Nat Geogr Nov 04

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Final Edit
The image that
almost made it. Was Darwin Wrong?
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Was Darwin Wrong? @ National Geographic Magazine
Was Darwin Wrong?

Step into the world of writers
and photographers as they tell
you about the best, worst, and
quirkiest places and
adventures they encountered
in the field.
By David Quammen Photographs by Robert Clark
Get the facts behind the The work of the 19th-century English
frame in this online-only
gallery. Pick an image and naturalist shocked society and
see the photographer's
technical notes.
revolutionized science. How well has it
withstood the test of time?
Get a taste of what awaits you in print from this compelling

excerpt.
Click to ZOOM IN >> Evolution by natural selection, the central concept of the life's work of
Charles Darwin, is a theory. It's a theory about the origin of adaptation,
complexity, and diversity among Earth's living creatures. If you are
skeptical by nature, unfamiliar with the terminology of science, and
unaware of the overwhelming evidence, you might even be tempted to
Maneuver through the
say that it's "just" a theory. In the same sense, relativity as described
series of images that
by Albert Einstein is "just" a theory. The notion that Earth orbits around
kept photographer
the sun rather than vice versa, offered by Copernicus in 1543, is a
Robert Clark organized
theory. Continental drift is a theory. The existence, structure, and
Click to ZOOM IN >> in the field.
dynamics of atoms? Atomic theory. Even electricity is a theoretical
construct, involving electrons, which are tiny units of charged mass
that no one has ever seen. Each of these theories is an explanation
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/index.html (1 of 5)11/9/2004 3:56:23 AM

that has been confirmed to such a degree, by observation and

experiment, that knowledgeable experts accept it as fact. That's what
scientists mean when they talk about a theory: not a dreamy and
unreliable speculation, but an explanatory statement that fits the Why is Darwin's theory
evidence. They embrace such an explanation confidently but of evolution so hard to
Click to ZOOM IN >> provisionallytaking it as their best available view of reality, at least accept for so many
until some severely conflicting data or some better explanation might people? What do you
come along. believe?
The rest of us generally agree. We plug our televisions into little wall
sockets, measure a year by the length of Earth's orbit, and in many
other ways live our lives based on the trusted reality of those theories.
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Evolutionary theory, though, is a bit different. It's such a dangerously to the early 1900s when
wonderful and far-reaching view of life that some people find it a prospector in Alaska
unacceptable, despite the vast body of supporting evidence. As dug up these woolly
applied to our own species, Homo sapiens, it can seem more mammoth tusks.
threatening still. Many fundamentalist Christians and ultra-orthodox
Jews take alarm at the thought that human descent from earlier
primates contradicts a strict reading of the Book of Genesis. Their
discomfort is paralleled by Islamic creationists such as Harun Yahya,
author of a recent volume titled The Evolution Deceit, who points to the
six-day creation story in the Koran as literal truth and calls the theory
of evolution "nothing but a deception imposed on us by the dominators
of the world system." The late Srila Prabhupada, of the Hare Krishna
movement, explained that God created "the 8,400,000 species of life
from the very beginning," in order to establish multiple tiers of
reincarnation for rising souls. Although souls ascend, the species
themselves don't change, he insisted, dismissing "Darwin's
nonsensical theory."
Other people too, not just scriptural literalists, remain unpersuaded

about evolution. According to a Gallup poll drawn from more than a
thousand telephone interviews conducted in February 2001, no less
than 45 percent of responding U.S. adults agreed that "God created
human beings pretty much in their present form at one time within the
last 10,000 years or so." Evolution, by their lights, played no role in
shaping us.
Only 37 percent of the polled Americans were satisfied with allowing

room for both God and Darwinthat is, divine initiative to get things
started, evolution as the creative means. (This view, according to more
than one papal pronouncement, is compatible with Roman Catholic
dogma.) Still fewer Americans, only 12 percent, believed that humans
evolved from other life-forms without any involvement of a god.
The most startling thing about these poll numbers is not that so many
Americans reject evolution, but that the statistical breakdown hasn't
changed much in two decades. Gallup interviewers posed exactly the
same choices in 1982, 1993, 1997, and 1999. The creationist
convictionthat God alone, and not evolution, produced humanshas
never drawn less than 44 percent. In other words, nearly half the
American populace prefers to believe that Charles Darwin was wrong
where it mattered most.
Get the whole story in the pages of National Geographic magazine.

In More to Explore the National Geographic magazine team shares

some of its best sources and other information. Special thanks to
the Research Division.
Where do you bury someone like Darwin, a man who

admittedly had lost his Christian faith and declared
himself an agnostic? When he died on April 19, 1882,
his family planned to bury him in the local churchyard
beside the graves of his children. Some of Darwin's
countrymen, however, had other ideas and quickly
began lobbying leading scientists and members of
government to come together and ask the dean of
Britain's Westminster Abbey to allow Darwin to be
buried there. The dean, Reverend George Granville
Bradley, responded that his "assent would be cheerfully
given," and so Darwin, the agnostic, was buried in
Westminster Abbey on the afternoon of April 26.
Darwin's old friend, botanist Joseph Hooker, was
among the pallbearers, as were Alfred Russel Wallace,
the young naturalist whose writings had pushed Darwin
into publishing his own theory, and James Russell
Lowell, the United States' ambassador to Britain. In a
part of the Abbey known as Scientists' Corner, Darwin
lies a few feet from the burial place of Sir Isaac Newton
and next to that of the astronomer Sir John Herschel. It
was Herschel that Darwin referred to in the introduction
of The Origin of Species as the great philosopher who
coined the phrase "mystery of mysteries" to describe
the change of Earth's species through time.
Patricia Kellogg
Evolution
www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution
This interactive and entertaining website is a companion to the PBS series on evolution.
Explore Darwin's life and the theory he proposed, find resources for teachers and students
and a library of additional resources.
The Writing of Charles Darwin on the Web

pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin
This site claims to be the most extensive collection of Darwin's writings ever published and
includes The Origin of Species and other books, volumes of letters, and articles published in
periodicals. Although the site appears to come from the British Library, it is produced by a
historian affiliated with Cambridge University.
Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Evolution Controversy

www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htm
A fascinating look at both sides of the issue from a University of Missouri law professor.
Includes links to websites supporting evolutionist theory and creationism.
AboutDarwin.com

www.aboutdarwin.com
More about Darwin himself than about evolution, this entertaining site offers great detail
about Darwin's life and science in the late 1800s. It includes a long list of links.
Center for Science and Culture

www.discovery.org/csc
This website presents the non-Darwinist and non-creationist point of view known as intelligent
design, which holds that the universe is the product of intelligent thinking.
Answers in Genesis
www.answersingenesis.org
A very large young-Earth creationist website. Although most material is in English, it includes
pages in ten Asian and European languages.
The Talk.Origins Archive

www.talkorigins.org
This website is built around essays and articles addressing the evolution/creationism
controversy from a mainstream science viewpoint. Lots of links to websites on both sides of
the issue.
National Center for Science Education

www.ncseweb.org
The NCSE is a nonprofit organization dedicated to defending the teaching of evolution in
public schools.
Robert Clark
www.robertclarkphoto.com
Preview the diverse work of this award-winning photographer at this site, which includes
photo galleries, a short biography, and more.
The National Academies

www.nationalacademies.org
This organization provides a committee of experts in all areas of scientific and technological
endeavor and gives independent, objective advice on critical international and national
issues.
Top
Browne, Janet. Charles Darwin: Voyaging. Vol. 1. Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.
Browne, Janet. Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. Vol. 2. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation
of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, 1859. (Modern editions are available
from many publishers.)
Desmond, Adrian, and James Moore. Darwin. Michael Joseph, 1991.
Eldredge, Niles. The Pattern of Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1999.
Larson, Edward J. Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory. Modern Library,
2004.
Top

Chapman, Matthew. "Islands of the Fittest." National Geographic Traveler (April 2003), 46-57.
Lange, Karen E. "Wolf to Woof." National Geographic (January 2002), 2-11.
Benchley, Peter. "Galpagos: Paradise in Peril." National Geographic (April 1999), 2-31.
Plage, Dieter, and Mary Plage. "A Century After Darwin's Death, Galpagos Wildlife Under
Pressure." National Geographic (January 1988), 122-45.
Gore, Rick. "Seven Giants Who Led the Way." National Geographic (Sept. 1976), 400-7.
Villiers, Alan. "In the Wake of Darwin's Beagle." National Geographic (October 1969), 449-95.
Peterson, Roger Tory. "The Galpagos, Eerie Cradle of New Species." National Geographic
(April 1967), 540-85.
Johnson, Electa, and Irving Johnson. "Lost World of the Galpagos." National Geographic
(May 1959), 680-703.
Top
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Was Darwin Wrong? On Assignment @ National Geographic Magazine
Field Notes From

Was Darwin
Wrong?
Was Darwin Wrong?
<< Back to Feature Page
Field Notes From Author
David Quammen
View Field Notes

From Author
David Quammen At the American I've spent 20 years Often scientists will
Museum of Natural doing field travel that surprise you with an
History in New York, I met helps me understand interest or talent that has
with paleontologists Niles evolutionary ideas, and nothing to do with the
Eldridge and Ian there have been some work that seems to
Tattersall. It was a scary moments in all that consume most of their
privilege to meet with time. But for this lives. Niles Eldridge is an
View Field Notes them and discuss their assignment I simply evolutionary
From Photographer respective studies. Ian visited a few cities and paleontologist, famous for
Robert Clark gave me a tour of the spent time with very developing an idea about
museum that included an civilized, very smart the pacing of evolutionary
explanation of how the evolutionary biologists in change that he and his
In most cases these discovery of Lucy, a the comfort of their offices. colleague Stephen Jay
accounts are edited famous hominid find, Absolutely no suffering Gould called punctuated
versions of a spoken differs from other involved. equilibria. But Niles is also
interview. They have not previously unearthed fascinated by the cornet, a
been researched and may hominids. musical instrument similar
differ from the printed to a trumpet. His collection
article. includes dozens and
dozens of them. He's
Photographs by Michael written scholarly papers
Nichols (top) and Alex Di on the history of the
Suvero instrument, and he's a
musician of some talent.
That was a charming and
unexpected discovery.
Top
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/assignment1.html11/9/2004 3:57:32 AM
Was Darwin Wrong? Zoom In @ National Geographic Magazine
Was Darwin
Wrong?
View exclusive
photographs and get the
facts behind the frame.
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Survival of the Weirdest

Click to ZOOM IN >> Photograph by Robert Clark
If bones could speak, this skeleton of a bulldog at the American Museum of Natural History would
testify to unnatural selection brought on by the breeder's whim. "Artificial selection allows really weird
characteristics, like this protruding lower jaw to be fixed in a breed," says the museum's mammalogist
Richard Monk. He asserts that the body type of the bulldog would not develop naturally. One need
only look to the wolf for the form nature prefers.
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Camera: Sinar P2 4 x 5 Weather Conditions: Indoors

Film Type: Fuji Provia 100F Time of Day: Noon
Lens: 180mm Lighting Techniques: Four lights at different rates to create a
Click to ZOOM IN >> Speed and F-Stop: 1/125 @ f/11 detailed look at the skull.
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/zoom4.html11/9/2004 3:58:20 AM
Was Darwin
Wrong?
View exclusive
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Beetles Fan
Perfectly pinned and labeled, a batch of beetles resides at Down House, Darwin's country home near
London, revealing his interest in species classification while he was still a student at Cambridge
University. The largest beetle shown, Euchirus longimanus, remains a mystery. It may have come
from Indonesia via naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace or from dealer E. W. Janson, who supplied Darwin
with various horned specimens. "Darwin was fanatical about beetles," says British entomologist
Click to ZOOM IN >> Kenneth Smith. In Darwin's day, "if you were a beetles man, it was considered manly. They're pretty
tough insects."

Click to ZOOM IN >> Film Type: Fuji Provia 100F Time of Day: Unrecorded
Lens: 180mm Lighting Techniques: Soft lighting source over camera, hard
Speed and F-Stop: 1/250 @ f/22 lighting source to the side to create depth.
Was Darwin
Wrong?
View exclusive
Click to ZOOM IN >>
The Flower of an Idea

A Disa uniflora orchid extends its petals like arms as if to proclaim, Look at me. For the legendary
19th-century scientist, orchids epitomized his theory of natural selection, the belief that plants and
animals evolve with traits favoring survival and reproductive success. By this measure orchids are a
sensational success, with 24,000 species and 60,000 registered hybrids, far more than any other
flowering plant on Earth. Found on South Africa's Table Mountain, Disa uniflora can endure frost,
Click to ZOOM IN >> snow, and high wind. Its fused male and female partsthe white column at centerentice bees for
pollination rather than relying on breezes to carry pollen.

Click to ZOOM IN >> Film Type: Fuji Provia 100F Time of Day: Afternoon
Lens: 180mm Lighting Techniques: All white backdrop and one large hard
Speed and F-Stop: 1/125 @ f/32 light source on the flower
Was Darwin
Wrong?
View exclusive
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Click to ZOOM IN >>
Prickle Power
Photograph by Robert Clark
Click to ZOOM IN >> A short-beaked echidna, or spiny anteater, calls for thick gloves for a handler at the San Diego Zoo.
"Spines are a good defense for an animal that is close to the ground and can dig in so only the spines
are exposed," says Australian echidna researcher Stewart Nicol. Along with the duck-billed platypus,
the echidna is a monotremea mammal that has retained some features of reptiles and birds, such
as laying eggs. The most widely distributed of Australian mammals, the echidna is arguably the most
successful.
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/zoom2.html (1 of 2)11/9/2004 3:59:11 AM

Camera: Mamiya Rz 67 Weather Conditions: Indoors

Film Type: Fuji Provia 100F Time of Day: Afternoon
Lens: 110mm Lighting Techniques: The plastic beneath the anteater was lit
Speed and F-Stop: 1/250 @ f/22 from below while a hard light source from above lit the
anteater.
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November Flashback @ National Geographic Magazine
Now more than a century of adventures and photographic memories

from the magazine's archives are just a click away.
November 2004
WAS DARWIN WRONG?

Digging It
Finding mammoth tusks wasn't a
mammoth task in Alaska in the early
1900s. Though extinct for some 10,000
years, woolly mammoths left a lot of
themselves behind. Often ancient ivory
was found poking from the snow, but this
tusk hunter probably had to dig for his. In
another unpublished shot from our
archives, he stands between the tusks,
gripping a shovel. Notes on the image say
the bottom of the pit where the tusks were
found was "covered with hair and small
pieces of bones."
Many tusk hunters in Alaska and

elsewhere sold their finds. A September
1907 Geographic article reported that in
Siberia "there has been a regular export of
mammoth ivory. More than 100 pairs of
mammoth tusks have come into the market Photograph by Dave Gove
yearly during the last 200 years." They're
still coming. Trade in mammoth ivory
remains legal to this day.
Margaret G. Zackowitz
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/flashback/0411/index.html11/9/2004 4:00:14 AM
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The writings of Charles Darwin on the web
Edited by Dr John van Wyhe
The most complete collection of Darwin's work ever published- with original page numbers, illustrations etc.
Darwin's writings Darwin overview

Bibliography Images
Search Site
powered by FreeFind
A search tool for the entire site or individual works stored in multiple files is provided above. To search a single file, or any page
you are viewing, push Ctrl f (control and f simultaneously) and a find box will appear. To search an individual work select it from
the drop-down list above which currently reads 'Site'.
Most Darwin texts on the internet exclude essential bibliographical information such as edition, publisher, place of publication, etc.
Page numbers are nowhere to be seen. These factors vastly reduce the usefulness of these texts as they cannot be easily cited. It is
impossible to know if one is reading a first or sixth edition. An example are the many online 'first editions' of Darwin's Origin of
Species. Often these cannot be correct as the text contains the phrase 'survival of the fittest'famously coined by Herbert Spencer
and first included in the 5th edition of 1869. Many other online copies of the Origin purport to be the first edition yet contain the
'Historical Sketch', first found in Britain in the 3rd edition of 1861. Most historical texts on the internet contain silent additions or
omissionsfootnotes are changed to endnotes or formatting altered without informing readers where this has been done. If scholars
are to find digital texts more useful, it must be perfectly clear which historical text is represented and the text must be useable and
citable in conventional ways. The texts provided here are an attempt to do so for the writings of Darwin. The site also provides
many more Darwin texts than are available anywhere elsein fact almost the complete works. View the list of Darwin's works
available: Darwin's writings. See also Related texts.
More about the texts
For obvious reasons the most reliable digital texts are facsimile reproductions. These, however, are very large files and hence slow
to download, browse through etc. Digitized or transcripted texts are much smaller, faster, and possess the very great advantage of
being searchable for key words or phrases and the text can be copied out and pasted into notes or other writings. Therefore this site
provides textual transcriptions in a standard xhtml format. The transcriptions are meant to resemble the originals in every way
relevant to most scholarly uses, however they are not strictly meant to imitate a facsimile image. Therefore the font and text size are
not intended to exactly reproduce the original appearance. Instead the characters, formatting and page breaks are accurately
represented.
Only line breaks (or hyphenation at the ends of lines), which would impede searching and which is irrelevant to quotations, are
removed. Page breaks, even when hyphenation occurs, are scrupulously preserved because this is reflected in scholarly quotations.
Italics, bold and capitalization, which are retained when quoting, are meticulously preserved here.
http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/ (1 of 3)11/9/2004 4:03:49 AM

