Chapter 4

Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
4-1
Loading Types
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading
which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces
equivalent to an axial force and a
couple.
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple.

Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
4-2
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to
a couple. The moment of the couple is the section
bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal and
opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and zero
about any axis contained in the plane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums of
the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
F x x dA 0

M y z x dA 0

M z y x dA M

4-3
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending assumed as:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it.
4-4
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

4-5
 Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
y
x E x Em
c
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

For static equilibrium,
y
Fx 0 x
dA m
dA
y
c
M y x dA y m dA
ydA 0 c
I
0
m
m 2 m
c
y dA
M y dA
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m
I S
surface must pass through the
y
section centroid. Substituti ng x m
c

My
x
I
4-6
Beam Section Properties
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m
I S
I section moment of inertia

I
S section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I bh
12 3
S 1 bh 1 Ah
c h 2 6 6

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
4-7
Properties of American Standard
Shapes

4-8
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 m m 1 Mc

c Ec Ec I
M

EI

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
y x z x

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1
anticlasti c curvature

4-9
 Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y
yA

I x I A d
2

A

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
4 - 10
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
2 3
Area, mm y , mm y A , mm
3
1 20 90 1800 50 90 10
3
2 40 30 1200 20 2 4 10
3
A 3000 y A 114 10

3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000

I x I A d 121 bh 3 A d 2
2

1 90 20 1800 12 1 30 40 1200
3 2 3 2
18
12 12
3 -9 4
I 868 10 mm 868 10 m

4 - 11
Sample Problem 4.2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
M cA 3 kN m 0 . 022 m
76 . 0 MPa
A
9 4
A
I 868 10 mm
M cB 3 kN m 0 . 038 m
B B 131 . 3 MPa
9 4
I 868 10 mm

Calculate the curvature

1 M

EI
3 kN m 1 3 -1
20 . 95 10 m
165 GPa 868 10
-9
m
4

47 . 7 m

4 - 12
 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

E1 y E2 y
1 E 1 x 2 E 2 x

Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
E1 y E2 y
dF 1 1 dA dA dF 2 2 dA dA

My
x Define a transformed section such that
I
nE 1 y E1 y E2
1 x 2 n x dF 2 dA n dA n
E1

4 - 13
 Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
4 - 14
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
6
Es 29 10 psi
n 1 . 933
6
Eb 15 10 psi
b T 0 . 4 in 1 . 933 0 . 75 in 0 . 4 in 2 . 25 in

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

I 1 b T h 1 2 . 25 in. 3 in 3
3
12 12
4
5 . 063 in

Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc 40 kip in 1 . 5 in
m 11 . 85 ksi
I 4
5.063 in

b max m b max 11 . 85 ksi

s max n m 1 . 933 11 . 85 ksi s max 22.9 ksi

4 - 15
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
x
bx n As d x 0
2
1 2
bx n As x n As d 0
2

The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x
I
c x s n x
4 - 16
 Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
4 - 17
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
6
Es 29 10 psi
n 8 . 06
6
Ec 3 . 6 10 psi

2
nA s 8 . 06 2 5 in
2
4 . 95 in
4 8

Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
x
12 x 4 . 95 4 x 0 x 1 . 450 in
2

I 1 12 in
3
1 . 45 in 3
4 . 95 in
2
2 . 55 in 2 44 . 4 in
4

Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc 1 40 kip in 1.45 in
c c 1 . 306 ksi
I 4
44.4 in
Mc 2 40 kip in 2 . 55 in
s n 8 . 06 s 18 . 52 ksi
I 4
44.4 in
4 - 18
 Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur:

Mc
m K
I
in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
4 - 19
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending

P My

A I

Eccentric loading
Validity requires stresses below proportional
F P limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

4 - 20
 Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment

Superpose the uniform stress due to

the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.

