Chapter

14
The Reforma0on
 WORLD RELIGIONS
What percentage Founder What is the holy What does the Draw
of worlds (Who started book? religion believe? religious
population the religion?) symbols
follows the
religion? (Page
R60-R61)

Buddhism (Page 6% Siddhartha Dhammapada Four Noble Truths,

R62-R63) Gautama Noble Eightfold Path
(Buddha)
Hinduism (Page 13% Brahman Upanishads Brahman can be
R66-R67) found within every
person.
Judaism (Page 0.2% Abraham Torah Believe in one God,
R70-R71) probably the oldest
monotheistic
religion.
Islam 20% Muhammad Quran Five Pillars of Islam
(Page R68-R69)
Confucianism N/A Confucius Analects Five Basic
(Page R72-R73) Relationships
Christianity 33% Jesus Bible Jesus died on the
(R64-R65) cross and was
resurrected, or
raised to heavenly
life.

 Early Chris0an
Church

East-West Schism
Eastern Roman
Orthodox (1054) Catholic

Reforma0on
Protestants (16th century,
1501-1600)

Lutheranism Calvinism

Anglicanism
 The Great Schism
In 1305, King Philip IV(4) of France used his poli0cal power to get
Clement V (5) elected as Pope.

2 years later Pope Clement V moved the center of the Roman
Catholic Church from Rome, Italy to Avignon, France.

ARer the move to Avignon most of the popes were French, which
upset many church ocials because they felt the French kings
controlled the popes.

In 1378, there was a split in the Roman Catholic Church when

church leaders in Avignon and Rome elected dierent popes. The
split is known as the Great Schism.

From 1414 to 1418, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who
ruled much of central Europe held conferences in Germany to end
the schism.

Church ocials removed the French pope and persuaded the

Roman pope to resign. In 1417, church ocials elected Pope
Mar0n V (5) of Rome who began to unify the Church once again.

WATCH Avignon Expedia Travel Video
 Cri/cism of the Church
The Church owned a lot of land, about one-Rh (20%) to
onethird (33%) of all of the lands in Europe.

The Church did not have to pay taxes on the property they
owned.

Many Europeans, who lived outside of Italy disliked having

to pay taxes to the Church in Rome.

People were angry that the Church sold indulgences.

Indulgences were sold as pardon for sin, and people

bought indulgences thinking they could avoid punishment
in the aRerlife.

Cri0cs did not like how the Church spent money. During
the Renaissance the popes spent large sums of money on
the arts.

WATCH Tour of the Va0can with Rick Steves 1:30-5:25

 Reformers Take A Stand
John Wyclie who taught in Oxford, England ques0oned
the popes right to levy taxes and appoint Church ocials
without the kings approval.

Dutch priest and scholar Desiderius Erasmus believed the

Church teachings needed to be puried and that many
Church ocials were corrupt. However, Erasmus wanted
to reform the Church from within

Mar0n Luther was born in Germany in 1483.

Mar0n Luthers father wanted him to study law, but in

1505 Luther was caught in a thunderstorm. Fearing for his
life Luther vowed to become a monk.

Luther believed people could only be saved if they had

faith in Christ, and ques0oned the idea that salva0on
could be achieved through good works.

WATCH Mar0n Luther Biography

WATCH The Gutenberg Bible Library of Congress
 Luthers Ninety-Five Theses
In 1517 in Wieenberg, Germany the Catholic Church was
selling indulgences to nance St. Peters Cathedral in Rome.

Luther disapproved wrote all his disputes with the Catholic

Church in the Ninety-Five Theses which included:
The Bible is the only source of religious truth.
People do not need the clergy to interpret the Bible.
Salva0on can be gained only through faith in Christ.

Supporters of Luther signed a protest agreement, and

earned the name Protestants.

Protestant became the name for Chris0ans who broke with

the Catholic Church.

Protestants used the term Reforma/on to describe the

movement of opposi0on to the Catholic Church.