Most of the works provided here are divided into several files-usually one per chapter. Each file is headed with the name of this
website followed by the title and edition of the text and a list of links to the entire work.
Page breaks are indicated thus:
[page] 5
In other instances, when no page number exists-as with end pages or with inserted plates-page breaks are indicated thus:
[-page break-]
Some selected works, such as the first edition of The Origin of Species, include the original running headers rather than bracketed
page break indicators. These page breaks appear, as in the original volume, thus:
8 VARIATION CHAP. I.
where '8' is the page number and 'VARIATION CHAP. I.' is the running title. This is exactly the string of characters used in the
original text.
All transcriptions are enclosed at the beginning and end of each file within grey bars:
How were the editions of Darwin's work selected for transcription? Many people have asked why nonstandard American editions,
like those from Appleton, or very late editions have been transcripted here. This is because of expediency. Some editions were
unavailable for scanning. First editions are forthcoming with the eventual expansion of this site.
Editorial remarks have been kept to a strict minimum and are always clearly marked by the use of [red italic] script enclosed in
square brackets.
In some of the works provided here some of the text has been rendered into a hyperlink to facilitate quickly jumping to another
passage or image. Obviously the colour and underlining which indicate the hyperlink were not in the original text.
This site is best viewed with Internet Explorer 5.x
Future developments: This site will shortly undergo a major metamorphosis when it is absorbed into the new research project at
Cambridge University organized by John van Wyhe and Janet Browne: The complete work of Charles Darwin. The new project
will provide not only all of the texts and images provided here- but many many more. Ultimately The complete work of Charles
Darwin will provide transcriptions and page images of every edition of Darwin's works during his lifetime, and all of his extant
manuscripts (excluding only correspondence which is already being done by the Darwin Correspondence Project).
Acknowledgements
A very great debt is owed to Sue Asscher for her indefatigable and painstaking work in digitizing and proof reading many of the
writings of Darwin-some of them more than once. Many thanks are also due to David Price and Derek Thompson. I am also
grateful to the National University of Singapore for funding part of this project during 2001-2. Many thanks also to Jim Moore,
Chris Haley, Aileen Fyfe, David Clifford, Mike Hopkins, Pete Goldie, the staff of the Darwin Correspondence Project, Greig
Russell, Ulrich Heinen, Jaromir Kopecek, Randal Keynes, Andrew Sclater, and Matt McGill.
Note: the British Library is not connected with the content or funding of this project.

Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of these texts. If you discover an error, please contact John van Wyhe.
Citation suggestion: John van Wyhe ed., The writings of Charles Darwin on the web (http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/)
[date accessed].
The materials provided on this website may be freely cited and distributed to classes but reposting on other websites, publishing, or
other reproductions, whole or in part, are subject to the written permission of John van Wyhe. Images may be reproduced provided
the source is properly acknowledged.
Site copyright John van Wyhe 2002-2004.
Last modified 26 September, 2004

Darwin's writings available at this website

by John van Wyhe
Darwin's writings available at this website:
-Books
-Contributions to: books & periodicals
-Life & correspondence
Books
-Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Edited and superintended by Charles

Darwin.
-Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen. With a Geological Introduction, by
Charles Darwin. London, 1840.
-Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. With a notice of their habits and
ranges, by Charles Darwin. London, 1839.
Darwin, Charles, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First
Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' London, Smith, Elder & Co.,
1842.
Darwin, Charles, Geological observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and

on South America: being the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the
Command of Capt. FitzRoy, during the Years 1832-36. London, Melbourne &
http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin2/texts.html (1 of 21)11/9/2004 4:04:03 AM

Toronto, Ward Lock & Co., 1910. [first published London, Smith, Elder & Co.,
1842-6].
[-Coral Reefs - Volcanic Islands - Geological Observations on South America-]
Darwin, Charles, Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of
the countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world, under
the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N. 2nd edition, corrected, with additions.
London, 1845. 11th edn London, John Murray, 1913.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated

Cirripedes of Great Britain. London, Palaeontographical Society, 1851.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the
Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. London, Ray Society, 1851.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph on the Fossil Balanid and Verrucid of Great

Britain. London, Palaeontographical Society, 1854.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the
Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. London, Ray
Society, 1854.
Darwin, Charles, On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London,

John Murray, 1859. [1st edn].
Darwin, Charles, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids
are fertilised by insects. London, John Murray, 1862.
Darwin, Charles, The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 2 vols,
2nd edn New York, D. Appleton & Co. 1883. [first published London, John
Murray, 1868].
Darwin, Charles, The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. 2nd edn
revised and augmented, London, John Murray, 1882. [first published London, John

Murray, 1871].
Darwin, Charles, The origin of species by means of natural selection. 6th edn
London, John Murray, 1872.
Darwin, Charles, The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London,
John Murray, 1872.
Darwin, Charles, The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2nd edn London,
John Murray, 1875.
Darwin, Charles, Insectivorous plants. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1875. [first
published London, John Murray, 1875].
Darwin, Charles, The effects of cross and self-fertilisation in the vegetable

kingdom. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1892. [first published London, John
Murray, 1876].
Darwin, Charles, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New
York, D. Appleton & Co., 1896. [first published London, John Murray, 1877].
Darwin, Charles, The power of movement in plants. London, John Murray, 1880.
Darwin, Charles, The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms.
Eighth thousand (corrected) London, John Murray, 1883. [first published London,
John Murray, 1881].
Darwin, Charles, The foundations of the Origin of Species: Two essays written in
1842 and 1844 by Charles Darwin, Francis Darwin ed., Cambridge, 1909.
Contributions to books

Darwin, Charles, 'Geology', in John F.W. Herschel ed., A Manual of scientific

enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in
general. London, 1849.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Use of the Microscope on Board Ship', in Richard Owen,
'Zoology' in John F.W. Herschel ed., A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for
the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. London,
1849. pp. 389-395.
Darwin, Charles, 'Recollections by Charles Darwin', in Leonard Jenyns, Memoir of

the Rev. John Stevens Henslow. London, 1862, pp. 51-55.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice', to A. Kerner, Flowers and their unbidden

guests. Translated, revised and edited by W. Ogle. London, 1878.
Darwin, Charles, Preface and 'a preliminary notice' to Ernst Krause, Erasmus
Darwin. Translated from the German by W.S. Dallas. London, John Murray, 1879.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice' to Aug Weismann, Studies in the Theory of

Descent. Translated and edited by Raphael Meldola. London, 1880.
Darwin, Charles, 'A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton', in James
Geikie, Prehistoric Europe: a geological sketch. London, 1881.
Darwin, Charles, 'A posthumous essay on instinct' in George John Romanes,

Mental evolution in animals: with a posthumous essay on instinct by Charles
Darwin. London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1883.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice', to Hermann Mller, The Fertilisation of

Flowers. Translated and edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson. London, 1883.
Darwin, Charles, 'ber die Wege der Hummelmnnchen', trans. by Ernst Krause in

his, Gesammelte kleinere Schriften von Charles Darwin. Leipzig, 1886.
Correspondence
[note: letters in periodicals are not listed separately here.]
Darwin, Francis ed., The life and letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. New York, D.
Appleton & Co., 1905. [first published London, John Murray, 1887].
Darwin, Francis & A.C. Seward eds., More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols.
Darwin, Charles, Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, held Nov 16, 1835. [Cambridge, Privately
printed, 1835].
Darwin, Charles, 'A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton', in James
Geikie, Prehistoric Europe: a geological sketch. London, 1881.
Contributions to periodicals
FitzRoy, Robert, and Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter, Containing Remarks on the moral
State of Tahiti, New Zealand, &c.', South African Christian Recorder, 2, 1836, pp.
221-238.
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes upon the Rhea Americana', Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, (5) 1837, pp. 35-36.
Darwin, Charles, 'Remarks upon the habits of the genera Geospiza,

Camarhynchus, Cactornis, and Certhidea of Gould', Proceedings of the Zoological

Society of London, (5) 10 May 1837, p. 49.
Darwin, Charles, 'Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili,

made during the survey of His Majesty's ship Beagle, commanded by Capt.
Fitzroy', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2(48) 1837, pp. 446-
449.
Darwin, Charles, 'A sketch of the Deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the
neighbourhood of the Plata', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2
(51) 1837, pp. 542-544.
Darwin, Charles, 'On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and
Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of Coral Formations', Proceedings of the
Geological Society of London, 2(51) 1837, pp. 552-554.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Formation of Mould', Proceedings of the Geological

Society of London, 2(52) 1838, pp. 574-576.
Darwin, Charles, 'Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West
Coasts of South America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account
of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between Valparaiso and
Mendoza' Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2, 1838, pp. 210-212.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the connexion of certain volcanic phnomena, and on the
formation of mountain-chains and volcanos, as the effects of continental
elevations', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2(56) 1838, pp. 654-
660.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 61 South Latitude', The

Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 9, 1839, pp. 528-529.
Darwin, Charles, 'Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other
parts of Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine

origin', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1839, pp. 39-
81.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena in South

America; and on the Formation of Mountain Chains and Volcanos, as the Effect of
the same Power by which Continents are elevated.', Transactions of the Geological
Society of London,(2)53, 1840, pp. 601-631.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the formation of mould', Transactions of the Geological

Society of London, 5(3), 1840, pp. 505-509.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the distribution of the erratic boulders and on the
contemporaneous unstratified deposits of South America', Transactions of the
Geological Society of London, (2)6(2) 1841, pp. 415-431.
Darwin, Charles, 'On a Remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the

Coast of Brazil', London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science, 19, 1841, pp. 257-60.
Darwin, Charles, 'Humble-Bees', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 34, 21 Aug 1841, p.

550.
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes on the Effects Produced by the Ancient Glaciers of

Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders Transported by Floating Ice', London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 21, 1842,
pp. 180-88.
Darwin, Charles, 'Double flowerstheir origin', Gardeners' Chronicle, 9 Sept

1843, p. 628.
Darwin, Charles, et al, 'Report of a committee appointed "to consider of the rules
by which the nomenclature of zoology may be established on a uniform and
permanent basis"', Report of the British Association for the Advancement of

Science for 1842, 1843, pp. 105-121.
Darwin, Charles, 'Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles

Darwin, Esq., to Mr. Maclaren', Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv.
1843, pp. 47-50. [The "preceding" paper is: 'On Coral Islands and Reefs as
described by Mr. Darwin. By Charles Maclaren'].
Darwin, Charles, 'On the origin of mould', Gardeners' Chronicle, 6 Apr 1844, p.
218.
Darwin, Charles, 'Manures, and Steeping Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 8 June

1844, p. 380.
Darwin, Charles, 'Variegated Leaves', Gardeners' Chronicle, 14 Sept 1844, p. 621.
Darwin, Charles, 'What is the Action of Common Salt on Carbonate of Lime?',

Gardeners' Chronicle, 14 Sept 1844, pp. 628-29.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mr. Darwin's Memorandum' in Henslow, 'Rust in wheat',

Gardeners' Chronicle, 28 Sept 1844, p. 659.
Darwin, Charles, 'Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus

Sagitta', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, xiii. 1844, pp. 1-6.
Darwin, Charles, 'Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some

remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits', Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, xiv. 1844, pp. 241-251.
Darwin, Charles, 'An Account of the Fine Dust which Often Falls on Vessels in the
Atlantic Ocean', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, pt. 1, 2,
1846, pp. 26-30.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Geology of the Falkland Islands', Quarterly Journal of

the Geological Society of London, pt. 1, 2, 1846, pp. 267-74.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of Saliferous Deposits: Salt-Lakes of Patagonia and La

Plata', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, pt. 2, 2, 1846, pp.
127-28.
Darwin, Charles, [review of] 'Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia',

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1847, xix. pp. 53-6.
Darwin, Charles, 'Salt', Gardeners' Chronicle, 6 Mar 1847, pp. 157-58.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a Lower to a Higher
Level', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 4, 1848, pp. 315-23.
Darwin, Charles, 'On British Fossil Lepadid', The Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society of London, 6, 1850, pp. 439-440.
Darwin, Charles, 'Extracts from Letters to the General Secretary, on the Analogy
of the Structure of Some Volcanic Rocks with That of Glaciers', Proceedings of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2, 1851, pp. 17-18.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bucket Ropes for Wells', Gardeners' Chronicle, 10 Jan 1852, p.
22.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed

Grooves across a Submarine Undulatory Surface', London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, x, 1855, pp. 96-98.
Darwin, Charles, 'Does Sea-Water Kill Seeds?', Gardeners' Chronicle, 14 Apr

1855, p. 242.
Darwin, Charles, 'Does Sea-Water Kill Seeds?', Gardeners' Chronicle, 26 May

1855, pp. 356-57.

Darwin, Charles, 'Nectar-Secreting Organs of Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, 21

July 1855, p. 487.
Darwin, Charles, 'Shell Rain in the Isle of Wight', Gardeners' Chronicle, 3 Nov
1855, pp. 726-27.
Darwin, Charles, 'Vitality of Seeds'. Gardeners' Chronicle, 17 Nov 1855, p. 758.
Darwin, Charles, 'Effect of Salt-Water on the Germination of Seeds', Gardeners'

Chronicle, 1 Dec 1855, p. 789.
Darwin, Charles, 'Longevity of Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 29 Dec 1855, p. 854.
Darwin, Charles, 'Seedling Fruit Trees', Gardeners' Chronicle, 29 Dec 1855 p. 854.
Darwin, Charles, 'Effect of Salt-Water on the Germination of Seeds', Gardeners'

Chronicle, 24 Nov 1855, p. 773.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross Breeding', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 49, 6 Dec 1856, p.
806.
Darwin, Charles, 'Hybrid Dianths', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 10, 7 Mar 1857, p.
155.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mouse-coloured Breed of Ponies', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 24,

13 June 1857 p. 427.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Subject of Deep Wells', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 30, 25
July 1857, p. 518.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bees and Fertilisation of Kidney Beans'. Gardeners' Chronicle,

24 Oct 1857, p. 725.

Darwin, Charles, 'Productiveness of Foreign Seed', Gardeners'Chronicle, no. 46,

14 Nov 1857, p. 779.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Action of Sea-Water on the Germination of Seeds',

Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, l, 1857, pp. 130-40.
Darwin, Charles, & Alfred Russel Wallace, 'On the Tendency of Species to form
Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection', Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20 Aug.
1858, 3, pp. 45-62.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous

Flowers, and on the Crossing of Kidney Beans', Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, 3rd series ii. 1858, pp. 459-465.
Darwin, Charles, 'Public Natural History Collections', Gardeners' Chronicle, no.

48, 27 Nov 1858 p. 861.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-bred Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 3, 21 Jan 1860 p.

49.
Darwin, Charles, 'Do the Tineina or other Small Moths Suck Flowers, and if so
what Flowers?', Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer 8, 1860, p. 103.
Darwin, Charles, 'Natural Selection', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 16, 21 Apr 1860,
pp. 362-63.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of British Orchids by Insect Agency',

Gardeners'Chronicle, no. 23, 9 June 1860, p. 528.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis', Gardeners'

Chronicle, 5 Jan 1861, p. 4.

Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of British Orchids by Insect Agency', Gardeners'

Chronicle, no. 6, 9 Feb 1861, p. 122.
Darwin, Charles, 'Phenomena in the Cross-breeding of Plants', Journal of

Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 14 May 1861, 1, pp. 112.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-breeding in Plants: Fertilisation of Leschenaultia formosa',

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 28 May 1861, 1, p. 151.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Vincas', Gardeners' Chronicle, 15 June 1861, pp.

