Dielectric Scanner

Multifrequency dielectric dispersion service

 Measurements
that speak volumes
APPLICATIONS
Direct measurement of water volume
independent of water resistivity (Rw) at
a depth of investigation to 4 in [10 cm],
solving for
Residual hydrocarbon volume in
produced reservoirs
Hydrocarbon volume in low-resistivity
or low-contrast shaly and laminated
sand formations
Hydrocarbon volume and mobility in
heavy oil reservoirs
Water salinity
Continuous Archie mn exponent log from
rock texture measurements in carbonates
for determining saturations beyond the
invaded zone
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) to account
for effect of clay volume in siliciclastics
High-resolution water-filled porosity for
thin-bed analysis
Dielectric Scanner pad antenna con-
figuration. The blue dipoles define the
longitudinal polarization and the red
ones are the transverse polarization.
The two coaxial electrical probes
(PA and PB) are used for quality control
of pad application and for determining
the mud and mudcake dielectric proper-
ties at the frequencies of interest.
The conventional approach to determining oil volume
requires weeks or months for laboratory core analysis or
accepting the uncertainty inherent in estimated Archie
parameters. With Dielectric Scanner* measurements
direct from your reservoir, the wait for accurate formation
evaluation answers is over.
Dielectric Scanner service is the first in the industry to employ
multifrequency dielectric dispersion science to accurately quantify
residual hydrocarbon volume, the Archie mn exponent, and
RA4
formation CEC. Parameters available previously only through core
analysis or estimation are now delivered as continuous logs at the
RA3
wellsite. The dielectric dispersion measurement constructs an
RA2 accurate radial profile of the close-borehole region, providing new
and unique information on rock properties and fluid distribution for
RA1
advanced petrophysical interpretation. Used in conjunction with
PA traditional logging measurements, Dielectric Scanner dielectric
TA dispersion measurement enables developing a more accurate
reservoir description for reservoir evaluation and management.
TB
PB Multispacing Operation
The heart of Dielectric Scanner service lies in its short, multispac-
RB1
ing antenna array pad. Each of the cross-dipole antennas has
RB2 collocated magnetic dipoles. The transmitters (TA and TB) are in the
center and the receivers (RA14 and RB14) are placed symmetri-
RB3 cally around them for optimal measurement accuracy and borehole
RB4
compensation. To minimize environmental effects, the short, fully
articulated antenna pad is applied firmly against the borehole wall
by a hydraulically operated eccentering caliper to enable optimal
pad contact, even in rugose boreholes. Electromagnetic waves are
propagated into the formation at four frequencies and two polariza-
tions for high-resolution, high-accuracy measurements of reservoir
properties at up to 4 in from the borehole wall.
 Dielectric dispersion science
One of the revolutionary advances provided by
the Dielectric Scanner tool is the continuous
measurement of dielectric dispersion, which is
the variation of formation dielectric properties
as a function of the frequency. High-resolution
measurements obtained with the different
array spacings, each with two polarizations
at four frequencies, are radially interpreted
to obtain permittivity and conductivity at each
frequency. Conventional dielectric tools make
only a single-frequency measurement with
limited applications, and its interpretation can-
not account for textural effects, invasion, and
unknown or variable water salinities.
The Dielectric Scanner permittivity and con-
ductivity measurements at each frequency are
interpreted using a petrophysical model. The
output parameters of the model are water-
filled porosity (hence water saturation if the
total porosity is known), water salinity, and
textural effects in carbonates or CEC in shaly
sands. Simultaneously fitting the permittivity
and conductivity dispersions frees the water-
filled porosity from salinity effects. Rather,
water salinity is an additional output of the
analysis. For a well drilled with oil-base mud
(OBM), the calculated water salinity is the
formation water salinity.
In carbonate reservoirs, the dielectric disper-
sion is driven mainly by the rock texture. In
turn, Dielectric Scanner analysis provides a
continuous in situ measurement of rock tex-
ture, presented as an mn exponent log.
In shaly sand reservoirs, processing provides
Dispersion plots of the measured permittivity and
a continuous log of the CEC. In heavy oil conductivity at four frequencies and the fit to the
reservoirs or in shallow-invasion situations, petrophysical model with the estimated parameters.
Dielectric Scanner measurements are made
in both the invaded and non-invaded zones,
to determine moveable hydrocarbon content.

