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PROJECT REPORT 2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Shubham Pandey, Devendra Singh, Neelesh Kumar,
Nirbhay Singh, have carried out B.TECH Project and submitted entitled
project embodies result of original work and studies carried out of the students and
contents of the project do not form the award of any other degree to the candidate or
to anybody else.
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PROJECT REPORT 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us immense pleasure to present this report of our work on the project entitled as
grateful to our guide Shri Devesh Kumar, Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering for her keen interest, invaluable guidance and constant encouragement and perpetual
We are highly obliged to Dr. S.K.Srivastava, Chairman Project and Head of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering. He has been constant source of inspiration to us and was extremely
patient in solving our numerous problems. Without his help and guidance this project could not
DATED: 9/11/2015
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ABSTRACT
******
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PROJECT REPORT 2016
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1. Introduction about the Project
1.1 Scotch yoke mechanism 8
1.2 History 9
CHAPTER 2. Mechanism
2.1 Principle 9
2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 10
2.3 Mathematical explanation 10
2.4 Advantage of Simple Harmonic Motion 12
2.5 Force analysis for scotch yoke mechanism 13
Using the principle of virtual work
CHAPTER 3. Construction
3.1 Construction 16
3.2 DC Motor 18
3.2.1 Principle of DC motor 19
3.3 Pulley 21
3.4 Bearing 22
3.5 Shaft 22
3.6 Hacksaw 23
3.7 V-belt 23
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5.1 Framework 27
5.2 Scotch yoke Mechanism 27
5.3 Work table 28
6.1 Introduction 29
6.2 What is project cost estimation? 29
6.3 Purpose of cost estimating 30
6.4 Cost element 31
6.5 Type of Cost estimation 32
6.5.1 Material cost estimation 32
6.5.2 Machining cost estimation 33
6.6 Calculation of material cost 34
6.7 Cost table Estimation 35
6.8 Total cost estimation 36
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
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INTRODUCTION
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PROJECT REPORT 2016
To satisfy the needs of the industries, we have designed a machine. The machine is
exclusively intended for the mass production and they represent fast and more
effective way to cut the materials. There are numerous types of cutting machines
in engineering field, which are useful in fulfilling the requirements. This new
machine is used to avoid the energy loss and save time. Scotch yoke mechanism is
used for this purpose.
HISTORY-
This linkage was called by Scotsman in 1869 a crank and a lot headed rod but now
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slotted bar that was slipped under a collar on a string of well drilling tools to support
MECHANISM-
obtained by fixing either the link 1 or link 3.In figure, link 1 is fixed.In this
centre,the link 4(which corresponds to the frame) reciproctes. The fixed link 1
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This mechanism converts the rotary motion into the translatory motion which is
Mathematical Explanation-
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If a is the angle made by the tangential velocity with X-axis at any point of time,
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Now, as we know that a is directly proportional to the time. This implies that the
velocity of u-slot is a sine function of a so the motion of U-slot is a simple
harmonic motion.
ADVANTAGE OF SHM-
The sinusoidal motion, the sinusoidal velocity, the sinusoidal acceleration
(assuming constant angular velocity) results in smoother operation of the
mechanism.
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Force Analysis for Scotch Yoke Mechanism using the Principle of Virtual Work
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CONSTRUCTION
Machine has the prime mover at the bottom of the machine. The
pulley is attached to the body at the top and end of the side
portion. Pulley is connected with disc type plate. The pulley and
disc has separate connection with one small metal rod through
the bearings.
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Motor and pulley is connected with one V type belt. The clamp
is fixed with the disc and at the end of two shafts. Hack saw
connected to the each shaft at the end.
Construction of double acting hacksaw using scotch yoke
mechanism consist the following components.
1. DC Motor
2. Pulleys
3. Bearings
4. Shaft
5. Hack saw
6. V belt
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1. DC motors
DC motors are also not only the simplest, but the oldest electric
motors. The basic principles of electromagnetic induction were
discovered in the early 1800's by Oersted, Gauss, and Faraday.
By 1820, Hans Christian Oersted and Andre Marie Amperehad
discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field.
The next 15 years saw a flurry of cross-Atlantic experimentation
and innovation, leading finally to a simple DC rotary motor. A
number of men were involved in the work, so proper credit for
the first DC motor is really a function of just how broadly you
choose to define the word "motor.
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2. PULLEY
A pulley is a basic device or machine made of a wheel with a
rim that a cord or rope fits around. The wheel and axle of a
pulley make it easier to lift heavy objects with the rope.