552, 831, 832.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cause of the Variation of Flowers', Journal of Horticulture and

Cottage Gardener, 18 June 1861, 1, p. 211.
Darwin, Charles, 'Effects of different kinds of pollen', Journal of Horticulture and

Cottage Gardener, 8 Jul 1861, pp. 280-1.
Darwin, Charles, 'Parents of some gladioli', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage

Gardener, 9 Sep 1861, p. 453.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilization of Orchids', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 37, 14 Sept

1861, p. 831.
Darwin, Charles, 'Is the female bombus fertilised in the air?', Journal of
Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 22 Oct 1861, p. 76.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the Species of
Primula, and on their remarkable Sexual Relations', Journal of the Proceedings of
the Linnean Society, Botany, 6, 1862, pp. 77-96.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum

tridentatum, an Orchid in the Possession of the Linnean Society', Journal of the

Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, 6, 1862, pp. 151-57.
Darwin, Charles, 'Do bees vary in different parts of Great Britain', Journal of
Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 9 June 1862, p. 207.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bees in Jamaica increase the size and substance of their cells.',
Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 14 Jul 1862, p. 305.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bee-cells in Jamaica not larger than in England', Journal of

Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 21 Jul 1862, p. 323.
Darwin, Charles, 'Peas', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 45, 8 Nov 1862 p. 1052.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-breeds of Strawberries', Journal of Horticulture and

Cottage Gardener, 25 Nov 1862, 3, p. 672.
Darwin, Charles, 'Variations Effected by Cultivation', Journal of Horticulture and

Cottage Gardener, 2 Dec 1862, 3, p. 696.
Darwin, Charles, 'Penguin ducks', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener,

26 Dec 1862, p. 797.
Darwin, Charles, 'Influence of pollen on the appeaeance of seed', Journal of

Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 26 Jan 1863, p. 70.
Darwin, Charles, 'Vindication of Grtner, effect of crossing-peas', Journal of

Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 2 Feb 1863, p. 93.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Orchids', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage

Gardener, 31 Mar 1863, 4, p. 237.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Doctrine of Heterogeny and Modification of Species',

Athenaeum. Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, no. 1852, 25 Apr
1863, pp. 554-55.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of Species', Athenaeum. Journal of Literature, Science,

and the Fine Arts, no. 1854, 9 May 1863, p. 617.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Thickness of the Pampean Formation, Near Buenos
Ayres', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 19, 1863, pp. 68-
71.
M.J.B, [Yellow Rain], Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 29, 18 July 1863, p. 675 [With a
quotation by Darwin].
Darwin, Charles, 'Appearance of a Plant in a Singular Place', Gardeners'

Chronicle, no. 33, 15 Aug 1863, p. 773.
Darwin, Charles, 'Vermin and Traps', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 35, 29 Aug 1863,
pp. 821-22.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes', Natural History

Review, 1863, pp. 115-116.
Darwin, Charles, 'A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.'', Natural
History Review, 1863, pp. 219-224.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Existence of Two Forms, and on Their Reciprocal Sexual
Relation, in Several Species of the Genus Linum', Journal of the Proceedings of
the Linnean Society (Botany) 7, 1864, pp. 69-83.
Darwin, Charles, 'Ancient Gardening', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 41, 8 Oct 1864,
p. 965.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum
salicaria', Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, 8, 1865, pp.
169-96.

Darwin, Charles, 'On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants', Journal of the
Linnaean Society of London (Botany), 9, 1865, pp. 1-118. [Digitization
forthcoming].
Darwin, Charles, 'Partial Change of Sex in Unisexual Flowers', Gardeners'

Chronicle, no. 6, 10 Feb 1866, p. 127.
Darwin, Charles, 'Oxalis Bowei', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 32, 11 Aug 1866 p.
756.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-fertilising Papilionaceous Flowers', Gardeners' Chronicle,

no. 32, 11 Aug 1866, p. 756.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Cypripediums', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 14, 6

Apr 1867, p. 350.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the Common Broom', in George Henslow, 'Note on the
Structure of Indigofera, as Apparently Offering Facilities for the Intercrossing of
Distinct Flowers,' Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, 9, 1867, p. 358.
Darwin, Charles, 'Hedgehogs', Hardwicke's Science-Gossip: An Illustrated

Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, 1 Dec.
1867. p. 280.
Darwin, Charles, '[Inquiry about Proportional Number of Males and Females Born
to Domestic Animals]', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 7, 15 Feb 1868, p. 160.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from
the Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants', Journal of the
Linnean Society, Botany, 10, 1868, pp. 393-437.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, Brit. F. (var.
officinalis of Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior,

Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip. With Supplementary
Remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum', Journal of the
Linnean Society, Botany, 10, 1868, pp. 437-454.
Darwin, Charles, 'Queries about Expression for Anthropological Inquiry', Annual

Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . . . for the Year
1867. Senate Mis. doc. no. 86, 1868, p. 324.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Formation of Mould by Worms', Gardeners' Chronicle, no.

20, 15 May 1869 p. 530.
Darwin, Charles, 'Pangenesis: Mr. Darwin's Reply to Professor Delpino', Scientific

Opinion: A Weekly Record of Scientific Progress at Home & Abroad, 2, 1869, p.
426.

and the Fine Arts, no. 2174, 26 June 1869, p. 861.

and the Fine Arts, no. 2177, 17 July 1869, p. 82.
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids', Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, 4th series, iv. 1869, pp. 141-159.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants', Nature, 18 Nov

1869, vol. i. p. 85.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker', Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London, 1870, pp. 705-706.
Darwin, Charles, 'Pangenesis', Nature, 27 Apr 1871, vol. iii. p. 502-3.
Darwin, Charles, 'A new view of Darwinism', Nature, 6 July 1871, vol. iv. p. 180.

Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Leschenaultia', Gardeners' Chronicle, 9 Sept

1871, p. 1166.
Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter from Mr. Darwin', Index, vol. 2, 23 Dec 1871, p. 404.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bree on Darwinism', Nature, 8 Aug 1872, vol. vi. p. 279.
Darwin, Charles, 'Inherited Instinct', Nature, 13 Feb 1873, vol. vii. p. 281.
Darwin, Charles, 'Perception in the Lower Animals', Nature, 13 Mar 1873, vol. vii.
p. 360.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of certain instincts', Nature, 3 Apr 1873, vol. vii. p. 417.
Darwin, Charles, 'Habits of Ants', Nature, 24 July 1873, vol. viii. p. 244.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes,
and on Rudimentary Structures', Nature, 25 Sept 1873, vol. viii. pp. 431-2.
Darwin, Charles, 'Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees', Nature, 19 Feb

1874, vol. ix. p. 308.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae', Nature, 16 Apr 1874, vol. ix. p.
460.
Darwin, Charles, 'Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds', Nature, 23 Apr

1874, vol. ix. p. 482.
Darwin, Charles, 'Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds', Nature, 14 May

1874, vol. x. pp. 24-5.
Darwin, Charles, '[A Communication on Irritability of Pinguicula]', Gardeners'

Chronicle, vol. 2, 4 July 1874, p. 15.

Darwin, Charles, 'Cherry Blossoms', Nature, 11 May 1876, vol. xiv. p. 28.
Darwin, Charles, 'Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys', Nature, 2 Nov 1876,

vol. xv. p. 18. Reprinted as a supplement to the Descent of Man, 1871.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fritz Mller on Flowers and Insects', Nature, Nov 29, 1876, vol.
xvii. p. 78.
Darwin, Charles, 'Holly Berries', Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. 7, 6 Jan 1877, p. 19.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees', Gardeners' Chronicle,
20 Jan 1877, p. 83.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on Fertilisation of Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, 24 Feb

1877, p. 246.
Darwin, Charles, 'Testimonial to Mr. Darwin-Evolution in the Netherlands-with a

letter by Darwin', Nature, 8 Mar 1877, vol. 15, pp. 410-12.
Darwin, Charles, 'A biographical sketch of an infant', Mind, July 1877, pp. 285-
294.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Contractile Filaments of the Teasel', Nature, 23 Aug 1877,
vol. 16. p. 339.
Darwin, Charles, 'Growth under Difficulties, Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. 8, 29 Dec

1877, p. 805.
Darwin, Charles, 'Transplantation of Shells', Nature, 30 May 1878, pp. 120-1.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fritz Mller on a Frog having Eggs on its back-on the abortion
of the hairs on the legs of certain Caddis-Flies, etc.', Nature, 20 Mar 1879, vol. xix.
pp. 462-3.

Darwin, Charles, 'Rats and Water-Casks', Nature, 27 Mar vollume xix. p. 481.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose',
Nature, 1 Jan vol. xxi. p. 207.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies', Nature, 8 Jan 1880,
vol xxi. p. 237.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Omori Shell Mounds', Nature, 15 Apr 1880, vol. xxi p. 561.
Darwin, Charles, 'Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection', Nature, 11 Nov
1880, vol. xxiii. p. 32.
Darwin, Charles, 'Black Sheep', Nature, 30 Dec 1880 vol. xxiii. p. 193.
Darwin, Charles, 'Movements of Plants', Nature, 3 Mar 1881 vol. xxiii. p. 409.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mr. Darwin on Vivisection', British Medical Journal, 1, 1881, p.

660.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mr. Darwin on Vivisection', Times, 22 Apr 1881.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Movements of Leaves', Nature, 28 Apr 1881, vol. xxiii pp.
603-4.
Darwin, Charles, 'Inheritance', Nature, 21 July 1881 vol. xxiv. p. 257.
Darwin, Charles, 'Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation', Nature, 15 Sept

1881, vol. xxiv. p. 459.
Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter to Mrs. Emily Talbot on the Mental and Bodily
Development of Infants', Nature, 13 Oct 1881, vol. xxiv p. 565.

Darwin, Charles, 'The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus', Nature, 17 Nov 1881, vol.
xxv. pp. 51-2.
Darwin, Charles, 'Preliminary notice' in W. van Dyck, 'On the Modification of a

Race of Syrian Street-Dogs by Means of Sexual Selection: With a Preliminary
Notice by Charles Darwin', Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, no.
25, 1882, pp. 367-70.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves', Nature, 6 Apr 1882,
vol. xxv. pp. 529-530.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of Certain

Plants', Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 19, 1882, pp. 239-61.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-Bodies',

Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 19, 1882, pp. 262-84.
See Also: Related texts
Forthcoming Darwin texts
[Suggestions and contributions are welcomed.]
Many editions, translations and periodical articles will be added until the entire Nachlass of
Charles Darwin, apart from his correspondence, has been digitized by the larger Darwin
digitization project being organized by John van Wyhe.
9 June, 2004

Return to homepage
The materials provided on this website may be freely cited and distributed to classes but
reposting on other websites, publishing, or other reproductions are subject to the written
permission of John van Wyhe.

A brief biography of Darwin

by John van Wyhe
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) gentleman naturalist
Few Victorians are as well-remembered today as Charles Robert

Darwin. Born into a wealthy Shropshire gentry family, Darwin
grew up amidst wealth, comfort and country sports. An
unimpressive student, Darwin vacillated between the prospect of
becoming a country physician, like his father, or a clergyman.
The advantage to becoming a country parson, as Darwin saw it,
would be the freedom to pursue his growing interest in natural
history. However, an unforeseen opportunity precluded these
early plans. After his student days in Edinburgh and Christ's
College Cambridge, Darwin's connections in 1831 offered him
the opportunity of
travelling on a
survey ship, H.M.S.
Beagle, as naturalist
and the captain's
gentleman dining
companion. The
round-the-world journey lasted almost five years. Darwin
spent most of these years investigating the geology and life
of the lands he visited, especially South America, the
Galapagos islands, and pacific coral islands.
Darwin also read the works of men of science like

Alexander von Humboldt and the geologist Charles Lyell.
Lyell's new book, Principles of Geology, was particularly influential for Darwin. Lyell argued that the
world had been shaped not by great catastrophes like floods but by the gradual processes we see active
around us: wind, erosion, volcanoes, earthquakes etc. Lyell offered not just a new geology but a new
way of explaining the world. Slow gradual cumulative change over a long period of time could produce
great effects. Visible non-miraculous causes should be preferred when seeking explanations. Darwin had
the opportunity to witness all of these forces himself during the Beagle voyage and he became
convinced that something like Lyell's method was correct. Darwin also collected organisms of all sorts,
as well as unearthing many fossils. Darwin wondered why the fossils he unearthed in South America
resembled the present inhabitants of that continent more than any other life form known. Where had the
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new species come from? In fact, why was the world covered with so many different kinds of living
things? Why were some very similar to one another and others vastly different? Why did some desert
species live in desserts in Africa, but quite different species in the Americas? If species suited their
environments, why were not all jungle species the same in Asia, Africa and South America? Instead
each region had its own fauna and flora.
Darwin did not hit

on a solution
during the Beagle
voyage, but rather
a few years later in
London, while
writing books on
his travels and
studying the
specimens he had
collected. Experts
in London were
able to tell him
how many of the
species of plants
and animals he had
collected in the
Galapagos Islands
were unique
species, found nowhere else. Clearly they resembled species from South America 500 miles away. It
seemed as if migrants from South America had come to the Galapagos and then changed.
Darwin began to speculate on how species could arise by means still active around us. His idiosyncratic
eclecticism led him to investigate some unconventional bodies of evidence. He made countless inquiries
of animal breeders, both farmers and hobbyists like pigeon fanciers, trying to understand how they made
distinct breeds of animals. Gradually Darwin decided that organisms were infinitely variable, and that
the supposed limits or barriers to species were a myth. In modern terms we would say that Darwin came
to accept that life evolves. In other words that the kinds of organisms in the world are not fixed kinds.
The conventional view of the time was that species had been created where they are now found- in
accordance with the environment.
Darwin then sought to explain how evolution works. Darwin was familiar with the evolutionary theories
earlier proposed by his grandfather Erasmus Darwin and by the great French zoologist J.B. Lamarck. In
1838 Darwin read the Rev. Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). Malthus had
argued for a law-like relationship between population growth and food production in order to warn
against what he feared was an immanent danger of human overpopulation. Malthus was widely believed

to have conclusively demonstrated that population growth would necessarily outstrip food production
unless population growth were somehow checked. The focus of this argument inspired Darwin who saw
that in all of nature such checks are continuously present. Clearly any species could breed enough to fill
the earth in a few generationsyet they did not. Many offspring did not survive long enough to
reproduce. Darwin, already concentrating on how new varieties of life might be formed, now thought in
terms of the differences between those individuals who, for whatever reasons, left offspring and those
who did not.
As Darwin wrote in his autobiography in 1876: 'In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had
begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well
prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued
observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances
favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The results of
this would be the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work'.
Below is the famous passage from Darwin's personal notebook where these ideas were first recorded:
[Sept] 28th.[1838] Even the energetic language of Decandolle does not convey the
warring of the species as inference from Malthus-increase of brutes must be prevented
solely by positive checks, excepting that famine may stop desire. in nature production
does not increase, whilst no check prevail, but the positive check of famine and
consequently death. . .
...The final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, and adapt it
to change.to do that for form, which Malthus shows is the final effect by means
however of volition of this populousness on the energy of man. One may say there is a
force like a hundred thousand wedges trying [to] force every kind of adapted structure into
the gaps in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones.
Or, as Darwin later put it in the Origin of Species:
As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as,
consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any
being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and
sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be
naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend
to propagate its new and modified form.
Therefore if individuals did not live to reproduce and others did, the survivors would pass on their own
form and abilities. Their characteristics would persist multiply whilst those that did not live long enough
to reproduce would decrease. Darwin did not know precisely how inheritance workedgenes and DNA
were totally unknown. Nevertheless he realized the crucial point that inheritance occurs. Offspring
resemble their parents. Darwin thought in terms of populations of diverse heritable things with no

essencenot representatives of ideal types as many earlier thinkers had done. From his observations and
experiments with domesticated and wild plants and animals he could find no limits to the extent organic
forms could vary and change through generations. Thus the existing species in the world were related
not along a chain of being or in statically separate species categories but were all related on a
genealogical family tree through 'descent with modification'. Darwin called his primary mechanism
natural selection as it was the same principle by which breeders modified their stock by selecting
desirable forms in domesticated plants and animals. Darwin also identified another means by which
some individuals would have descendants and others would not. He later called this sexual selection.
This theory explained why the male sex in many species produce colourful displays or specialized body
parts to attract females or to compete against other males. Those males who beat other males, or were
selected for breeding by females left more offspring and so subsequent generations would resemble
them more than those who succeeded less often to reproduce. As Darwin pointed out, "A hornless stag
or spurless cock would have a
poor chance of leaving offspring."
Darwin, deeply studied in the sciences of his time, yet living somewhat removed from his colleagues as
a closet theorist, was able to think in new ways and to conceive of worlds quite unimaginable to his
orthodox friends. However, the legend of Darwin as a lone genius discovering evolution by natural
selection on the Galapagos Islands is a legend whose fabrication we can reconstruct. Nevertheless, it
seems to be so widespread today that nothing scholars say to the contrary can dislodge it. Perhaps the
best antidotes are the excellent biographies of Darwin by Janet Browne (1995, 2002) and Desmond and
Moore (1991).