Salinity Salinity Resistivity Resistivity Porosity Porosity Salinity Salinity Resistivity Resistivity Porosity Porosity
Dielectric Dielectric 2-ft Array Induction
2-ft Array Induction Dielectric Dielectric 2-ft Array Induction
2-ft Array Induction
Resistivity A90 Resistivity A90 Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Resistivity A90 Resistivity A90 Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon
Scanner Scanner Scanner Scanner
Salinity 0.2
Salinity 0.2
ohm.m ohm.m
2,000 2,000 Salinity 0.2
Salinity ohm.m
0.2 2,000
ohm.m 2,000
Total Porosity Total Porosity Total Porosity Total Porosity
0 ppt 100 0 ppt 100 Invaded Zone Resistivity
Invaded Zone Resistivity 0 ppt 100 0 ppt 100 Invaded Zone Resistivity
Invaded Zone Resistivity
x.x ft3x.x
/ft3 fty.y
/ft
3 3
y.y x.x ft3x.x
/ft3 fty.y
/ft
3 3
y.y
0.2 0.2
ohm.m ohm.m
2,000 2,000 0.2 ohm.m
0.2 2,000
ohm.m 2,000
Dielectric Scanner
Dielectric Scanner Dielectric Scanner
Dielectric Scanner
Dielectric ScannerDielectric ScannerWater-Filled Porosity
Water-Filled Porosity Dielectric ScannerDielectric ScannerWater-Filled Porosity
Water-Filled Porosity
Invaded Zone Resistivity
Invaded Zone Resistivity Invaded Zone Resistivity
Invaded Zone Resistivity
ohm.mx.x 2,000ft x.x
/ft fty.y
/ft y.y ohm.mx.x /ft
2,000ft x.x /ft
fty.y y.y
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
0.2 0.2
ohm.m 2,000 0.2 ohm.m
0.2 2,000
X,000 X,000 X,000 X,000

X,050 X,050 X,050 X,050

X,100 X,100 X,100 X,100

X,150 X,150 X,150 X,150

X,200 X,200 X,200 X,200

X,250 X,250 X,250 X,250

X,300 X,300 X,300 X,300

X,350 X,350 X,350 X,350

Previous-generation single-
frequency electromagnetic propa-
gation tools, emulated in the log on
X,400 X,400 X,400 X,400 the left by single-frequency pro-
cessing, cannot account for textural
variation, resulting in the overesti-
X,450 X,450 X,450 X,450 mation of invaded zone resistivity
Rxo (Track 2). In the log on the
right, Dielectric Scanner multifre-
X,500 X,500 X,500 X,500 quency mixing analysis correctly
matches the water-filled porosity
to the total porosity in this water-
X,550 X,550 X,550 X,550 filled sand in Track 3, as confirmed
by the matching Rxo values of the
Dielectric Scanner and resistivity
X,600 X,600 X,600 X,600
tools in Track 2.
Case studies

Dielectric Scanner measurements confirm

95% residual hydrocarbon saturation
An operator in the Middle East wanted to
improve understanding of the fluid saturations
in a high-porosity carbonate reservoir where
variability in the Archie m and n exponents
increased the uncertainty in conventional log
interpretation. The measurements were also
ambiguous because the mud filtrate salinity
was approximately 180,000-ppm [-ug/g] NaCl.

The carbonate textural information provided by Dielectric Scanner service enabled accurate
mn determination instead of relying on potentially incorrect estimations from conventional log
analysis or waiting for laboratory core analysis. Having accurate values of the Archie exponents
is important because they are the basis for calculating saturation values from resistivity.