V belts solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is now
the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best
combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the
bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless,
and their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence
the name "V"). The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating
groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result that the belt
cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove
as the load increasesthe greater the load, the greater
solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts.
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3. BEARING
A Bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion
to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving
parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for
free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation
around a fixed axis; or it may prevent a motion by controlling
the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts.
4. SHAFT
The term shaft usually refers to a rotating element, circular in
cross-section, which supports transmission element like gears,
pulleys and sprockets and transmits power. The shaft is always
stepped with maximum diameter in the middle portion and
minimum diameter at two ends, where bearings are mounted.
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5. HACKSAW
A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and principally for
cutting metal. They can also cut various other materials, such as
plastic and wood; for example, plumbers and electricians often
cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them. There are hand
saw versions and powered versions (power hacksaws). Most
hacksaws are hand saws with a C-shaped frame that holds a
blade under tension. Such hacksaws have a handle, usually a
pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade.
The frames may also be adjustable to accommodate blades of
different sizes. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the
thin blade under tension.
6. V BELT
V belts (also style V-belts, vee belts, or, less commonly, wedge
rope) solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is now the
basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best
combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the
bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless, and
their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence the name
"V"). The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the
pulley (or sheave), with the result that the belt cannot slip off.
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The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load
increasesthe greater the load, the greater the wedging action
improving torque transmission and making the V-belt an
effective solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts.
. V-belts trump flat belts with their small center distances and
high reduction ratios. The preferred center distance is larger than
the largest pulley diameter, but less than three times the sum of
both pulleys. Optimal speed range is 1,0007,000 ft/min (300
2,130 m/min). V-belts need larger pulleys for their thicker cross-
section than flat belts.
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Iron bars are welded to both sides of the yoke to get the
reciprocating motion. The yoke with the iron bars is fixed on the
display board with the help of c clamp. Now the crank is welded
to the end of the shaft of the motor. Now the pin on the crank is
connected to the yoke. The pin used to connect yoke and crank
is a bolt.
PARTS REQUIRED
Following parts are needed for construction of the construction
of Double acting hacksaw using scotch yoke mechanism.
1. D.C. Motor
2. Aluminum strips with holes
3. Power supply
4. Square tubes
5. Hacksaw
6. Nut-bolts
7. Switches
8. Plywood
9. Slots and guides
10. Pulley and belts
11. Miscellaneous
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PROTOTYPE BUILDING:
Known Parameters:
1. Frame Work
Length: 68.5 cm
Breadth: 18.5 cm
Height: 71 cm
2. Scotch Yoke Mechanism
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3. Work Table
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COST ESTIMATION:
INTRODUCTION: -
the identified scope of work for a project. Cost estimates should reflect
estimate is prepared.
project, accounting for all the activities necessary to complete it, and
then estimating the costs using prices prevailing at the time the estimate
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the product.
COST ELEMENTS:
The Cost Elements are the major categories of work that make up the
delivery method.
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Cost Elements:
1. Project Management
2. Planning
3. Engineering
4. Environment
5. Property Acquisition
7. Contingency
1. Material cost
2. Machining cost
Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the
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This includes the parts which was readily available in the market
like Allen screws etc. A list in orchard by the estimation stating the
quality, size and standard parts, the weight of raw material and cost
This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that may
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Cost of project = (A) material cost + (B) Machining cost + (C) labour
cost
It includes the material in the form of the Material supplied by the Steel
rods, plates along with the strip material form. We have to search for the
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values.
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2. Total Cost:
Total cost = Material cost + Labour Cost + Overhead
charges
=Rs.4850 + Rs.800 + Rs.1010
=Rs.6660
Total cost of the project = Rs.6660
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ADVANTAGE:
High torque output with a small cylinder size.
Fewer moving parts.
Smoother operation
Higher percentage of the time spent at top dead centre (dwell)
improving theoretical engine efficiency of constant volume
combustion cycle though actual gains have not been demonstrated.
In an engine application, elimination of joints typically served by a
wrist pin, and near elimination of piston skirt and cylinder
scuffing, as side loading of piston due to sine of connecting rod
angle is eliminated.
DISADVANTAGE:
Rapid wear of the slot in the yoke caused by sliding friction and
high contact pressure.
Increased heat loss during combustion due to extended dwell at top
dead center offsets any constant volume combustion improvements
in real engines.
APPLICATION:
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References
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