Many have
argued that
Darwin
borrowed an
idea of
individual
struggle from
laissez-faire
social theory
and applied it to
the natural
world. Karl
Marx was
perhaps the first
to observe that
Darwin's
theories of
individual
struggle
resembled
contemporary
British theories
of political economy. The logic of these social theories is powerful. Nevertheless, the specific causal
connections between these social factors and Darwin's thought remain unclear. Although Darwin's
theories were not isolated from the social environments in which he lived, we should remain open-
minded when explaining Darwin's thought. Darwin spent most of his time thinking about the properties
of organisms, how they all varied to some degree, how apparent lineages resembled one another, and
how the rigours of nature meant that a vast quantity of life was constantly being snuffed out in a natural
winnowing of forms. The important point for Darwin was not the survival of an individual, or as Herbert
Spencer called it, the 'survival of the fittest', but success in creating offspringin the perpetuation of a
stock. After all, Darwin named his theory 'natural selection' not 'individual competition' or 'survival of
the ruthless'. Had he used an alternative, he later wrote, it would have been "natural preservation".
Darwin did not, at first, tell anyone about his secret speculations. Perhaps the first colleague to be told
was his correspondent, the botanist J.D. Hooker on 14 January 1844: 'I am almost convinced, (quite
contrary to opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable'. The
unorthodoxy and anathema attached to the idea that species might not be fixed was a powerful force.
Darwin told only a handful of other friends of his ideas during the succeeding years. Meanwhile Darwin
married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and continued to study and publish on a variety of
scientific subjects achieving a great reputation as a naturalist and traveller. His eight years grueling work
on barnacles, published 1851-4 established Darwin's reputation as an authority on taxonomy as well as
geology and the distribution of flora and fauna as in his earlier works.

Darwin conducted breeding experiments with animals and plants and corresponded and read widely for
many years to refine and substantiate his theories of evolution. In 1842 he prepared an essay outlining
his evolutionary theory but did not publish it. After completing his work on barnacles Darwin turned to
his theory to explain species. He was interrupted in 1858 when a letter from an English naturalist and
collector, Alfred Russel Wallace, in the Malay Archipelago arrived. In an essay enclosed with this now
famous letter Wallace described his ideas 'On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the
Original Type'. The similarity to Darwin's theory of evolution was striking for Darwin. He sent the letter
on to Lyell and it was decided, to avoid competition for priority, to publicize abstracts by both men as
soon as possible. The papers were read in the absence of Darwin and Wallace at a meeting of the
Linnean Society of London in 1858. Darwin worked on creating an 'abstract' of his work in progress on
natural selection. This abstract became one of the most famous books of modern times On the Origin of
Species (1859).
Although Darwin's exposition was the most accurate and well-supported explanation of the diversity of
life, he was not the first to propose that life evolves. Why is it that we consider Darwin as the discoverer
of evolution when so many others proposed similar ideas before him? Why do many still believe that a
Darwinian revolution broke across the world like a thunderclap in 1859 when Darwin published the
Origin of Species? A glance at Darwin's 'An historical sketch of the progress of opinion on the origin of
species' shows that Darwin made no pretence to have originated or discovered evolution by descent with
modification. We know that a wide popular literature such as George Combe's Constitution of Man
(1828) and the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) had already shocked and
converted vast popular audiences to belief in the power of natural laws to control the development of
nature and society. Historians of science now believe that Darwin's effect was, as James Secord put it, a
'palace coup' amongst elite men of science rather than a revolution. Darwin, as an unquestionably
respectable authority in elite science, publicly threw his weight on the side of evolution, and soon young
allies like Hooker, T.H. Huxley, and John Tyndall publicly threw their own weight towards the same
position. Darwin's name is so linked with evolution because he was the high-status insider who made
evolution acceptable, even respectable. Most of his contemporaries did not particularly like Darwin's
primary mechanism of natural selection. Very often in subsequent years evolution was accepted but
natural selection was not. In fact, a generation of biologists regarded Darwin as correct in uncovering the
evolution of life but mistaken in stressing natural selection. Natural selection's canonization had to wait
until the modern synthesis of Darwinism with Mendelian genetics in the 1930s.
Like Combe, Babbage, Chambers, Spencer and countless other authors before him, Darwin represented
his doctrine as furthering the domain of natural laws. We see this in the following epigraph chosen by
Darwin for the Origin of Species:
" But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so

far as this-we can perceive that events are brought about not by
insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular

case, but by the establishment of general laws."
W. WHEWELL : Bridgewater Treatise.
Darwin even saw the power of his law of natural selection extending beyond life to what we would call
psychology, linguistics, and to society and history (see for example Descent of Man chapter 3, 1871).
The Origin of Species
In the Origin of Species Darwin first tried to convince his readers that organisms are utterly malleable
and not fixed natural kinds. He showed that domestic plants and animals were known to be highly
malleable and to have changed so much under domestication as to be classified as different species by
taxonomists. He then showed that the existence and abundance of organisms was dependent on many
factors, many of which tended to hold their numbers in check such as climate, food, predation, available
space etc. Only then did Darwin set about showing the effects of differential death and survival on
reproduction and the persistence and diversification of formsnatural selection. In other words
Darwin's theory of evolution has three main elements or requirements: variation, selection and descent
or heredity. If all individual life forms are unique, which no one denied, and these differences could
make a difference to which organisms lived to reproduce and which did not, then, if these differences
could be inherited by offspring, subsequent generations would be descended more or solely from those
which were lucky enough to survive.
An illustrative example is seen in the recent work of biologists in the Galapagos Islands. During a
drought season when no new seeds were produced for an island's finches to eat, the finches were forced
to hunt for remaining seeds on the ground. Soon all the visible seeds had been devoured. It so happened
that those with slightly thicker bills than average could turn over stones a little bit better than the rest to
find the remaining seeds and so they managed to survive the famine. The others perished. When the
drought ended and the birds again had young, this new generation had slightly thicker bills. This is an
example of Darwinian evolution observed and measured in the field. (See Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of
the Finch. 1994.)
Darwin's theory of genealogical evolution (as opposed to earlier theories by Lamarck or Chambers
which entailed independent lineages unfolding sequentially because of an innate tendency towards
progress) made sense of a host of diverse bodies of evidence such as the succession of fossil forms in the
geological record, geographical distribution of life (biogeography), recapitulative appearances in
embryology, homologies, vestigial organs, the taxonomic relationships observed throughout the world
and so forth.
The famous last paragraph of the Origin of Species is a concise and eloquent prcis of Darwin's vision:
It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many

kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with

worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed
forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner,
have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense,
being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction;
Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external conditions of life, and from
use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a
consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of
less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most
exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher
animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers,
having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet
has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning
endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.
Modern commentators often misunderstand the meaning of the title of Darwin's book. They take the
origin of species to mean the origin of life. Then it is pointed out that Darwin 'failed' to throw light on
the origin of life. But this was not Darwin's project. Darwin argued that speciesthat is the different
kinds of organisms we observecome not from multiple unique creation events on each island or
particular placebut instead that species are the modified descendants of earlier forms. Darwin
demonstrated that the origination of species could be entirely explained by descent with modification
and not spontaneous creations according to environmental circumstances or divine interventions.
The reactions to Darwin's evolutionary theories were varied and pronounced. In zoology, taxonomy,
botany, palaeontology, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, literature and religion Darwin's work
engendered profound reactionsmany of which are still ongoing. Most disturbing of all, however, were
the implications for the cherished uniqueness of Man. Although Darwin cautiously refrained from
mentioning Man in the Origin except for his famous cryptic sentence: 'Much light will be thrown on the
origin of man and his history' most people who read the book could think only about what this
genealogical view of life meant for Man. This is a subject Darwin later took up in The Descent of Man
(1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). In these brilliantly original and
seminal works Darwin showed that there is no difference of kind between Man and other animals, but
only of degree. Rather than an unbridgeable gulf, Darwin showed there is a gradation of change not only
between Man and other animals, but between all organic forms which is a consequence of the gradual
change continuously and cumulatively operating over time.
Darwin's massive achievements are not restricted to his early scientific works and his evolutionary
works. His keen observation, imagination, curiosity and energy allowed him to make strikingly prescient
contributions to ecology, botany and a dozen of what would later be distinct disciplines. Darwin was
very impressed by the inter-relatedness of different species, climate and environment. He stressed that
the life in any area was the outcome of an amazing history of struggle or war or 'great battle for life'. He
proposed new solutions to how organisms spread across the globe. His numerous discoveries and
theories are too numerous to list here. In his final book published the year before his death, The

formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms (1881) Darwin again made an important
contribution which, as was characteristic of Darwin, revealed the amazing complexity and importance of
a natural process of gradual accumulation, which no one seemed to have grasped before, and that had all
along been under our feet.
A myth about Darwin still circulates todaythat he repented of evolutionism or converted to

Christianity on his deathbed. These stories are usually circulated by those who would like them to be
true, but they are not. There are no mysteries surrounding Darwin's death; his relatives present at the
time wrote detailed accounts of his last hours. The history of the legend, however, is very interestingly
and fulsomely revealed in James Moore, The Darwin legend (1994). Darwin was not an atheist, but a
deist; that is he believed that some creating intelligence had designed the universe and set up natural
laws according to which all of nature was unwaveringly governed.
Charles Darwin was a mild, kind, pleasant man, unassuming and sincerely modest. He suffered from an
unexplained illness much of his adult life (perhaps picked up during the Beagle voyage). He
nevertheless remained driven and ambitious to explore nature and examine it candidly and to remain part
of the elite scientific world he respected and admired. Darwin died in 1882 and he is buried in
Westminster Abbey.
See Darwin's own charming account of his life: Charles Darwin's Autobiography.
See also:
Outline of Charles Darwin's life
Writings of Darwin
Darwin bibliography
Darwin links
Related texts
Important responses to Darwin's evolutionary theories:
Fleeming Jenkin, Review of Darwin's The origin of species in The North British Review, June 1867, 46,
pp. 277-318.
Samuel Wilberforce, Review of Darwin's 'On the origin of species', Quarterly Review, 1860, pp. 225-
264.
George Campbell, Duke of Argyll, The reign of law. 1867.
Richard Owen, Review of Darwin's Origin of Species, Edinburgh Review, 3, 1860, pp. 487-532.

St. George Mivart, On the Genesis of Species. 1871.
John Tyndall, Address Delivered Before the British Association Assembled at Belfast. 1874.
T.H. Huxley, 'The origin of Species', Westminster Review 17, 1860, pp. 541-70.
T.H. Huxley, 'On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'
The Huxley File The collected works of T.H. Huxley in addition to many manuscript and image
resources.
Last modified 6 August, 2004
Return to homepage
The materials provided on this website may be freely cited and distributed to classes but reposting on
other websites, publishing, or other reproductions are subject to the written permission of John van
Wyhe.

Overview of images in Darwin's works

by John van Wyhe
Click on a title below to view an overview of its images.
Darwin, Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during
the voyage round the world of H.M.S. Beagle, 11th edn London, John Murray, 1913. [first
published London, Henry Colburn, 1839].
Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of the Geology of the
Voyage of the 'Beagle.' London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1842.
Darwin, Geological observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America: being
the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy, during the Years
1832-36. London, Melbourne & Toronto, Ward Lock & Co., 1910.
Darwin, A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain.
London, Palaeontographical Society, 1851.
Darwin, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The
Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. London, Ray Society, 1851.
Darwin, A Monograph on the Fossil Balanid and Verrucid of Great Britain. London,
Palaeontographical Society, 1854.
Darwin, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae
(or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. London, Ray Society, 1854.
Darwin, On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London, John Murray, 1859.
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Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised. London,
John Murray, 1862.
Darwin, The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. 2nd edn revised and augmented,
Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, John Murray, 1872.
Darwin, The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 2 vols, 2nd edn New York, D.
Appleton & Co. 1883.
Darwin, The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2nd edn London, John Murray, 1875.
Darwin, Insectivorous plants. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1875.
Darwin, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New York, D. Appleton &
Co., 1896.
Darwin, The power of movement in plants. London, John Murray, 1880.
Darwin, The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms. London, John Murray,
1883.
Darwin, The life and letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. Francis Darwin ed. New York, D.
Appleton & Co., 1905.
Darwin, More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols., Francis Darwin & A.C. Seward eds., London,
John Murray, 1903.
Darwin, The foundations of the Origin of Species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844 by
Charles Darwin, Francis Darwin ed., Cambridge, 1909.
From The life and letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. Francis Darwin ed. New York, D. Appleton
& Co., 1905.

From More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols., Francis Darwin & A.C. Seward eds., London, John
Murray, 1903.
From The foundations of the Origin of Species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844 by Charles
Darwin, Francis Darwin ed., Cambridge, 1909.
From On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London, John Murray, 1859.

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The materials provided on this website may be freely cited and distributed to classes but
reposting on other websites, publishing, or other reproductions are subject to the written
permission of John van Wyhe.

The writings of Charles Darwin

by John van Wyhe
Images from Darwin's Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage round the world of H.M.S. Beagle, 11th edn London, John Murray, 1913. [first published London, Henry
Colburn, 1839].
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by John van Wyhe
Darwin Bibliography
Bibliography of Darwin's writings
Secondary Bibliography
-Books by Darwin
-Darwin's contributions to: books & periodicals
-Correspondence & life of Darwin
Books
Darwin, Charles, Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited
during the voyage round the world of H.M.S. Beagle, 11th edn London, John Murray, 1913. [first
published London, Henry Colburn, 1839].
-Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of Her Majesty's Ships 'Adventure' and 'Beagle' between the years
1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the Southern shores of South America, and the 'Beagle's'
circumnavigation of the globe.
-Volume iii. Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836. By Charles Darwin. London, 1839. [Digitization
forthcoming].
-Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin.
-Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen. With a Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin.
London, 1840.
http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin3/darwin_biblio.htm (1 of 19)11/9/2004 4:05:54 AM

-Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. With a notice of their habits and ranges, by Charles
Darwin. London, 1839.
Darwin, Charles, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of the Geology of
the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1842.
Darwin, Charles, Geological observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America:
being the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy, during the Years
1832-36. London, Melbourne & Toronto, Ward Lock & Co., 1910. [first published London, Smith,
Elder & Co., 1842-6].
[-Coral Reefs - Volcanic Islands - Geological Observations on South America-]
Darwin, Charles, Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited
during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world, under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N.
2nd edition, corrected, with additions. London, 1845. [Digitization forthcoming]
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain.
London, Palaeontographical Society, 1851.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The
Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. London, Ray Society, 1851.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph on the Fossil Balanid and Verrucid of Great Britain. London,
Palaeontographical Society, 1854.
Darwin, Charles, A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The
Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. London, Ray Society, 1854.
Darwin, Charles, On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London, John Murray, 1859.
[1st edn].
Darwin, Charles, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by
insects. London, John Murray, 1862.
Darwin, Charles, The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 2 vols, 2nd edn New York,
D. Appleton & Co. 1883. [first published London, John Murray, 1868].
Darwin, Charles, The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. 2nd edn revised and augmented,
London, John Murray, 1882. [first published London, John Murray, 1871].

Darwin, Charles, The origin of species by means of natural selection. 6th edn London, John Murray,
1872.
Darwin, Charles, The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, John Murray, 1872.
Darwin, Charles, The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2nd edn London, John Murray, 1875.
Darwin, Charles, Insectivorous plants. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1875. [first published London,
John Murray, 1875].
Darwin, Charles, The effects of cross and self-fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. New York, D.
Appleton & Co., 1892. [first published London, John Murray, 1876].
Darwin, Charles, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New York, D. Appleton &
Co., 1896. [first published London, John Murray, 1877].
Darwin, Charles, The power of movement in plants. London, John Murray, 1880.
Darwin, Charles, The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms. Eighth thousand
(corrected) London, John Murray, 1883. [first published London, John Murray, 1881].
Darwin, Charles, The foundations of the Origin of Species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844 by
Charles Darwin, Francis Darwin ed., Cambridge, 1909.
Contributions to books
Darwin, Charles, 'Geology', in John F.W. Herschel ed., A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the
use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. London, 1849.
Darwin, Charles, 'Recollections by Charles Darwin', in Leonard Jenyns, Memoir of the Rev. John
Stevens Henslow. London, 1862, pp. 51-55.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice', to A. Kerner, Flowers and their unbidden guests. Translated, revised
and edited by W. Ogle. London, 1878.

