.! 1 1 . 086p.132 1.152 1 . 1 7~ 1.200
le .75 .t 0.770 0.793
.809
.no I
f.26

.~ ~/l .. 0.2291 763



1.057 1. ,.Ti .231 1 .308 1 .3 59-j,. 4201' . .!7:8 1.532 1.586 1.610 1.6.1. 2 1 .666 1 .69 ~
l 0.2615 763 1\
1 . .(97 1.606jl.703 1.79.t 1. e53 1. 913 .992' 2.05.04 2.117 2 . 1.(5 2.182 2.209 2.237

'l. 1V. " O. 29~ 5 25> 1 2 . 0 14 17.14012.251 2.3.561 2 . .t2.t 2.' 91 12 5" 2.653 2.72512.756 2.79& 2.829J2.e61
1 Ve ". 0.3272 ~ 759 1 7.60712.75112.876 2.99.t! 3.C/i3.1.1.~.2~9!3.3?8 i .A09 J.A.( JI3 .A 90 3.525i3.560
1
':. .:>
1
TABLE fII
VALUE Of (a)

TUBE
-TUBE WAll GAUGE _ B.W.G.
SIZE
O.D. ! 21 24

s, "
'2
0.2154 O.
"
18B6
"
0.169"
'5
O 1'>'<'
'6
0.1457
"
O.137e O. 1285
11

lo " 1220
20
0,1159 O. 113" 0.1\02
22 23

O. 1075 0.1057

""
V,"
0.1513 O 1366
O.lUO 0 . 1049
0 .12 56
0.0979
O.llb

0.0921
0.111 ..

0.0887
0.1066
O. DUo(
0.1008 10. 0966
0. 081 510.0787
0.0926

0.0760
0 .09 10
0 . 07.48
0.08 89

0.073"
0.067.(

o.on:l
O.DeS .t

0.0713

1o:ci7F 0.0720 a .0650 o


'"
IV,"
0.0920 0 .085710.080.

0.0758 0, 0713 0 .0678


0 . 0768
O.DM! 0 .0630 0/ Of 12
0.0691

0.0591
0.0670'

O 0575 0.0560
0.06.(2

0.055" o
0631

05.(5
0.0673
0.0539
0.0616
0.0533
Iv.. .. 0. 0650 0.0616 0.0589 0.0566 0.0552 1 6.0538 0.05:n e 0509 0 .0.(97- 0.0.(92 O OA86 o,oal 0,0,(76

'3 . B,\-\\'-,,,, ~ A, ""'I

TABLE IV ,,1 _ \JJ ' ,--'!

TURE MATERIAL CORRECTION FACTOR lb)


e, - '1<., cr~ -
,
, ,
TU BE WA l l CAUCE _ B.W.G.

lube Maltrjgh

Admir olty Melal


12

0.87
"
0 . 9:1 0.96
16
"
1.00
20

1.02
22
1,0";
2<

1 .06

Arsenitol (oPP.' 0.87 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.0,,( 1.06


1
Alumi num 0. 87 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.0": 1.06
AI\.lminum 6rau 0.8l 0 . 90 0.9,( O.9i 1.00 1.02 1.03
Aluminum bfon 1 t O.S" 0.90 0.9'" 0.97 1.00 1.02 1. 03
1
Munl: Melal 0 . 8.< O 9D' - 0.9 " I 0.97 I 1.00 LO;? 1.03

0.74 0.85 0.99


90- 10Cu-Ni 0.80 0.90 0.9,( 0.97 -
70 - 30 Cu _ N i 0.6,( 0 . 71 0.77 0.90 O
Cold-Rolle-c! low
0 . 67
"
turban Sleel 0.7': 0.8': 0.86 0.95 0.98 .00
----
Sloi"h~: Stnh
Type -4IC/ 430 0.59 0.65 0.70 0 .76 0.62 O.SS 0.88
Type 304 / 316 0,,(9 0.56 0. 63 0 .69 0 .75 0.79 O,E3
Type 329 0.5.( 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.7": 0.76 0.78
Titanium ITentalive) 0.71 0.77 0.51 0.85
\
. ~
'8 -
fe -
TABLE V 20 -
INLET CI RCULATING WATER CORRECT10N FACTOR {fl

1"lel In ltl Inlel n lel 1" lel


Waler.'"F f Wate r;: f Waler _F f V/"ler-oF f W"lerF f

31
30 0.550
0. 5 62
<5
<6
. 0.7.<7
0 .760
60
61
0.9 1S
0.925
75
76
1.025
1.029
.,
.0 1.075
1.078

f--
3?
33

'"- --- ----"


O.StA
0.586
0.601
<7

"
.
0.772
0.785
0.797
6'
63
6'
O.93
0.9.(2
0.951
77 -
7B
7.
1.033
1.037
J .OJ,
I
.,"
93
1 .080
1 .083
J .oes
35
36 - 00.6J5
.618
50
51
0.810
0.822
65
6'
0.960
0.970
80
81 .-
1 .0.!5
1 .048 .,
.5 1.OSI;
1.090
37 0.6.(J 52 0.l33 67 0 . 978 1 .051 .7 1.092
38 0.655 5' 0.840.( 68 e.986 "
83 1 .05 .8 1 .0 95
3. 0.668
" 0. ES 5 6. 0.993
"85 1 .057 1.097

I
f
,
40 0.683 55 0.663 70 1.000 1.060 iDO 1. 100
<1 0.694 56 0.875 71 1.005 86 - 1 .06 3
o.aes
"" 0.707
0.720
57
58 0.895
72
7'l
1.010
1.015 "8'
e.
1.066
1 \069

"' 0.733 5. 0 . 905


" f 1 .020 l.O72

13
, .
,I
,
r- TA BLE VI
VA LUES OF R CORRESPOND ING TO K '.