As shown by the porosity curves in Track 5, the significant difference between Dielectric Scanner
water-filled porosity (blue curve) and the total porosity calculated from standard porosity
measurements indicates a large volume of residual hydrocarbon in the formation. In Track 2 the
Dielectric Scanner hydrocarbon saturation accounts for variation in the Archie exponents across
the reservoir and confirms up to 95% residual hydrocarbon. Conventional saturation determination
using constant values of the Archie mn exponents does not account for their variation, as shown by
the difference shaded red where the conventional and Dielectric Scanner residual oil saturations do
not match. Confirmation of the high residual saturation is in Track 4, where the Rxo measurements
from Dielectric Scanner and conventional resistivity logging closely match each other.

It Speaks Volumes about Carbonates

Accurate hydrocarbon volume in carbonates from salinity-insensitive

determination of water-filled porosity and rock texture factors
 Caliper Residual Oil Lithology Depth, m Resistivity Porosity Dispersion Image
Saturation
6 in 16 Illite (dry) Array Laterolog Resistivity Hydrocarbon Permittivity Conductivity

Oil Calcite 0.2 ohm.m 2,000 ELAN* Total Porosity Freq. 3 Freq. 0
Epsilon Matrix
from Lithology Invaded Zone Resistivity 0.5 m3/m3 0 Freq. 2 Freq. 1
Difference Dolomite
0 10 0.2 ohm.m 2,000 Dielectric Scanner Water-Filled Porosity Freq. 2 Freq. 1
Archie Water
Dielectric Scanner Invaded Zone Resistivity 0.5 m3/m3 0 Freq. 1 Freq. 2
Archie mn 0 ft3/ft3 1
Oil
1 3.5 0.2 ohm.m 2,000 Freq. 0 Freq. 2
Dielectric
Scanner Bound Water HRLA* True Resistivity Freq. 1 Freq. 3

0 ft3/ft3 1 Porosity 0.2 ohm.m 2,000

1 m3/m3 0

X10

X20

X30

X40

X50

Confirmation of 95% residual hydrocarbon

by Rxo match. The Rxo curve from
Dielectric Scanner service in the
carbonate reservoir agrees closely with
the conventional Rxo measurement in
Track 4, supporting the determination
of 95% residual hydrocarbon saturation.
 Caliper Clay Resistivity 8-in Invaded Zone Resistivity T2 Distribution
Residual Oil Volume Standoff Residual Oil
8 in 18 0 .2 ohm.m 2,000
0 ft3/ft3 2 1 in 0 0 ft3/ft3 0.015
SP Density Array Laterolog Resistivity
Moved Oil Standoff Moved Oil
100 mV 0 1 in 0 0 .2 ohm.m 2,000

Epsilon Matrix Dielectric Dielectric Invaded Zone Resistivity T1 Cutoff

Scanner 0 .2 Water
from Lithology Scanner ohm.m 2,000 0.5 ms 5,000
Mudcake
0 10 Deep Water
Saturation Thickness Dielectric Scanner Shallow Resistivity Dielectric Scanner
0 ft3/ft3 1 1 in 0 0 .2 ohm.m 2,000 Shallow Water-Filled Porosity
0 .5 ft3/ft3 0
Dielectric Depth, ft Dielectric Scanner Deep Resistivity
Scanner Dielectric Scanner
0 .2 ohm.m 2,000 Deep Water-Filled Porosity
Shallow Water
Saturation HRLA* True Resistivity 0 .5 ft3/ft3 0
0 ft3/ft3 1 0 .2 ohm.m 2,000 Total Porosity
0 .5 ft3/ft3 0

X,450

Sample at X,574 ft:

Oil
X,500

X,550

X,600

X,650

Sample at X,701 ft:

Oil and water
X,700

X,750

X,800

X,850

Moveable heavy oil confirmed by sidewall cores. Although the resistivity in Track 5 and NMR in Track 7 cannot readily distinguish between oil and
formation freshwater below the oil-bearing interval from X,430 to X,500 ft, Dielectric Scanner measurements of fluid volumes (Track 6) and the resulting
saturations (Track 2) clearly reveal significant moveable heavy oil down to X,720 ft, as confirmed by sidewall core analysis.
 Thin Beds

Additional 150 ft of pay revealed by

Dielectric Scanner dispersion measurements
The production potential of a laminated reservoir in the Orinoco belt of Venezuela could not be
fully determined with conventional logs. Thinly bedded shale and sand layers decreased resistiv-
ity measurements, masking pay zones and resulting in pessimistic interpretations of hydrocarbon
volume. In this heavy oil reservoir, NMR logs measured a reduced apparent formation porosity,
which in turn adversely affected fluid saturation determinations.