Darwin, Charles, Preface and 'a preliminary notice' to Ernst Krause, Erasmus Darwin. Translated from
the German by W.S. Dallas. London, John Murray, 1879.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice' to August Weismann, Studies in the Theory of Descent. Translated
and edited by Raphael Meldola. London, 1880.
Darwin, Charles, 'A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton', in James Geikie, Prehistoric Europe:
a geological sketch. London, 1881.
Darwin, Charles, 'A posthumous essay on instinct' in George John Romanes, Mental evolution in
animals: with a posthumous essay on instinct by Charles Darwin. London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.,
1883.
Darwin, Charles, 'Prefatory notice', to Hermann Mller, The Fertilisation of Flowers. Translated and
edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson. London, 1883.
Darwin, Charles, 'ber die Wege der Hummelmnnchen', trans. by Ernst Krause in his, Gesammelte
kleinere Schriften von Charles Darwin. Leipzig, 1886.
Correspondence
[note: letters in periodicals are not listed separately here.]
Darwin, Francis ed., The life and letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. New York, D. Appleton & Co.,
1905. [first published London, John Murray, 1887].
Darwin, Francis & A.C. Seward eds., More letters of Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London, John Murray,
1903.
Darwin, Charles, Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society, held November 16, 1835. [Cambridge, Privately printed, 1835].
Darwin, Charles, 'A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton', in James Geikie, Prehistoric Europe:
a geological sketch. London, 1881.
Contributions to periodicals

FitzRoy, Robert, and Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter, Containing Remarks on the moral State of Tahiti, New
Zealand, &c.', South African Christian Recorder, 2, 1836, pp. 221-238. [Digitization forthcoming]
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes upon the Rhea Americana', Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
(5) 1837, pp. 35-36.
Darwin, Charles, 'Remarks upon the habits of the genera Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis, and
Certhidea of Gould', Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (5) 10 May 1837, p. 49.
Darwin, Charles, 'Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, made during the
survey of His Majesty's ship Beagle, commanded by Capt. Fitzroy', Proceedings of the Geological
Society of London, 2(48) 1837, pp. 446-449.
Darwin, Charles, 'A sketch of the Deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the neighbourhood of the
Plata', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2(51) 1837, pp. 542-544.
Darwin, Charles, 'On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as
deduced from the study of Coral Formations', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2(51)
1837, pp. 552-554.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Formation of Mould', Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2(52)
1838, pp. 574-576.
Darwin, Charles, 'Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of South America
in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the
Andes between Valparaiso and Mendoza' Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 2, 1838, pp.
210-212.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the connexion of certain volcanic phnomena, and on the formation of mountain-
chains and volcanos, as the effects of continental elevations', Proceedings of the Geological Society of
London, 2(56) 1838, pp. 654-660.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 61 South Latitude', The Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, 9, 1839, pp. 528-529.
Darwin, Charles, 'Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of Lochaber in
Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine origin', Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London, 1839, pp. 39-81.

Darwin, Charles, 'On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena in South America; and on the
Formation of Mountain Chains and Volcanos, as the Effect of the same Power by which Continents are
elevated.', Transactions of the Geological Society of London,(2)53, 1840, pp. 601-631.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the formation of mould', Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 5(3),
1840, pp. 505-509.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the distribution of the erratic boulders and on the contemporaneous unstratified
deposits of South America', Transactions of the Geological Society of London, (2)6(2) 1841, pp. 415-
431.
Darwin, Charles, 'On a Remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the Coast of Brazil', London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 19, 1841, pp. 257-60.
Darwin, Charles, 'Humble-Bees', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 34, 21 August 1841, p. 550.
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes on the Effects Produced by the Ancient Glaciers of Caernarvonshire, and on the
Boulders Transported by Floating Ice', London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science 21, 1842, pp. 180-88.
Darwin, Charles, 'Double flowerstheir origin', Gardeners' Chronicle, 9 September 1843, p. 628.
Darwin, Charles, et al, 'Report of a committee appointed "to consider of the rules by which the
nomenclature of zoology may be established on a uniform and permanent basis"', Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science for 1842, 1843, pp. 105-121.
Darwin, Charles, 'Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles Darwin, Esq., to Mr.
Maclaren', Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv. 1843, pp. 47-50. [The "preceding" paper is: 'On
Coral Islands and Reefs as described by Mr. Darwin. By Charles Maclaren'].
Darwin, Charles, 'On the origin of mould', Gardeners' Chronicle, 6 April 1844, p. 218.
Darwin, Charles, 'Manures, and Steeping Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 8 June 1844, p. 380.
Darwin, Charles, 'Variegated Leaves', Gardeners' Chronicle, 14 September 1844, p. 621.
Darwin, Charles, 'What is the Action of Common Salt on Carbonate of Lime?', Gardeners' Chronicle,
14 September 1844, pp. 628-29.

Darwin, Charles, 'Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta', Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, xiii. 1844, pp. 1-6.
Darwin, Charles, 'Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some remarkable Marine
Species, with an Account of their Habits', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, xiv. 1844, pp. 241-
251.
Darwin, Charles, 'An Account of the Fine Dust which Often Falls on Vessels in the Atlantic Ocean',
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, pt. 1, 2, 1846, pp. 26-30.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Geology of the Falkland Islands', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
of London, pt. 1, 2, 1846, pp. 267-74.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of Saliferous Deposits: Salt-Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata', Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society of London, pt. 2, 2, 1846, pp. 127-28.
Darwin, Charles, [review of] 'Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia', Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 1847, xix. pp. 53-6.
Darwin, Charles, 'Salt', Gardeners' Chronicle, 6 March 1847, pp. 157-58.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a Lower to a Higher Level', Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society of London, 4, 1848, pp. 315-23.
Darwin, Charles, 'On British Fossil Lepadid', The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of
London, 6, 1850, pp. 439-440.
Darwin, Charles, 'Extracts from Letters to the General Secretary, on the Analogy of the Structure of
Some Volcanic Rocks with That of Glaciers', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2, 1851,
pp. 17-18.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bucket Ropes for Wells', Gardeners' Chronicle, 10 January 1852, p. 22.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed Grooves across a
Submarine Undulatory Surface', London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science, x, 1855, pp. 96-98.
Darwin, Charles, 'Does Sea-Water Kill Seeds?', Gardeners' Chronicle, 14 April 1855, p. 242.

Darwin, Charles, 'Does Sea-Water Kill Seeds?', Gardeners' Chronicle, 26 May 1855, pp. 356-57.
Darwin, Charles, 'Nectar-Secreting Organs of Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, 21 July 1855, p. 487.
Darwin, Charles, 'Shell Rain in the Isle of Wight', Gardeners' Chronicle, 3 November 1855, pp. 726-27.
Darwin, Charles, 'Vitality of Seeds'. Gardeners' Chronicle, 17 November 1855, p. 758.
Darwin, Charles, 'Effect of Salt-Water on the Germination of Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 1 December
1855, p. 789.
Darwin, Charles, 'Longevity of Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 29 December 1855, p. 854.
Darwin, Charles, 'Seedling Fruit Trees', Gardeners' Chronicle, 29 December 1855 p. 854.
Darwin, Charles, 'Effect of Salt-Water on the Germination of Seeds', Gardeners' Chronicle, 24

November 1855, p. 773.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross Breeding', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 49, 6 December 1856, p. 806.
Darwin, Charles, 'Hybrid Dianths', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 10, 7 March 1857, p. 155.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mouse-coloured Breed of Ponies', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 24, 13 June 1857 p. 427.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Subject of Deep Wells', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 30, 25 July 1857, p. 518.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bees and Fertilisation of Kidney Beans'. Gardeners' Chronicle, 24 October 1857, p.
725.
Darwin, Charles, 'Productiveness of Foreign Seed', Gardeners'Chronicle, no. 46, 14 November 1857, p.
779.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Action of Sea-Water on the Germination of Seeds', Journal of the Proceedings
of the Linnean Society, Botany, l, 1857, pp. 130-40.
Darwin, Charles, & Alfred Russel Wallace, 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the
Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection', Journal of the Proceedings of the
Linnean Society, Zoology, 20 Aug. 1858, 3, pp. 45-62.

Darwin, Charles, 'On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers, and on the
Crossing of Kidney Beans', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3rd series ii. 1858, pp. 459-465.
Darwin, Charles, 'Public Natural History Collections', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 48, 27 November 1858
p. 861.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-bred Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 3, 21 January 1860 p. 49.
Darwin, Charles, 'Do the Tineina or other Small Moths Suck Flowers, and if so what Flowers?',
Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer 8, 1860, p. 103.
Darwin, Charles, 'Natural Selection', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 16, 21 April 1860, pp. 362-63.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of British Orchids by Insect Agency', Gardeners'Chronicle, no. 23, 9
June 1860, p. 528.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis', Gardeners' Chronicle, 5 January 1861, p.
4.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of British Orchids by Insect Agency', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 6, 9
February 1861, p. 122.
Darwin, Charles, 'Phenomena in the Cross-breeding of Plants', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage
Gardener, 14 May 1861, 1, pp. 112.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the Species of Primula, and on their
remarkable Sexual Relations', Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, 6, 1862, pp.
77-96.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid in the
Possession of the Linnean Society', Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, 6, 1862,
pp. 151-57.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-breeding in Plants: Fertilisation of Leschenaultia formosa', Journal of

Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 28 May 1861, 1, p. 151.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Vincas', Gardeners' Chronicle, 15 June 1861, pp. 552, 831, 832.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cause of the Variation of Flowers', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 18

June 1861, 1, p. 211.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilization of Orchids', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 37, 14 September 1861, p. 831.
Darwin, Charles, 'Peas', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 45, 8 November 1862 p. 1052.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-breeds of Strawberries', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 25

November 1862, 3, p. 672.
Darwin, Charles, 'Variations Effected by Cultivation', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 2
December 1862, 3, p. 696.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Orchids', Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener, 31 March
1863, 4, p. 237.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Doctrine of Heterogeny and Modification of Species', Athenaeum. Journal of
Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, no. 1852, 25 April 1863, pp. 554-55.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of Species', Athenaeum. Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, no.
1854, 9 May 1863, p. 617.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Thickness of the Pampean Formation, Near Buenos Ayres', Quarterly Journal
of the Geological Society of London, 19, 1863, pp. 68-71.
M.J.B, [Yellow Rain], Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 29, 18 July 1863, p. 675 [With a quotation by Darwin].
Darwin, Charles, 'Appearance of a Plant in a Singular Place', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 33, 15 August
1863, p. 773.
Darwin, Charles, 'Vermin and Traps', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 35, 29 August 1863, pp. 821-22.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes', Natural History Review, 1863, pp. 115-
116.
Darwin, Charles, 'A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.'', Natural History Review, 1863,
pp. 219-224.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Existence of Two Forms, and on Their Reciprocal Sexual Relation, in Several
Species of the Genus Linum', Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Botany) 7, 1864, pp.

69-83.
Darwin, Charles, 'Ancient Gardening', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 41, 8 October 1864, p. 965.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria', Journal of the
Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, 8, 1865, pp. 169-96.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants', Journal of the Linnaean Society of
London (Botany), 9, 1865, pp. 1-118. [Digitization forthcoming].
Darwin, Charles, 'Partial Change of Sex in Unisexual Flowers', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 6, 10
February 1866, p. 127.
Darwin, Charles, 'Oxalis Bowei', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 32, 11 August 1866 p. 756.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cross-fertilising Papilionaceous Flowers', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 32, 11 August
1866, p. 756.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Cypripediums', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 14, 6 April 1867, p. 350.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the Common Broom', in George Henslow, 'Note on the Structure of
Indigofera, as Apparently Offering Facilities for the Intercrossing of Distinct Flowers,' Journal of the
Linnean Society, Botany, 9, 1867, p. 358.
Darwin, Charles, '[Inquiry about Proportional Number of Males and Females Born to Domestic
Animals]', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 7, 15 February 1868, p. 160.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the Illegitimate Unions
of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants', Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, 10, 1868, pp. 393-437.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, Brit. F. (var. officinalis of Linn.),
P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common
Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum', Journal
of the Linnean Society, Botany, 10, 1868, pp. 437-454.
Darwin, Charles, 'Queries about Expression for Anthropological Inquiry', Annual Report of the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . . . for the Year 1867. Senate Mis. doc. no. 86, 1868, p. 324.
Darwin, Charles, 'Hedgehogs', Hardwicke's Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and

Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, 1 Dec. 1868. p. 280.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Formation of Mould by Worms', Gardeners' Chronicle, no. 20, 15 May 1869 p.
530.
Darwin, Charles, 'Pangenesis: Mr. Darwin's Reply to Professor Delpino', Scientific Opinion: A Weekly
Record of Scientific Progress at Home & Abroad, 2, 1869, p. 426.
2174, 26 June 1869, p. 861.
2177, 17 July 1869, p. 82.
Darwin, Charles, 'Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th
series, iv. 1869, pp. 141-159.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants', Nature, 1 November 1869, vol. i. p. 85.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker', Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, 1870, pp. 705-706.
Darwin, Charles, 'Pangenesis', Nature, 27 April 1871, vol. iii. p. 502.
Darwin, Charles, 'A new view of Darwinism', Nature, 6 July 1871, vol. iv. p. 180.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of Leschenaultia', Gardeners' Chronicle, 9 September 1871, p. 1166.
Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter from Mr. Darwin', Index, vol. 2, 23 December 1871, p. 404.
Darwin, Charles, 'Bree on Darwinism', Nature, 8 August 1872, vol. vi. p. 279.
Darwin, Charles, 'Inherited Instinct', Nature, 13 February 1873, vol. vii. p. 281.
Darwin, Charles, 'Perception in the Lower Animals', Nature, 13 March 1873, vol. vii. p. 360.
Darwin, Charles, 'Origin of certain instincts', Nature, 3 April 1873, vol. vii. p. 417.
Darwin, Charles, 'Habits of Ants', Nature, 24 July 1873, vol. viii. p. 244.

Darwin, Charles, 'On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on Rudimentary
Structures', Nature, 25 September 1873, vol. viii. pp. 431-2.
Darwin, Charles, 'Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees', Nature, 19 February 1874, vol. ix. p.
308.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae', Nature, 16 April 1874, vol. ix. p. 460.
Darwin, Charles, 'Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds', Nature, 23 April 1874, vol. ix. p. 482.
Darwin, Charles, 'Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds', Nature, 14 May 1874, vol. x. pp. 24-5.
Darwin, Charles, '[A Communication on Irritability of Pinguicula]', Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. 2, 4 July
1874, p. 15.
Darwin, Charles, 'Cherry Blossoms', Nature, 11 May 1876, vol. xiv. p. 28.
Darwin, Charles, 'Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys', Nature, 2 November 1876, vol. xv. p. 18.
Reprinted as a supplement to the Descent of Man, 1871.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fritz Mller on Flowers and Insects', Nature, November 29, 1876, vol. xvii. p. 78.
Darwin, Charles, 'Holly Berries', Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. 7, 6 January 1877, p. 19.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees', Gardeners' Chronicle, 20 January 1877, p.
83.
Darwin, Charles, 'Note on Fertilisation of Plants', Gardeners' Chronicle, 24 February 1877, p. 246.
Darwin, Charles, 'Testimoninial to Mr. Darwin-Evolution in the Netherlands-with a letter by Darwin',

Nature, 8 March 1877, vol. 15, pp. 410-12.
Darwin, Charles, 'A biographical sketch of an infant', Mind, July 1877, pp. 285-294.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Contractile Filaments of the Teasel', Nature, 23 August 1877, vol. 16. p. 339.
Darwin, Charles, 'Growth under Difficulties, Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. 8, 29 December 1877, p. 805.