Evaluate the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
An open-link chain is obtained by superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine Find the neutral axis by determining
(a) maximum tensile and compressive the location where the normal stress
stresses, (b) distance between section is zero.
centroid and neutral axis
4 - 21
 Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
0 . 25 in 2
2
A c
2
0 . 1963 in
P 160 lb
0
A 2
0 . 1963 in
815 psi

Equivalent centric load Normal stress due to

and bending moment bending moment
P 160 lb I 1 c 1 0 . 25
4 4
4 4
M Pd 160 lb 0 . 6 in 3 4
3 . 068 10 in
104 lb in
Mc 104 lb in 0 . 25 in
m
3 4
I . 068 10 in

8475 psi

4 - 22
 Example 4.07

Maximum tensile and compressive Neutral axis location

stresses P My 0
0
t 0 m A I
815 8475 t 9260 psi 3 4
P I 3 . 068 10 in
y0 815 psi
c 0 m A M 105 lb in
815 8475 c 7660 psi
y 0 0 . 0240 in

4 - 23
 Sample Problem 4.8
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.

SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent centric load and
bending moment.

Superpose the stress due to a centric

load and the stress due to bending.

Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

From Sample Problem 2.4, tensile and compressive stresses.
3 2
A 3 10 m
The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y 0 . 038 m
of the two critical loads.
9 4
I 868 10 m
4 - 24
Sample Problem 4.8
Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d 0 . 038 0 . 010 0 . 028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0 . 028 P bending moment

Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

P Mc A P 0 . 028 P 0 . 022
A 377 P
3 9
A I 3 10 868 10
P Mc A P 0 . 028 P 0 . 022
B 1559 P
3 9
A I 3 10 868 10

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A 377 P 30 MPa P 79 . 6 kN

B 1559 P 120 MPa P 79 . 6 kN

The largest allowable load P 77 . 0 kN

4 - 25
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.

Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.

The neutral axis of the cross section

coincides with the axis of the couple

Will now consider situations in which the

bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.

Cannot assume that the member will bend

in the plane of the couples.

In general, the neutral axis of the section will

not coincide with the axis of the couple.
4 - 26
 Unsymmetric Bending
y
0 F x x dA m dA
c
or 0 y dA

neutral axis passes through centroid

y
Wish to determine the conditions under M M z y m dA
c
which the neutral axis of a cross section mI
or M I I z moment of inertia
of arbitrary shape coincides with the c
axis of the couple as shown. defines stress distribution

The resultant force and moment

from the distribution of y
0 M y z x dA z m dA
elementary forces in the section c

must satisfy or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia

Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis
4 - 27
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos M y M sin

Superpose the component stress distributions

M zy M yy
x
Iz Iy

Along the neutral axis,

M zy M yy M cos y M sin y
x 0
Iz Iy Iz Iy

y Iz
tan tan
z Iy

4 - 28
 Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos M y M sin

Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
M zy M yy
x
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a Iz Iy

rectangular wooden beam in a plane

Determine the angle of the neutral
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
axis.
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum y Iz
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the tan tan
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
4 - 29
 Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 1600 lb in cos 30 1386 lb in

M y 1600 lb in sin 30 800 lb in

I z 1 1 . 5 in 3 . 5 in 3 4
5 . 359 in
12

I y 1 3 . 5 in 1 . 5 in 3 4
0 . 9844 in
12

The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AB

M zy 1386 lb in 1 . 75 in
1 452 . 6 psi
Iz 4
5 . 359 in

The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AD

M yz 800 lb in 0 . 75 in
2 609 . 5 psi
Iy 4
0 . 9844 in

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
max 1 2 452 . 6 609 . 5 max 1062 psi
4 - 30
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
4
Iz 5 . 359 in
tan tan tan 30
Iy 4
0 . 9844 in

3 . 143

o
72 . 4

4 - 31
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.

The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force

M y Pa M z Pb

By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
PM zy M yz
x
A Iz Iy

If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
M z M y P
y z
Iz Iy A

4 - 32
Quiz

4 - 33