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DISCUSSS What are protests? Why do people protests?
 Reform and Reac/on
Luther created Lutheranism and his ideas spread quickly
because
1) prin0ng,
2) priests who supported Luther, and
3) merchants who spread Luthers ideas along trade routes.

For many years Bibles were only printed in La0n, but during
Luthers 0me printers made Bibles in local languages.

The ability for people to read and interpret the Bible

challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.

In 1521, Charles V (5th), a Catholic, was Holy Roman Emperor

and was at war with many Lutheran princes who ruled
Germany.

In 1555, Catholic and Lutheran princes met to agree to a

peace treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg.

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DISCUSS Similari0es and Dierences
 The Reforma/on Grows
People who read the Bible had many dierent interpreta0ons, and
many dierent Protestant religions were formed.

John Calvin a French reformer believed that God had chosen

people for salva0on even before they were born, an idea called
predes/na/on.

John Calvins interpreta0on of the Bible created a Protestant

religion called Calvinism.

Reforma0on in England was started by King Henry VIII (8) when he

wanted to divorce his wife, but the pope would not permit it.

Henry started the Church of England, also called the Anglican

Church.

The Anglican Church kept most Catholic beliefs, but rejected the
power of the pope.

DISCUSS Why is Friday the 13th unlucky?
WATCH Knighiall Trailer

 The Counter Reforma/on
Read page 473-475
Catholic leaders gathered at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
to stop the spread of Protestan0sm, this movement is called
the Counter Reforma0on.

At the Council of Trent, Catholics said that the truth also came
from Church tradi0ons.

St. Ignas/us of Loyola created the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits,

to support the Counter Reforma0on and spread Catholicism to
Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

The Roman Catholic Church used the Inquisi0on, a court

established to inves0gate people who wander from the way
of the Lord and the Catholic faith.

The papacy, oce of the Pope, created a list of books

considered a threat to the Catholic faith.

WATCH Igna0us Trailer

 Expansion of Chris/anity
Catholics and Protestants sent members to foreign countries to
do religious work called missions. A person who goes on
missions is called a missionary.

Religious groups organize missions to persuade people to

convert, or adopt, to their religion.

During the 16th century (1501-1600), Catholic missions were

successful in the Americas, but Catholic missions did not do as
well in Asia (Map on page 482 of textbook).

Catholic missionaries included Jesuits, Franciscans, and
Dominicans.

English Protestants (Puritans and Quakers) seeled in North

America (Map on page 482 of textbook).

By 1556, there were about 1,000 missionaries in Europe, Asia,
and Africa. By 1626, the number of missionaries increased to
more than 15,000.

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Missionaries in Asia and the Americas
Roman Catholic Church sent missionaries to Africa, Asia, and
the Americas.
Catholic missionaries did convert many Japanese, but the
Japanese military would later force Japanese Chris0ans to
give up their faith or be killed.
Catholic missionaries also had success in the Spanish
Philippines.
Spain, Portugal, and France were the main Catholic seelers
of the Americas.
England was the main Protestant country that seeled in the
Americas.
Early on, the Americas were places of religious diversity and
tolerance.
African slaves brought Islam to the Americas, and European
Jews seeled in Protestant and Catholic communi0es in the
Americas.
DISCUSS Experiences moving to the U.S.
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WATCH Coming to America
 Legacy of the Reforma/on
From 1054 (East-West Schism) un0l Reforma0on all
Chris0ans in western Europe belonged to the Catholic
Church.
ARer Reforma0on, Chris0anity in western Europe was
divided into Catholics and Protestants.
Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants
con0nued aRer the Peace of Augsburg.
In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia recognized the
permanent division into Catholic and Protestant na0ons.
Spain, Portugal, and France were Catholic.
England, Holland (the Netherlands), and Prussia
(Germany) were Protestant.
Historians believe that Protestan0sm helped the
development of democra0c prac0ces, more people helped
make decisions.
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