Darwin, Charles, 'Transplantation of Shells', Nature, 30 May 1878, pp. 120-1.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fritz Mller on a Frog having Eggs on its back-on the abortion of the hairs on the legs
of certain Caddis-Flies, etc.', Nature, 20 March 1879, vol. xix. pp. 462-3.
Darwin, Charles, 'Rats and Water-Casks', Nature, 27 March vollume xix. p. 481.
Darwin, Charles, 'Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose', Nature, 1 January vol. xxi.
p. 207.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies', Nature, 8 January 1880, vol xxi. p. 237.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Omori Shell Mounds', Nature, 15 April 1880, vol. xxi p. 561.
Darwin, Charles, 'Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection', Nature, 11 November 1880, vol. xxiii. p.
32.
Darwin, Charles, 'Black Sheep', Nature, 30 December 1880 vol. xxiii. p. 193.
Darwin, Charles, 'Movements of Plants', Nature, 3 March 1881 vol. xxiii. p. 409.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mr. Darwin on Vivisection', British Medical Journal, 1, 1881, p. 660.
Darwin, Charles, 'Mr. Darwin on Vivisection', Times, 22 April 1881.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Movements of Leaves', Nature, 28 April 1881, vol. xxiii pp. 603-4.
Darwin, Charles, 'Inheritance', Nature, 21 July 1881 vol. xxiv. p. 257.
Darwin, Charles, 'Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation', Nature, 15 September 1881, vol. xxiv. p.
459.
Darwin, Charles, 'A Letter to Mrs. Emily Talbot on the Mental and Bodily Development of Infants',
Nature, 13 October 1881, vol. xxiv p. 565.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus', Nature, 17 November 1881, vol. xxv. pp. 51-2.
Darwin, Charles, 'Preliminary notice' in W. van Dyck, 'On the Modification of a Race of Syrian Street-

Dogs by Means of Sexual Selection: With a Preliminary Notice by Charles Darwin', Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, no. 25, 1882, pp. 367-70.
Darwin, Charles, 'On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves', Nature, 6 April 1882, vol. xxv. pp. 529-530.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of Certain Plants', Journal of the
Linnean Society (Botany) 19, 1882, pp. 239-61.
Darwin, Charles, 'The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-Bodies', Journal of the Linnean
Society (Botany) 19, 1882, pp. 262-84.
PUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS
Darwin, Francis, ed., The foundations of the Origin of Species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844 by
Charles Darwin. Cambridge, 1909.
Barrett, Paul H., Metaphysics, Materialism, and the Evolution of Mind: Early Writings of Charles
Darwin. Transcribed and Annotated by Paul H. Barrett. With a Commentary by Howard E. Gruber.
Chicago, 1980.
Barlow, Nora ed., The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882. With original omissions restored.
1958.
Darwin, Charles, Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844, Cambridge University Press. 1987. (Also
published as: Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844: Geology, Transmutation of Species,
Metaphysical Enquiries. London: Ithaca, N.Y., British Museum (Natural History); Cornell University
Press, 1987. [Contains: previously published notebooks B, C, D, and E (1837-1839), M and N (1838-
1840), "Red Notebook" (1835-1837), "Old and Useless Notes" (1838-1840), and "Abstract of
Macculloch" (1838). Previously unpublished notebooks are: A (1837-1839) on geology, the "Glen Roy
Notebook" (1838), the "Torn Apart Notebook" (1839-1841); seven "Summer 1842" sheets; "Zoological
Notes, Edinburgh Notebook" (1837-1839); and "Questions and Experiments" (1839-1844).]
Darwin, Charles, Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary. Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press,
1988.
Darwin, Charles, The Red Notebook of Charles Darwin. London: Ithaca, British Museum (Natural
History); Cornell University Press, 1980.
Darwin, Charles, Charles Darwin's Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of his Big Species Book

Written from 1856 to 1858. London; New York, Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Darwin, Charles, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. ed. by Frederick Burkhardt, S. Smith et al.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (1985-).
di Gregorio, Mario A. with of N. W. Gill eds., Charles Darwin's Marginalia. 2 Vols. New York:
Garland Publishing, 1989.
Keynes, R. ed., Charles Darwin's : zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Note: This bibliography is currently incomplete. For a more complete bibliography see the online
version by the Darwin Correspondence Project.
Secondary Bibliography
[Note: this bibliography is only an introductory guide to a vast literature.]
Beer, Gillian, 'Darwin's Reading and the Fictions of Development', in David Kohn The Darwinian
Heritage, 1985.
Beer, Gillian, Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century
Fiction. 1983.
Bowler, Peter J., Theories of Human Evolution. 1989.
Bowler, Peter J., Charles Darwin, the man and his influence. Cambridge, 1990.
Bowler, Peter J., The Non-Darwinian Revolution, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Bowler, Peter J., Evolution: The History of an Idea, 1989.
Bratchell, D.F., The Impact of Darwin. Avebury, 1981.
Browne, Janet, Charles Darwin: Voyaging. London, 1995. vol. 1; vol. 2: Charles Darwin: The power of
place. London, 2002.

Darwin, Charles, Charles Darwin's Natural Selection, being the second part of his big species book
written from 1856 to 1858. ed. by R.C. Stauffer Cambridge, 1975.
Darwin, Charles, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. ed. by Frederick Burkhardt, S. Smith et al,
Cambridge, 1985 - (See the on-line calendar with brief details of all known letters to and from Darwin
and a complete list of correspondents and brief biographies of them.)
Darwin, Charles, Darwin's Notebooks on Transmutation of Species. ed. Gavin de Beer Bulletin of the
British Museum Natural History Historical series vol. 2 no 2 London 1960.
Darwin, Charles, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin: A variorum text. ed. by Morse Peckham,
Philadelphia, 1959.
Desmond, Adrian and Moore, James, Darwin. London, 1991.
Freeman, R. B., Charles Darwin: A companion. 1978.
Freeman, R. B., The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographic Handlist. London, Dawsons
of Pall Mall, 1965; 2d ed, 1977.
Gillispie, C.C, 'Lamarck and Darwin in the History of Science' in Glass et al eds, Forerunners of
Darwin. pp. 265-91.
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution London, 1959.
Hodge, M.J.S. and D. Kohn, 'The immediate origins of Natural Selection', in D. Kohn ed. The
Darwinian Heritage, pp. 185-206.
Hodge, M.J.S. and G. Radick eds., The Cambridge Companion to Darwin. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
Hull, D.L., Darwin and his Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific
Community Cambridge, Mass., 1974.
Irvine, William, Apes, Angels and Victorians: A joint biography of Darwin and Huxley. London, 1956.
James, Rosemary, 'Evolutionary Philosophy and Darwin's Expression of Emotions', Victorian Review,
1992, 18:2, pp. 1-27.
Kohn, David, ed., The Darwinian Heritage. Princeton, 1985.

Mayr, Ernst, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. 1985.
Mayr, Ernst, One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the genesis of modern evolutionary thought
London, 1991.
McKinney, H. ed., Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology. Kansas 1971.
Moore, James R., 'Darwin of Down: The evolutionist as squarson-naturalist', in D. Kohn ed., The
Darwinian Heritage, Princeton, 1985, pp. 435-481.
Moore, James R., The Darwin legend. 1994.
Moore, James R., The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A study of the Protestant struggle to come to
terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900 Cambridge, 1979.
Morton, Peter, The vital science: biology and the literary imagination, 1860-1900. 1984.
Oldroyd, David R., Darwinian Impacts, Milton Keynes, 1980.
Passmore, John, 'Darwin's Impact on British Metaphysics' Victorian Studies, vol. 3 1960 pp. 41-54.
Peckham, Morese ed., Darwin, C. The Origin of Species: A Variorum Text. Philadelphia, University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1959.
Richards, E., 'Will the Real Charles Darwin Please Stand Up', New Scientist, 22 Dec. 1983, pp. 884-887.
Richards, Robert J., Darwin and the emergence of evolution - theories in mind and behaviour. Chicago,
1987.
Schweber, Silvan, 'The Origin of the Origin Revisited', Journal of the History of Biology vol . 10 no. 2,
Fall 1977, pp. 229-316.
Seward, C. ed., Darwin and Modern Science: Essays in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of
Charles Darwin and of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of The Origin of Species. Cambridge,
1909.
Shapin, S. and B. Barnes, 'Darwin and Social Darwinism: Purity and History', in B. Barnes and S.
Shapin eds. Natural order: historical studies of scientific culture, 1979, pp. 125-142.
Sulloway, Frank J., 'Darwin and the Galapagos', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1984, 21: 29-

59.
Sulloway, Frank J., 'Darwin's Conversion: The Beagle Voyage and Its Aftermath', Journal of the History
of Biology, vol. 15, no.3, Fall 1982, pp. 325-396.
Stott, Rebecca, Darwin and the Barnacle.
White, Michael & Gribbin, John, Darwin: A life in science London, 1995.
Willey, Basil, Darwin and Butler: Two versions of Evolution London, 1960.
Young, Robert M., Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture Cambridge, 1985.
See also: Related texts and Darwin links.
Return to homepage
The materials provided on this website may be freely cited and distributed to classes but reposting on
other websites, publishing, or other reproductions are subject to the written permission of John van
Wyhe.

The Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design Controversy
The Evolution Controversy
The issue: What restrictions does the First Amendment place on the ability of states
and school boards to restrict the teaching of evolution or encourage the teaching of
"creation science" in the public school classrooms?
Introduction Cases
Conflict between science and religion began Epperson vs. Arkansas (1968)
well before Charles Darwin published Origin of Edwards vs Aguillard (1987)
the Species. The most famous early
controversy was the trial of Galileo in 1633 for Essays
"Justice Fortas and the Overturning
publishing Dialogue, a book that supported the
Copernicun theory that the earth revolved of the Anti-Evolution Law"
around the sun, rather than--as the Bible "Justices Brennan and Scalia Debate "Creation-
suggests-- the other way around. Science" in Edwards v Aguillard"
The so-called "Scopes Monkey Trial" of 1925,
concerning enforcement of a Tennessee statute
that prohibited teaching the theory of evolution
in public school classrooms, was a fascinating
courtroom drama featuring Clarence Darrow
dueling with three-time presidential candidate
William Jennings Bryan. However entertaining
the trial in Dayton, Tennessee was, it did not
resolve the question of whether the First
Amendment permitted states to ban teaching of
a theory that contradicted religious beliefs. Not
until 1968 did the Supreme Court rule in
Epperson vs. Arkansas that such bans
contravene the Establishment Clause because
their primary purpose is religious. The Court
used the same rationale in 1987 in Edwards vs
Aguillard to strike down a Louisiana law that
required biology teachers who taught the theory
of evolution to also discuss evidence supporting John Scopes, defendant in the celebrated 1925 trial
concerning the teaching of evolution.
the theory called "creation science."
The controversy continues in new forms today.
In 1999, for example, the Kansas Board of Other Materials
Education voted to remove evolution from the Tennessee vs. Scopes (1927)
list of subjects tested on state standardized Genesis, Chapter 1
tests, in effect encouraging local school boards
Tennessee's Anti-Evolution Statute
to consider dropping or de-emphasizing
evolution. In 2000, Kansas voters responded to Account of the Scopes Trial
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htm (1 of 5)11/9/2004 4:06:42 AM

the proposed change by throwing out enough Scopes Trial Transcript

anti-evolution Board members to restore the old Biology Book Used by Scopes
science standards. In 2002, attention shifted to Images of the Scopes Trial
Ohio, which is presently considering changes in
CNN.com Chat on Scopes Trial (7/12/2000)
its science curriculum.
Conflicts between science and religion will not Nation Article on the Kansas Controversy (1999)
end any time soon. In the future, legal conflicts N.Y. Times Article on Intelligent Design Theory
between science and religion can be expected (2001)
over theories such as "The Big Bang," which Creationism in 2001: State by State Report
also undermines Fundamentalist beliefs about Notes on Intelligent Design in the Public Schools
creation.
(2001)
Who's What?
A CREATIONIST: A creationist is a person who
rejects the theory of evolution and believes
instead that the each species on earth was put
here by a Divine Being. A Creationist might
accept "micro-evolution" (changes in the form
of a species over time based on natural
selection), but rejects the notion that one
species can-- over time-- become another
species.
Biographies of Key Figures in the Controversy
(2004) YOUNG EARTH CREATIONIST: A young earth
Four Evolutionists Four Creationists creationist believes that the earth is nowhere
near the 4.6 billion or so years old that most
Charles Darwin William B. Riley scientists estimate, but is instead closer to
6,000 or so years old, based on the assumption
Thomas Huxley William Jennings Bryan the Genesis contains a complete listing of the
Stephen Jay Gould Henry M. Morris generations from Adam and Eve to historical
times.
Steven Pinker Phillip E. Johnson
INTELLIGENT DESIGN PROPONENT: An ID
Prof's Prerogative proponent rejects the theory of evolution and,
more generally, the notion that natural law and
1. Evolution (the transformation over a long period
chance alone can explain the diversity of life
of time from one species into another) is a fact--as
on earth. Instead, the ID proponent argues--
well-established as any other fact in the world of
often from statistics--that the diversity of life is
science. What theory of evolution is the
the result of a purposeful scheme of some
explanation for how that transformation occurs, and
higher power (who may or may not be the God
that remains a matter of some dispute.
of the Bible).
2. Although fossil evidence sufficiently
demonstrates the fact of evolution, even more
compelling evidence today comes today from DNA EVOLUTIONIST: An evolutionist accepts the
testing of species. In the future, most of our Darwinian argument that natural selection and
additional knowledge of evolution will come from environmental factors combine to explain the
what we can learn from DNA. diversity of life we see on earth. An
3. To call evolution a "theory" says nothing about its evolutionist may or may not believe that
ability to accurately explain facts observed in the evolution is the way in which a Divine Being

world. The sun-centered solar system of has chosen to work in the world. Evolutionists
Copernicus and Galileo is a theory. divide into various camps, including
4. Evolution is the central theory of biology. It is a PUNCTUALISTS (who believe that evolution
powerful tool for explaining the presence of millions usually occurs sporadically, in relatively short
of fossils and other evidence (such as the fact that bursts, as the result of major environmental
over 98% of the DNA of chimpanzees and humans change) and GRADUALISTS (who are more
is identical) about the origin of life forms. inclined to believe that evolution occurs more
5. Evolution is not considered to be inconsistent evenly, over longer periods of time). The
with the religious beliefs of most Christians or Jews. PUNCTUALISTS seem now to be winning the
Most mainline Protestant denominations, the argument.
Catholic Church, and many other religious faiths
accept the teaching of evolution. (See, e.g., essay
below describing the Pope's accepting view of
evolution.)
Questions
6. There is not a single first-rate biologist* in the
United States who does not believe that life on earth 1. Is it consistent with the intentions of the framers to
has developed through the process of evolution, call every law that has the primary purpose of
starting with single-cell organisms. advancing religious beliefs a violation of the
(*This seems to be a controversial assertion. As Establishment Clause?
one objective measure, consider the group of 2. Is it a violation of the Establishment Clause for a
tenured members of the biology departments in the biology teacher to discuss with her students the
nation's fifty top-rated universities. I do not mean, of reasons that she believes in "intelligent design
course, to suggest that all people who reject theory" (the theory that holds the universe was the
evolution are second-rate thinkers.) product of the conscious design of a Creator)?
7. There are disputes about evolution as there are 3. Is it a violation of the Establishment Clause for a
about almost any theory. For example, most--but biology teacher to tell his students "the story of
not all--biologists believe that evolution has not creation in Genesis is hogwash and here's why"?
worked evenly throughout history: they believe that 4. If a State Education Board decides to drop
there have been periods of rapid evolutionary evolution from the list of courses it requires to be
change followed by long periods of relatively little taught in public schools, does that decision violate
evolutionary change. the Establishment Clause?
8. It took over 200 years, but eventually the Catholic 5. May a biology teacher be fired, on competence
Church accepted the scientific evidence that the grounds, either for teaching creation science or for
earth revolved around the sun. Eventually, most not teaching evolution?
Fundamentalists will come to accept the theory of 6. Is the desire of state or school board officials to
evolution as well--whether in 20 years or in 200 is avoid entanglement in a primarily religious
hard to say. But it will happen. Facts are stubborn controversy a "secular purpose"?
things. 7. May a school system allow Fundamentalists to
opt out of classes in which evolution is discussed?
Essay: Would that be a good solution to the controversy?
What the Vatican Says About Evolution

The man who started it all: Charles Darwin
Further Reading
The case for the theory of evolution is made most
compellingly in Science and Creationism (Ashley
"The Darape" Montagu, ed.)(1984 Oxford Press) which includes
essays by scientists such as Asimov, Hardin,
Selected E-mail Messages Gould, Marsden, Boulding, Stent, and others.
A student's pro-Creationist critique of this page Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould
Critique of this page by a Creationist theologian devoted considerable attention to the issue. His
works are voluminous. Some of the better reads
Creationist critique #3
include Wonderful Life (1989), Bully for
E-mail messages from an eyewitness to the Brontosaurus (1991), Dinosaur in a Haystack
Scopes trial (1995), and Ever Since Darwin (1977).
The most important critique of evolution is
Pro-Creationism Sites: presented by Berkeley law professor Phillip
Center for Scientific Creation Johnson in his Darwin on Trial (2nd ed., 1993).
Creation Science
Creation Research Society
Access Research Network
Discovery Institute
Creation-Evolution Encyclopedia
Answers in Genesis, Response to Sci Am's "15
Answers"
Sites Generally Supporting Evolutionary Theory:

BBC's Evolution Website
Scientific American, "15 Answers to Creationist Darwin's H. M.S. Beagle
Nonsense"
Evolution Entrance (UC_Berkeley) Why does this debate go on and on?
Darwin's Evidence for Evolution

Origin of Life The theory of evolution undermines the view that

Introduction to Evolutionary Biology we as a a species have a special place in the
universe. It suggests that the universe is chance-
Creation/Evolution Bibliography Database
filled. Those are hard ideas for us to accept.
Creation "Science" Debunked Genesis is much more comforting. Believing, as
National Center for Science Education many people do, that every word (or nearly every
Design Arguments Critiqued word) of the Bible is the literal word of God gives
those believers a great deal of personal peace
and joy.
Perhaps the state should not force exposure to

the theory of evolution to those students who
view the theory as too threatening. Perhaps. But
at the same time, the majority of students who do
not subscribe to a literalist interpretation of the
Bible need to be prepared for advanced study in
biology, should they choose to undertake it.
They need to know about evolution. Teachers
should follow the facts wherever they go.
Exploring Constitutional Conflicts Homepage

AboutDarwin.com - Home Page
14 December 2003 - The family tree for This month we present a series of photographs
Charles Darwin has been added to the "Mr. from the valley of Glen Roy, where Charles
Darwin" section. Darwin studied the geology of the area. Click
here to see the pictures.
10 November 2003 - The story of how H.M.S. Beagle got
its name has been added to the "Literature" section. Check back next month when we'll have a beautiful
series of photographs from the village of Downe, where
3 October 2003 - Information about Darwin's taste in
Charles Darwin lived for over forty years.
music and literature has been added to the "Mr. Darwin"
section.
7 September 2003 - News about the rare BBC mini-series

on Charles Darwin has been added to the "Literature"
section.
The "All about Charles Darwin" section is being Volume 13 of the "Correspondence of Charles
worked on. New sections are being added as fast Darwin", covering the year 1865, has just been
as possible. Click here to see what has been added so far. published by Cambridge University Press and was
made available in November 2002.
The 2nd part of the illustrated Voyage of the Beagle will
be completed. Detailed maps of the voyage are being Randal Keynes has published an excellent book on
created, and the text is nearly finished. Charles Darwin and how the death of his daughter,
Annie, affected his life and work. The title is - "Annie's
Box: Charles Darwin, his Daughter and Human
Evolution" Click here to read an on-line review this
fascinating book.
See what major events in Darwin's life took "There is apparently much truth in the belief that
place in March. This section is updated each the wonderful progress of the United States, as
month. Click here to see the entire list. well as the character of the people, are the results
of Natural Selection; for the more energetic, restless, and
A FEW NOTABLE EVENTS - courageous men from all parts of Europe have emigrated
during the last ten or twelve generations to that great
March 1871 early country, and have there succeeded best." (From "Descent
"Descent of Man" is published in two volumes, one on of Man" Paul Barrett & R.B. Freeman, editors, New York
man's ancestry, and the other on sexual selection. University Press, page 147)
2 March 1841
Darwin and Emma's first daughter, Anne Elizabeth, is
born.
http://www.aboutdarwin.com/ (1 of 2)11/9/2004 4:06:56 AM

AboutDarwin.com - Home Page
March 1837 late

John Gould, an ornithologist at the London Zoo Museum,
examines the finches Darwin brought back from the
Galapagos Islands.
Website content last updated on 1 March 2004

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UPHOLDING THE AUTHORITY OF THE BIBLE FROM THE VERY FIRST VERSE
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Creation Magazine Email to a friend Printer-friendly version
by Dr. Terry Mortenson, AiGUSA
6 November 2004
Subscribe | Renew
The 33-page cover story of the November issue of National Geographic asks
Search Archives: the question, Was Darwin wrong? After decades of evolutionary
GO propaganda, the magazine surprised no one with their confident answer,
No! But scientifically informed and careful thinking readers will not be
persuaded by the overwhelming evidence (p. 4) presented.
Upcoming Events Obviously, National Geographic (hereafter simply NG) thinks that a
significant percentage of their readers are slipping in their faith in evolution
> Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia and need a remedial course in the some of the abundant, various, ever
> Colac, VIC, Australia increasing, solidly interconnected, and easily available evidence (p. 8). NG
> Warrnambool, VIC, Australia admits that nearly half of Americans dont believe in evolution, due in part to
> Carlisle, Cumbria, United Kingdom Scriptural literalism [really, its simply believing Gods plain word] and the
> Singapore, Republic of Singapore proselytizing [NG isnt proselytizing, of course?] work of young-earth
creationist and intelligent design proponents (p. 6). They also blame it on
honest confusion and ignorance; but given that the popular science
magazines, the mass media and the educational establishment are
controlled by evolutionists, evolutionists have no one to blame but
themselves for this alleged confusion and ignorance.
They are also hoping that their readers have a short memory. Only about
five years ago, NG promoted Archaeoraptor as proof that We can now
say that birds are theropods just as confidently as we say that humans are
mammals.1 However, this turned out to be a hoaxa Piltdown Birdsee
ArchaeoraptorPhony feathered fossil. They had to publish an
embarrassing recantation, but now they are back to their old indoctrinating
tricks.
The article starts with some of the usual patronizing nonsense refuting the
evolution is just a theory claim. But this is a straw man, as we have long
advised creationists from saying this very thingsee this section of our
dont use page. This section also refutes the very fallacy that NG tries to
foist upon its readers: that we should not dignify evolution with a word like
theory, and put the goo-to-you conjecture on the same level as the theory
of relativity and theories of electricity. Rather, these theories that NG
confidently compares with evolution are based on repeatable observations in
the present, while evolution is a claim about the unobserved past. See

Naturalism, Origin and Operation Science.
The article says that two big ideas are at issue here: the historical
phenomenon of the evolution of all species (descended from a common
ancestor) and natural selection as the main mechanism causing that
phenomenon (p. 8).
The fundamental points of debate: Information
To understand the following brief analysis of this article, it will be important

to remember some important facts about life and the creationist view. All
living things contain in their cells the DNA molecule that carries the
information (genetic instructions) for making all aspects of that creature and
all this information is in the first fertilized cell of each kind of creature.
Amoeba DNA has no information for making hooves, hair, tails and eyes, but
horse DNA does. Alligator DNA has no genetic information for producing
feathers, hollow bones and one-way lung systems, but eagles do (as did
Archaeopteryx). Some DNA information is common to many different kinds
of creatures, but there are also differences.
So the key questions related to evolution are these. One, how did this
information come into existence in the evolutionists supposed first living
microscopic creature? And, second, how did the information in that simple
creature get changed and augmented to produce all the different kinds of
plants and animals that we see living and in the fossil record?
The NG article doesnt even attempt to address the first question, with good
reason. As the world famous astrobiologist, Paul Davies, says:
It's a shame that there are precious few hard facts when it
comes to the origin of life. We have a rough idea when it
began on Earth, and some interesting theories about where,
but the how part has everybody stumped. Nobody knows how
a mixture of lifeless chemicals spontaneously organised
themselves into the first living cell.2
This is not surprising, given the problems with chemical evolution to explain
lifes origin, and the key role of genetic information in the making of living
creatures. Dr. Werner Gitt is a leading German scientist and young-earth
creationist who is an expert on information theory. In his powerful, tightly
reasoned book, In the Beginning was Information, he argues, There is no
known law of nature, no known process and no known sequence of events
which can cause information to originate by itself in matter.3
So the evolution theory is in big trouble right from the beginning. But it gets
worse, because, as creationists have repeatedly argued, and as we review
below, natural selection and mutations (either alone or together) do not
produce the increase of new genetic information needed to support the goo-
to-you-via-the-zoo theory of evolution.
Creationists believe, based on the clear teaching of Genesis, that God

supernaturally made different kinds of plants and animals during the first
six literal days of history and that He endowed those creatures with the
genetic information to produce enormous varieties within the original kinds
but not the ability to change into a different kind. Creation scientists (with

PhDs earned at secular, evolution-dominated universities) are involved in

ongoing scientific research to try to define the genetic boundaries of the
original kinds, but most seem to agree that, generally speaking, the Genesis
kinds are in most cases at the genus or family level, not the species level of
modern taxonomic classification. See What is the Biblical creationist model?
and Variation, information and the created kind.
So the contrast between evolution and creation is clear. Evolutionists believe

in the tree of lifethat all living things are descended from one common
ancestor. That is, they believe in vertical change from one kind of creature
to another. Creationists believe in the forest of lifehorizontal variation
within the original created kind, but not one kind changing into another.
Which view really fits the scientific evidence?
Concerning natural selection, NG gets it wrong at the start when it says that
Wallace and Darwin share the kudos for having discovered natural
selection (p. 8). Actually, a respected creationist British scientist, Edward
Blyth, discussed the concept (without using the term) 25 years before
Darwin published his famous book. Blyth attributed variation within the
original created kinds to changes in environment or food supply.4 NG
describes natural selection as the natural culling of useless or negative
variations (p. 8), but this reveals the fatal flaw in Darwins theory. As
creationists have continually pointed out, natural selection doesnt create
anything new, it only selects from the existing genetic information from
which the varieties are produced. The result is either the preservation of
some of that information in a variety well suited to a particular environment
or the complete loss of some of the information through extinction of a
variety. But what never results is the increase or creation of new genetic
information.
NG misleads its readers and evades this information argument when it

showcases losses of information as proof of goo-to-you evolution, which
would involve massive increases of information. For example, NG asks, Why
do certain species of flightless beetles have wings that never open? (pp. 12
13). We have long ago pointed out that such beetles did arise from beetles
with fully functional wings because of a mutation that crippled the power of
flight. But in some environments, such a mutation may be beneficial, i.e.
benefiting the organism. For example, on a windy island, a beetle that flew
into the air may be blown into the sea, while flightless ones will avoid that
peril. But the bottom line is the beetle has lost something; this doesnt
explain how beetles or flight could have arisen in the first place. See Beetle
bloopers: Even a defect can be an advantage sometimes, even though it
results from a loss of genetic information.
The evidence for evolution is presented by NG in four categories:

biogeography (the study of the geographical distribution of living creatures),
paleontology (the study of fossils), embryology (the study of the
development of embryos to birth) and morphology (the study of the shape
and design of creatures). Darwin used all these arguments, and so do
modern evolutionists.
Biogeography
Evolutionists say that only evolution can explain why there are certain
creatures in one location, say kangaroos in Australia, but not in another
location. However, Darwin claimed that evolution explained the pattern of

life on fixed continents, while now evolution is supposed to explain the

pattern of life on continents that moved apart from one big one. If evolution
is so flexible that it can explain such mutually incompatible distributions,
then it explains nothing at all.
Also, there are many puzzles to the observed distribution of living and fossil
creatures. For example, kangaroos are not mainly in Australia because they
evolved there. And evolutionists have to admit that marsupials once lived in
Europe, Asia and North America (in profusion in the latter), but now are
largely absent (except for opossums in the Americas). Here is a revealing
admission from two evolutionists:
Living marsupials are restricted to Australia and South

America (which were part of the supercontinent Gondwana);
North American opossums are recent immigrants to the
continent. In contrast, metatherian fossils from the Late
Cretaceous are exclusively from Eurasia and North America
(which formed the supercontinent Laurasia). This geographical
switch remains unexplained.5
But creationists contend that there are much better explanations of the
biogeographic evidence, which flow from understanding the changes in
climate and sea level after the global catastrophic Flood at the time of Noah
and the fact that post-Flood people would have intentionally (and sometimes
unknowingly) taken plants and animals to different parts of the world as
they repopulated the earth. See Migration Q&A and chapter 1 of
Woodmorrappes book, Studies in Flood Geology.
Closely related species in an area, such as the thirteen species of finches in

the Galpagos Islands that Darwin explored, have indeed arisen from a
common ancestor. But finches changing into finches dont tell us where
finches came from in the first place. Rather, they are a classic example of
sorting out genetic information, not generating new information, and far
more quickly than evolutionists expected but just what the creation model
predictedsee Darwins finches: Evidence supporting rapid post-Flood
adaptation. Also, recent work shows that many of the changes are really the
result of a built-in capacity to respond to cyclically changing climates. For
example, while a drought resulted in a slight increase in beak size, the
change was reversed when the rains returned.
This argument applies to the other NG examples of anoles, mole rats, ants,
pigeons and fruit flies. Its also important to note that Darwins argument
was against a compromising view similar to that of progressive creationists
such as Hugh Ross: namely, that God created individual species where they
are now living.
Contrary to what the NG article implies, informed creationists do indeed

believe that new species can arise. But these are the result of the reshuffling
or loss of the genetic information in the original created kinds. As explained
earlier, creationist scientists do not believe that the original created
kinds (mentioned in Genesis 1) are equivalent to the modern man-made
taxonomic classification of species, but more likely approximates the
family level. Much recent evidence has accumulated to show that
speciation can happen rapidly, which has surprised evolutionists but fits
perfectly with the Bibles teachingssee Speedy species surprise.

Paleontology
NG leads readers to believe that Darwin thought the fossil record supported
his theory. But actually he admitted more than once in his famous book6
that the fossil record is an embarrassment to his theory of descent from a
common ancestor. He knew that if his theory was true, there should be
countless numbers of transitional forms (e.g., 100% reptile, 75% reptile-
25% bird, 50% reptile-50%bird, 25% reptile-75%bird, 100% bird and many
transitional forms between each of those). Darwin attributed the lack of
evidence to our ignorance of the fossil record. But today our museums are
loaded with fossils and the missing links are still missing.
As the late Harvard evolutionary geologist, Stephen Gould, put it:
The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record

persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The evolutionary
trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and
nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however
reasonable, not the evidence of fossils.7
In a 1979 letter responding to the late creationist, Luther Sunderland, Colin

Patterson, then Senior Palaeontologist at the British Museum of Natural
History in London, concurred:
I fully agree with your comments on the lack of direct

illustration of evolutionary transitions in my book. If I knew of
any, fossil or living, I would certainly have included them. You
suggest that an artist should be used to visualize such
transformations, but where would he get the information
from? I could not, honestly, provide it, and if I were to leave it
to artistic license, would that not mislead the reader? ... You
say that I should at least show a photo of the fossil from
which each type of organism was derived. I will lay it on the
line there is not one such fossil for which one could make a
watertight argument.8
Richard Dawkins evolutionist disciple at Oxford University, Mark Ridley, is

emphatic:
However, the gradual change of fossil species has never been

part of the evidence for evolution. In the chapters on the fossil
record in the Origin of Species Darwin showed that the record
was useless for testing between evolution and special creation
because it has great gaps in it. The same argument still
applies. ... In any case, no real evolutionist, whether
gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence
in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special
creation.9 [emphasis in the original]
So I guess the folks at NG are not real evolutionists, or at least not very
informed. They certainly offer nothing in this article to negate these
statements. Incredibly, NG even admits that illuminating but spotty, the
fossil record is like a film of evolution from which 999 out of every 1000
frames have been lost on the cutting-room floor (p. 25). So there you have
it. Evolution is 99.9% imagination! NG quickly reassures us that dozens of

intermediate forms have been found, but they only give two examples:
horses and whales.
Creationists have exposed the flaws in the supposed horse evolution story
for years. The story told by the fossils in South America is backwards
compared to the story told by the fossils in North Americasee Whats
happened to the horse? Rather, the horse tree is really a bush, and
comprises merely variants within the horse kind, and most likely a non-
horse at the bottomsee The non-evolution of the horse: Special creation or
evolved rock badger? and pages 18997 in Evolution: The Fossils Still Say
No! A previous flawed attempt by NG (in 1981) to use horse fossils to
support evolution is exposed in Horse find defies evolution.
As for whale evolution, NG refers to the work

of paleontologist Philip Gingerich. It discusses
his research on Pakicetus (whale from
Pakistan), but doesnt reveal the real story.
In 1994 Gingerich claimed Pakicetus was a
creature perfectly intermediate between a
land animal and a whale.10 The fossil
evidence at the time only consisted of parts of
the skull, yet Gingerichs artist drew the
creature swimming in the ocean with front
legs like a land animal but the mouth and a
rear end looking like a sea creature as it was Pakicetus reconstruction
trying to eat fish. But by 2001 more fossils
had been found11 and it was concluded that
Pakicetus was no more amphibious than a
tapir.12 Yet NG misleadingly tells us that
Gingerich discovered Pakicetus, a terrestrial
mammal (p. 31). Thats not what he called it
when he discovered it and wrote about it in
the scientific literature!
NG goes on to say that Gingerich now

believes that whales are related to antelope
based on a single piece of fossil found in
What was found
2000. It was part of the anklebone of a new (fossil evidence in red)
species of whale, they said. But later they
found the other part and realized that it was
an anklebone, from a four-legged whale.
Hold on! When was the last time you saw a Gingerich, J. Geol. Educ.,
31:140144, 1983.
four-legged whale? Evolutionists are playing
language games to call the fins and tail of a
whale legs. But if, as NG says, the fossil closely resembled the anklebone
in artiodactyls (hoofed land animals, such as antelopes), then how on earth
could this single piece of fossil evidence be interpreted as being in any way
related to whales? In evolution theory, imagination is king! NG says at this
point this is how science is supposed to work (p. 31). Really?
For more refutation of the supposed fossil evidence for evolution, readers
should consult Darwins Enigma, Evolution: The Fossils Still Say No! and
chapter 5 of Creation Scientists Answer Their Critics.
Embryology and Morphology