An additional complication was the highly rugose borehole, as shown by the caliper in Track 1,
but the pad of the Dielectric Scanner tool maintained good contact with the formation, and the
measurements were not compromised. The high resistivity in Track 5 in the oil-bearing interval
from approximately X,430 to X,500 ft had been observed in other wells in the area. However, resis-
tivity values below this interval are uniformly low. Similarly, the NMR log in Track 7 has a strong
oil signature in the upper interval, but the apparent porosity is reduced with increasing depth.

The Dielectric Scanner log dispelled uncertainty about the reservoir quality of the lower interval,
revealing moveable oil over a 150-ft section, from X,560 to X,650 ft and again from X,690 to X,720 ft.
Sidewall samples confirmed the Dielectric Scanner measurements.

It Speaks Volumes about Thin Beds

High-resolution water-filled porosity and radial profiling delivered by

multifrequency measurements without the errors introduced through
the estimation of Archie formation factors
 Weight percent bitumen quickly, accurately
determined in Canadian oil sands
Because the formation water salinity and resistivity vary in heavy oil reservoirs with thin-bedded
shaly sections, Canadian operators had to wait several months for the results of Dean Stark
core analysis. Without the analysis results to adjust conventional saturation calculations, using
a constant Rw value led to errors in the water saturation determined for uncored intervals.

With water-filled porosity calculated from Dielectric Scanner dispersion measurements, the
weight percent of bitumen is accurately determined months in advance of laboratory core
analysis turnaround. The operators can confidently consider a reduction in coring frequency
and number of analysis points in their multiwell projects.

Washout Depth, 90-in AIT Resistivity Gas Hydrocarbon Wt% Oil Archie T2 Distribution NMR Wt% Oil
m Hydrocarbon
0.2 ohm.m 2,000 Total Porosity Dielectric Scanner 0 0.2 0 m3/m3 0.3 0 1
Caliper
125 mm 375 0.5 m3/m3 0 Water Saturation Core Wt% Oil T2 Cutoff Core Wt% Oil
Neutron Porosity (Sand) 0 m3/m3 1 0 % 0.2 0.3 ms 3000 NMR Water Saturation 0 % 0.2
High-Resolution 0.5 m3/m3 0 Archie Water Saturation Wt% Oil Dielectric Scanner 0 m3/m3 1 Dielectric Scanner Wt% Oil
Gamma Ray
Density Porosity (Sand) 0 m 3
/m 3
1 0 0.2 Dielectric Scanner 0 0.2
0 gAPI 150 0.5 m3/m3 0 Water Saturation
Dielectric Scanner Water-Filled Porosity (Sand) 0 m3/m3 1
0.5 m3/m3 0 ms

X75

Y00

Y25

Accurate answers quickly. Water saturation and hydrocarbon volume calculated from Dielectric Scanner dispersion measurements provide higher resolution, more
accurate answers than those derived from the Archie equation or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data.
 Core Photograph
Depth,
Dielectric Scanner m
Water Saturation Facies

1 m3/m3 0 1:20

Fine
Sand

X74

Muddy
IHS

IHS
X75

Fine
Sand

Washout Depth, 90-in AIT Resistivity Neutron Porosity High-Resolution Wt% Oil High- High- Core High-
m Dielectric Scanner Resolution Resolution Photograph Resolution X76
0.2 ohm.m 2,000 0.5 m3/m3 0
Caliper 0 0.2 Water Water Static FMI*
Density Porosity (Sand) Saturation Saturation Image
125 mm 375 0.5 m3/m3 0 Core Wt% Oil Dielectric Image
High-Resolution Total Porosity 0 % 0.2 Scanner
Gamma Ray 0.5 v/v 0 0 m3/m3 1
0 gAPI 150 Dielectric Scanner Water-Filled Porosity (Sand)
0.5 m3/m3 0

Sandy
X77
IHS

X75

X78

X79

Y00

X80

IHS

Medium
X81
Sand

Y25 X82

High vertical resolution. The high-resolution weight percent bitumen calculated from Dielectric Scanner measurements shows excellent agreement to the
subsequent core analysis results in Track 4, even in the thin shale intervals identified in the core photograph by the lighter colors within the black bitumen-
rich core. IHS = inclined heterolithic stratification.