.25
. 000
. Z21
.061
.ZZ2
.001
.U3
. 003
. Z24
.004
.Z24
. DO ~

.Z15
.00'
.226
.00 7
.221
.ooz
. 221
, 00'
.Z2E
-
.1 5
,
." . 229 ..no . 230 .231 .231 .233 .2.)' .23' .235 . 236 . Zb
.27
.21
."
.3'
.231
.2.U
.252
.~9
. 267
.237
. 2" 5 .
. 252
.'60
.261
.238
.246
. 253
. 261
. 108
.261
.
.239
.,.2"6
. 269
.1.40
.2A7
.zss
. 262
.210
.2"'0
, 218
.Z55
. 25)
. 270
.24'
.249
.256
.,'"
.27 1 .
.242
.Z49
.257
.26'<
.272
.~.o
.,""
.'58
.265
.272
-.2.t3
.251
.258
.266
. 273
.27
.21
.21
.30
.31
. 31
.31
.33
.3. .....,.,
.27(
. 28 1
.275
. 282
. 2t9
.275
. ZE)
.290
. 276
.283
. 290
.V7
.,a<
.291
--:zg,-
. 278
.zes
.292
.278
.285
. 293
. 279
.286
.293
.280
.267
. 29'
. 280
.LBS
.295
. 31
.33
.3<
.lO .Z9 .,~:
:~~
~9_
::::- -::'00- ~ ~ r- ~~ }l'
."
. 37
. 31
.,,,
.J 02
.316
. 303
.3 10
. 317
.:ro<
. 31 1
.317
.311
. 3 18
.305
.312
.31 9
.lO!
.31 3
.320
.3 13
.320
. 307
.3 u
.,O!
. 32 1
.,os
. 31 5
.322
. 3 15
.322
.37
. Ji
.., .,,,
. 32'8 .328 .329
.31
...
.323 . 32' .32" .325 .326 .326 .327 .3 '
... . 330
.331>
. 34)
.330
.331
.331
.338
.,,'
.332
.338
. 332
. 339
.,,'
.333
.,,,
." 0
. 334
.340 . J41
.335
.3 42
.348
.336
.342
. 349
.. .. O
.<2
.~ 1

.....
.~;; .,so .,""
.3 4~

.,,. . ~5 1
.3~ 5
. 351 .352 . 353
. 341
.353
. 348
.'54 .355 .355 .<l

.....,
. 4~
.356
. 362 . 363
.351
.363
.358
., . .358
.365
.359
.365
.359
. 366
.360
. 361
. 361
.361
.36\
.368
.H
.<5

.<!
."
.369
. 315
.38;
.387
. 369
.J16
.382
.386
.310
.316
.363
.369
.,
.371
.389
.
.31 1 .31 1
.,..
.318
.390
. 372
.318
. 385
. 390
.J13
.319
.385
.391
.313
.319
.386
. 392
.3U
. 380
.387
.392
.3H
.381
.387
393
.,
..4f.
...
.<8

--- .',
.." ." e
.S' .39 4 .394 . 395 . 395 .396 . 397 .397 .398 .398 .399 . OC
.SI . ' 00 .' 00 . 401 .4 01 .402 .403 .403 . 404 .405 . SI
'./ . 52
.S3
.S~
. 406
. 411
. 417
.'O!
.412
. .( 18
.407
.413
.4 16
.407
.4 1~
. 41 9
. 408
.4U
. .(20
.'"
. .(15
. .(20
.4\ 5
.421
.410
. ,W
. -421
. 4 10
. 417
.' 22
.~
.~ J7
. 423
1\ .52
.S3
.S'
55
. ~,
.5',
~
..,.
.(7.3
- . 43!i
....
. 42~

. .(35
.4 41
. 4Z4
. '30
.436
.4-41
. 425
. 4JO
. 436
. 425
.431
. 437
. 426
. .(J2
.437
. .(27
.-4 32
. 438
.427
. 433
. 438
.428
.433
. 439
. 44 5
. . 428
. 0.1
. 440
. 445
.SS
.s,
. 57
. 442 .4.(2
" .. .' 4..::1" . 443 . 40 . 44.( .S'

.....,
:g~ - '-:;14 6 .446 .4.0 . 447 . 448 . 449 .449 . .( 50 .<1:50 ":51 .S!
. ,r;, . 455 . 456

.." ....
. 451 . 452 .452 . 453 .453 . ' 54 .454 .455
- .H
I . .(57 - . 57 .-458 . .(58 .459 . 459 . 460 . 460 .4 61 . 461
- .1,'1:
...
b' . 1
. 4 ;~ _

.4';
,(73 ."
. 463
. .( 73
. ' 63
. 468
.,4 74
. 469
. 4;7 4
. 470
.475
. 465
..n o
.475
.-465
. 411
. .(76
. 41>6
.nl
. 47 6
. 466
. 472
. .(77
. .(67
. .(7'/
. 477
lo'!
. 63
.t.. ~

.6S
. loi.
.&7
. :76
.483
. 486
. .(79
. 484
. 469 .."
. 479
.4 69
. 480
. 485
. 490
. 480
. 485
. 481
.4 86
. 491
. 481
.486
.482
.4 67
.492
.462
.4 67
.4 92
.483
46L
. 49:'
' 5
.H

...
. 490 .4 91 '7
.OS .493 . 01 94 .4 9( .495 . ~ 95 .496 .496 . 497 .497 .49 ,S
.70
. 71 _
.498
.503
. 50'
. 499
.50~
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14
SURFACE CONDENSER CALCULATIONS

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