Students name: L Vn Bnh

Student ID: 1680938

Student Order Number: 02

Subject: Structural Nonlinear Analysis

Advisor: Associate Prof. Ng Hu Cng

Problem 7.4: complete Example 7.2 by establishing the explicit form of the shape function for a tapered
beam for v in terms of v1, z1, v2, z2.

Solution:

The governing differential equation is:

d 2 d 2v
EI =0 (1.1)
dx 2 dx 2

For the given tapered beam, the moment of inertia is:

3
bh3 x
I = 1 1 + (1.2)
12 L

Thus, the governing differential equation (1.1) is rewritten as:

bh13 d 2 x d 2v d 2 x d 2v
3 3

E 1 + = 0 2 1 + =0 (1.3)
12 dx 2 L dx 2 dx L dx 2

By intergrating (1.3) twice and rearangging, we have:

d 2v 1 x
2
= 3
C1 + 3
C2 (1.4)
dx x x
1 + 1 +
L L
where C1 and C2 are constants of integration.

By integrating (1.4) for the first and second times, we have the two functions of angular displacement and
deformation of the tapered beam, respectively:

1


dv L C1 2 1 1 1
z = = +L C2 + C3 (1.5)
dx 2 x
2
2 x 1 + x
2

1 + 1 + L
L L

L2 C1 1 x
v= L3 + ln 1 + C2 + C3 x + C4 (1.6)
2 x 2 1 + x L
1 +
L
L
Eq. (1.5) (1.6) are rewritten in the matrix form as:

L2

1 1 x
L3 + ln 1 + x 1
2 1 + x 2 1 + x L C1
L
L
v
= C2 v = F1 ( x) {C}
C3 (1.7)
F2 ( x )

L 1 21 1 1 C
L 1 0 4

2 x
2
2 x
2
x
1 + 1 + 1 + L
L L
Since v = v1, z = z1 at node 1 and v = v2, z = z2 at node 2, we have:

1 2 1
2L L3 0 1
2
C
v( x = 0) v1 1 L2 1 + ln 2 L3 1 v1
v ( x = L) v L 1
2 4 4 C2 v2
= {u} = [ A]{C} = {u} (1.8)
z ( x = 0) z1 1 L 1
L2
C3
1 0
z1
z ( x = L) z1 2 2 C4 z1

L 3
L2 1 0
8 8

By solving (1.8) for C1, C2, C3, C4 and substituting the solution into Eq. (1.7), the shape functions of tapered
beam is constructed as follows:
1
v = [ F1 ( x ) ]{C} = [ F1 ( x ) ][ A] {u} = [ N ]{u} (1.9)

1
and [ N ] = [ F1 ( x) ][ A] = [ N1 N2 N3 N4 ] (1.10)

where

2
 x x x x x
2

1 37.76 ln 1 + 37.76 ln 1 + + 38.76 + 12.59

N1 = L L L L L
x
1+
L

x x x x x
2

12.59 3ln 1 + + 3 ln 1 + 3
N = L L L L L
2
x
1+
L
2
x x x x x
12.59 ln 1 + 12.59 ln 1 + + 13.59 + 3.86
L L L L L
N3 =
1 x
1+
L L
2
x x x x x
25.18ln 1 + 25.18 ln
1 + + 25.18 + 9.73
L L L L L
N4 =
1 x
1+
L L (1.11)

Problem 7.10: Establish the exact displacement expression and shape functions for given tapered axial
member. Formulate the relevant stiffness matrix.

3
Solution:

The governing differential equation is:

d du
EA = 0 (2.1)
dx dx

For the given tapered axial member, the cross section area is:

4 x 2
A = A1 1 (2.2)
9 L

Thus, the governing differential equation (2.1) is rewritten as:

d 4 x du d 4 x du
2 2

EA1 1 = 0 1 = 0 (2.3)
dx 9 L dx dx 9 L dx

By intergrating (2.3) once and rearangging, we have:

du C1
= (2.4)
dx 4 x 2
1
9 L

where C1 is a constant of integration.

By integrating (2.4), we have the function of axial displacement as:

x x
3 + 2 3 + 2
3
u = L ln L C + C = 3 L ln L 1 C1 = F ( x) C
1 2 [ ]{ } (2.5)
4 3 2 x 4 3 2 x C2

L L

Since u = u1 at node 1 and u = u2 at node 2, we have:

0 1
u ( x = 0) u1 C1 = u1 [ A]{C} = {u}
= {u} 3 (2.6)
u ( x = L) u2 L ln ( 5 ) 1 C2 u2
4
By solving (2.6) for C1, C2 and substituting the solution into Eq.(2.5), the shape functions of tapered axial
member is constructed as follows:
1
[ N ] = [ F ( x)][ A] = [ N1 N2 ] (2.7)

4
where

x
3 + 2
N1 = 1
1
ln L
ln 5 x
3 2 L

(2.8)
x
3 + 2
1 L
N2 = ln
ln 5 x

3 2
L

The stiffness matrix is formulated as:

4 1 EA1 1 1
L

[ K ] = [ N '][ E ][ N ] dV = [ N '][ E ][ N ] Adx = (2.9)

V 0
3 ln 5 L 1 1

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