Similarity of shape or design can just as well, if not more so, point to a
common designer, rather than a common ancestor. Roller skates, bikes,
cars, trucks, busses and trains all have wheels, but one is not the ancestor
of the other. They are similar because intelligent human designers have all
thought that wheels are a good way to move things on land. So too living
creatures that share the same planet and are interdependently linked in a
complex ecosystem will have many similarities and those which live in very
similar environments on earth (e.g., in water or air or on land) will share
even more similarities. Our infinitely wise Creator is smarter than all the
engineers put together. Good designs can be, and are, easily modified for
different applications.
But when we take into account the differences in creatures that share
common features, the common ancestor argument becomes even more
unbelievable. For example, humans and frogs have five digits on their
hands, but the developmental patterns in them are vastly different. In
humans the fingers develop by programmed cell death in between the digits,
whereas in frogs it is by outward growth as cells divide. See more detailed
discussion of this in the sixth chapter of Refuting Evolution 2.
As for embryos, the development is programmed by the information in the

DNA molecule in the fertilized egg. So again the question is where did this
information come from for the different kinds of plants and animals? It didnt
come from time and chance and the laws of nature. And we must never lose
sight of the evolutionists continued use of Ernst Haeckels fraudulent
drawingssee Ernst Haeckel: Evangelist for evolution and apostle of deceit
and Fraud rediscovered. Yet, like Darwin and many science textbooks13 and
evolutionist books for laymen,14 NG endorses embryonic recapitulation (p.
13).
NG claims vestigial characteristics or organs as proof of evolution. These are

aspects of the body that are claimed to be useless leftovers from our animal
ancestry. There are two problems with this argument. One, the loss of
function (through the loss of genetic information) cannot be evidence of the
ascendance from a lowly kind of creature up to a higher form (which would
require an increase of information). Secondly, nearly all of the 180 vestigial
organs in man cited by evolutionists as proof of evolution at the turn of the
20th century are now known (because of medical research) to have at least
one function. See Chapter 7 of Refuting Evolution 2 and Vestigial Organs Are
Fully Functional. In fact, NG ludicrously uses male nipples as proof of
evolution (pp. 1213)do they think males evolved from a race entirely
comprised of breasted-female humans? For an answer, see Male nipples
prove evolution? (reply to a skeptic).
NG makes a big deal about plants, animals, bacteria and viruses changing to
resist herbicides, insecticides and antibiotics. In fact, the article says that
theres no better or more immediate evidence supporting the Darwinian
theory than this process of forced transformation among our inimical
germs (p. 21).
But in each cited example we have a certain kind of creature changing into
another variety of that same kind of creature. One flu strain changing into
another flu strain, or one staph bacterium changing into a different staph
bacterium, or one variety of house fly turning into another variety of house
fly is not an explanation of where the information to make the flu, staph or
house fly came from in the first place. And we always find that the change is

actually going in the opposite direction to what evolution requiressee The

evolution trains a-comin (Sorry, a-goinin the wrong direction).
But how does this variation occur? Prominent evolutionist, Francisco Ayala
tell us:
Insect resistance to a pesticide was first reported in 1947 for

the Housefly (Musca domestica) with respect to DDT. Since
then resistance to one or more pesticides has been reported in
at least 225 species of insects and other arthropods. The
genetic variants required for resistance to the most diverse
kinds of pesticides were apparently present in every one of the
populations exposed to these man-made compounds.15
Research shows that the same can apply to antibiotic resistance.
Scientists at the University of Alberta have revived bacteria

from members of the historic Franklin expedition who
mysteriously perished in the Arctic nearly 150 years ago. Not
only are the six strains of bacteria almost certainly the oldest
ever revived, says medical microbiologist Dr. Kinga
Kowalewska-Grochowska, three of them also happen to be
resistant to antibiotics. In this case, the antibiotics clindamycin
and cefoxitin, both of which were developed more than a
century after the men died, were among those used.16
But many times the changes are due to mutations, which are copying
mistakes in the DNA molecule in the process of reproduction. What NG
doesnt tell the readers is that mutations result in a loss of genetic
information in the creature. Most mutations are deleterious, if not fatal, to
the organism. It is not on the way up (evolving), but on the way down
(devolving). Sometimes, the mutation does improve the chance of survival,
but it always involves a loss of genetic information.
For example, the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is troublesome to humans,

but doctors can destroy it with an antibiotic. After the patient takes the
antibiotic, it is absorbed through the cell wall of the bacterium. It has the
genetic information to make an enzyme which reacts with the antibiotic
converting it into a poison, killing the bacterium. But due to a mutation,
some H. pylori cannot make the enzyme and so cannot convert the antibiotic
and so do not die but reproduce, giving the patient and doctor a new
problem. The mutant survived through a loss of information, which is not a
process that will eventually lead to an increase of information to change a
bacterium over millions of years into a biologist.
As Dr. Lee Spetner, a Jewish scientist and expert on mutations, has stated in
his excellent book, Not by Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of
Evolution, pp. 15960:
But all these mutations reduce the information in the gene by

making a protein less specific. They add no information and
they add no new molecular capability. Indeed, all mutations
studied destroy information. None of them can serve as an
example of a mutation that can lead to the large changes of
macroevolution. ... Whoever thinks macroevolution can be

made by mutations that lose information is like the merchant

who lost a little money on every sale but thought he could
make it up on volume.
So much for mutations being any help to the evolutionist. Just like natural
selection, they dont produce the new genetic information that the theory
requires. But like natural selection, mutations fit perfectly with what the
Bible teaches. They are the result of the curse of God on creation when
Adam and Eve sinned (Genesis 3:20, Romans 8:2022).
NG is simply hurling elephants at their readers when it says that additional

evidence for evolution comes from population genetics, biochemistry,
molecular biology, and ... genomics (p. 20). Readers will see the
insurmountable problems for evolution from biochemistry in Michael Behes
(Ph.D. university biochemist) Darwins Black Box. For an agnostic, university
molecular biologists strictly scientific evaluation of evolution, see Michael
Dentons Evolution: A Theory in Crisis (particularly chapter 10).
Darwinism and religion
NG wraps things up by asserting that no one needs to, and no one should,
accept evolution merely as a matter of faith (p. 8). But that is precisely
what most of the world, including most scientists (who are just laymen
outside their own field of expertise), have done. Evolution is believed
because it appears to be scientific due to smoke and mirrors arguments
and because it gives people an excuse for not submitting to their Creator. As
Romans 1:1820 says, people suppress the truth in unrighteousness.
But what is Darwins theorys relationship to religion? Certainly, a person can

believe in a vaguely defined religion and in evolution at the same time (see
Is evolution anti-religion? It depends). NG claims the compatibility of
evolution with papal pronouncements and Roman Catholic dogma (p. 6).
However, as far as the likes of NG are concerned, when the Pope says you
can believe in evolution, hes an enlightened religious leader who should be
heeded. But when he speaks on the sanctity of human life from conception
and marriage, and thus opposes abortion and homosexual behavior, then
hes just an old bigot who should keep his religion to himself.
But even the NGs premise can be debated. There are Roman Catholics who
dont believe evolution or millions of years is compatible with their faith (or
true science). For example, most of the scientists in the video Evolution ...
Fact or Belief? and in the geology video Experiments in Stratification are
Catholic. But the real issue is whether the theory of millions of years of
evolution is compatible with the Creators Word, the Bible. For two centuries,
young-earth creationists have shown clearly that it is not. See The Great
Turning Point, Refuting Compromise, Creation and Change, and these
articles: Two histories of death, Two world-views in conflict and The god of
an old earth.
Conclusion
NG is wrong that scientific evidence proves goo-to-you-via-the-zoo

evolution. The evidence has never supported Darwins theory, which is why
an increasing number of Ph.D. scientists and well-informed laymen and

students are rejecting what they have been taught (brainwashed) in schools,
museums, TV science programs and in National Geographic all their lives.
Darwin was partially right about natural selection explaining the origin of
species. But because he didnt pay attention to the Bible (but rather rejected
it because of his rebellion against his Creator), he didnt understand that
speciation is simply the God-designed way for the original supernaturally
created kinds to produce wonderful variety and perpetuate themselves in the
changing environments of a sin-cursed world that would be radically
changed by a global year-long Flood at the time of Noah.
The Bible fits the facts, which explains why an increasing number of Ph.D.
scientists are creationistssee In Six Days, On the Seventh Day, The
Genesis Files and our website section Creation scientists and other
biographies of interest. Evolution doesnt agree with the scientific evidence.
It cannot stand careful scrutiny, which is why evolutionists have to use
political and academic power and legal intimidation to keep criticisms of
evolution out of public schools. In fact, the atheistic anti-creationist Eugenie
Scott tacitly admitted that if students were presented such criticisms, they
might end up not believing it!
In my opinion, using creation and evolution as topics for

critical-thinking exercises in primary and secondary schools is
virtually guaranteed to confuse students about evolution and
may lead them to reject one of the major themes in science.17
It is sad to see that Philip Gingerich is an evolutionist, and not a Bible-

believing Christian, today because his church didnt teach him correctly. He
said, I grew up in a conservative church in the Midwest and was not taught
anything about evolution. The subject was clearly skirted. (p. 31)
Churches that dont equip their youth and adults to deal with the myth of
evolution are likely to see them deceived by articles like this one in NG and
many of them will drift away from the truth of Gods Word.
Why should Christians continue to subscribe to a magazine like National

Geographic that persistently writes deceptively untruthful articles to push an
anti-god agenda? Instead, subscribe to Creation magazine56 pages of full
color, understandable, truthful articles, coming four times per year, and with
no paid advertising. A gift subscription for a Christian or an unbeliever would
make a great Christmas present.
References and notes
1. Sloan, C.P., Feathers for T. Rex?, National Geographic 196(5):98

107, November 1999.
2. Paul Davies (Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Macquarie Univ.),

Born Lucky, New Scientist, Vol. 179(2403):32, 12 July 2003.
3. Werner Gitt, In the Beginning was Information, p. 107, CLV,

Bielefeld, Germany, 1997.
4. Edward Blyth, An attempt to classify the varieties of animals with

observations on the marked seasonal and other changes which

naturally take place in various British species and which do not

constitute varieties, Magazine of Natural History, VIII:4053, 1835.
See also my book, The Great Turning Point (pp. 9293 and 187189)
for the similar reasoning of two of the scriptural geologists, George
Bugg (a pastor) and William Rhind (a scientist), writing just before
and after Blyth in 1826 and 1838 respectively. Evolutionists are
discovering this also. See Environment contributes to evolution, too,
29 Oct. 2004.
5. Cifelli, R.L. and Davis, B.M., Marsupial origins, Science 302:18992,

2003.
6. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, pp. 206, 292 and 307,
Penguin Books, London, 1982; reprint of 1859 edition.
7. Stephen J. Gould, Evolutions Erratic Pace, Natural History, 86(5):14,

May 1977.
8. Luther D. Sunderland, Darwins Enigma, p. 89, Master Books, Santee,

CA, 1988.
9. Mark Ridley (zoologist, Oxford University), Who doubts evolution?

New Scientist, 90:8301, 25 June 1981.
10. In time and in its morphology, Pakicetus is perfectly intermediate, a

missing link between earlier land mammals and later, full-fledged
whales. Phil Gingerich, The Whales of Tethys, Natural History, April
1994, p. 86.
11. This was after Jonathan Sarfatis analysis of Pakicetus in chapter 5 of

the original 1999 Refuting Evolution. Later-discovered fossils
confirmed Sarfatis prediction that this was a strictly terrestrial
creature (as per the updated version of chapter 5).
12. J.G.M. Thewissen, E.M. Williams, L.J. Roe, and S.T. Hussain,
Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to
artiodactyls, Nature 413:277281, 20 Sept. 2001. For the picture of
the creature as envisioned now from the full fossil evidence see www.
neoucom.edu/Depts/Anat/Pakicetid.html.
13. E.g., George B. Johnson and Peter H. Raven, Biology: Principles and
Explorations, p. 257, Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1998. This widely
used high school text gives the student no hint in the discussion
around this diagram that the pictures are fraudulent.
14. Ernst Mayr (100-year old Harvard University biologist and leading
evolutionist), What evolution is, pp. 27-30, Basic Books, New York,
2001. On page 28 Mayr uses Haeckels original drawings with no
mention that they are fraudulent.
15. Francisco J. Ayala, The Mechanisms of Evolution, Scientific American

239(3):65, Sept. 1978.
16. Ed Struzik, Ancient bacteria revived, Sunday Herald (Calgary,

Ontario, Canada), 16 Sept. 1990, A1.
17. Cited in Larry Witham, Where Darwin Meets the Bible, p. 23, Oxford
University Press, 2002.

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Ballot. The more votes we
get, the more funding we
Evolution is a problem for some of the members of the Charles County, Maryland, get!
Board of Education, to judge from a recently released list of goals and suggestions
compiled by its members. Among the entries were recommendations not to use 10th- Working Assets
grade biology textbooks "biased toward evolution" and to provide creationist books
and videos to student ...
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Story in the Washington Post
October 15, 2004
Kudos for Understanding Evolution NCSE News
The Understanding Evolution web site -- a collaborative

project of the University of California Museum of
Paleontology and National Center for Science Education
intended to provide "one-stop shopping" for evolution
education -- is a recipient of a 2004 Science and
Technology Web Award, given by ScientificAmerican.
com. The citation reads in part, " ...
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Award citation on ScientificAmerican.com
October 8, 2004
BSW Strengthens Statement Repudiating Meyer Paper National

On Monday, Oct. 4, the governing council of the Biological Society of Washington issued a new
statement regarding the publication of a paper by Intelligent Design advocate and Discovery Institute
Center for Science and Culture director, Stephen C. Meyer, in the society's journal, Proceedings of
the Biological Society of Washington.
The n ...
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October 4, 2004
Speech: Jack Krebs on Kansas Science

Kansas
Standards
Kansas teacher Jack Krebs

On September 28, 2004, NCSE member Jack Krebs gave a speech at the
University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, entitled "Kansas science standards
-- 2004: Will it be 1999 all over again?" About 450 people attended the
speech, which was covered extensively by many Kansas newspapers. Krebs is
a Kansas public school teacher, Vice President of Kansas ...
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Teacher warns of evolution battle
October 1, 2004
"The Crusade Against Evolution" in Wired National
The cover story in the October 2004 issue of Wired magazine is Evan
Ratliff's "The Crusade Against Evolution," with the tag line: "In the
beginning there was Darwin. And then there was intelligent design.
How the next generation of 'creation science' is invading America's
classrooms."
Ratliff concentrates on the at ...
see full story

"The Crusade Against Evolution" in Wired
September 29, 2004
ID paper continues to attract scrutiny NCSE News

Two recent news articles describe the ongoing controversy about the publication of "intelligent
design" advocate Stephen C. Meyer's article "The origin of biological information and the higher
taxonomic categories" in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
In "Peer-reviewed paper defends theory of intellig ...

see full story
The "Meyer 2004" medley (on the Panda's Thumb)
September 10, 2004
Serbia Bans, Unbans, Evolution International

In the space of a few days, evolution in Serbian biology classes was removed and reinstated.
The controversy began early this week, when, according to a Reuters report, Ljiljana Colic, the
Serbian education minister, ordered that evolution no longer be taught in the biology course for 14-
15 year-old students, and said that evolution w ...
see full story
Serbia reverses ban on Darwinism
September 9, 2004

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Browne, Janet. Charles Darwin: Voyaging. Vol. 1. Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.

Desmond, Adrian, and James Moore. Darwin. Michael Joseph, 1991.

Eldredge, Niles. The Pattern of Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1999.

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Lange, Karen E. "Wolf to Woof." National Geographic (January 2002), 2-11.

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