It Speaks Volumes about Heavy Oil

Heavy oil saturation and mobility from high-resolution measurements

insensitive to oil viscosity and formation water resistivity
 Overlooked pay found in washed-out
zones in heavy oil reservoir
Washed-out borehole intervals in a heavy oil reservoir in Cymric field, California, USA, were
adversely affecting logging. Washouts caused separation in the resistivity curves that could
be confused with invasion, as shown at 700 and 745 ft in Track 2. Water-filled porosity measure-
ments made with a conventional, mandrel-type, single-frequency electromagnetic propagation
tool were suspect because the tool would not have been able to maintain good contact in these
rugose conditions.

Porosity and saturation calculated from Dielectric Scanner measurements in Tracks 5 and 3,
respectively, correct the previous washout-impaired porosity, as confirmed by sidewall core
analysis (black dots). With accurate porosity values, the pessimistically high water saturation
value was corrected by 23%.
Caliper 2-ft Array Induction
Resistivity A90 Residual Hydrocarbon Clay Residual Hydrocarbon Residual Hydrocarbon
8.5 in 18.5 0.5 ohm.m 5,000
Invaded Zone Core Water Saturation Dielectric Scanner
Resistivity Total Porosity
Resistivity Carbonate Water-Filled Porosity
Standoff
0.5 ohm.m 5,000 0 ft3/ft3 1 0.5 ft3/ft3 0 0.5 ft3/ft3 0
Dielectric Scanner Dielectric Scanner Total Porosity Electromagnetic
Density Irreducible
Invaded Zone Resistivity Water Saturation Propagation Porosity
Standoff Water Volume
0.5 ohm.m 5,000 0 ft3/ft3 1 0.5 ft3/ft3 0 0.5 ft3/ft3 0
Resistivity Dielectric Scanner
Clay-Bound Core Porosity
Standoff Water-Filled Porosity
Water Volume
2.5 in 0 0.5 ft3/ft3 0 0.5 ft3/ft3 0
Density
Standoff Hydrocarbon
2.5 in 0
Depth, ft
Quartz

Dielectric Scanner
Water Saturation
1 ft3/ft3 0

500

600

700

Accurate resistivity and porosity measurements in

a washed-out borehole. The articulated pad of the
Dielectric Scanner tool is not affected by rugose hole
conditions and obtained the actual Rxo measurement,
proving that the difference between the other two 800
resistivity curves in Track 2 was not caused by inva-
sion. Similarly, the Dielectric Scanner porosity in
Track 5 accurately measured water-filled porosity
across washed-out intervals, unlike the previous-
generation mandrel tool.
Dielectric Scanner interpretation and quality control software
Dielectric Pro* software provides quality control and advanced Pore-fluid analysis
interpretation for Dielectric Scanner service. After preprocessing High-resolution residual saturation and invaded zone water salinity

and applying quality control to the raw data, Dielectric Pro software Hydrocarbon saturation profile in heavy oil reservoirs or shallow
performs a robust radial interpretation of the different spacing and invasion environments
polarization measurements to provide the dielectric dispersion data.
Matrix analysis
A multimineral analysis for lithology and porosity that integrates
Carbonates: mn log for cementation exponent estimation
measurements from different tools is performed in the same applica-
tion to determine the total porosity and formation matrix permittivity. Shaly sands: high-resolution CEC for clay content
These outputs are used together with the dielectric dispersion in a Structural analysis
final interpretation step, in which petrophysical models determine Thin-bed analysis

water-filled porosity, water salinity, and textural parameters. Structural anisotropy in very thin beds
Following a carefully engineered, efficient workflow, Dielectric Pro
software delivers reliable petrophysical answers for complex envi-
ronments in minimum time.

Picture to come
Dielectric Scanner

Specifications
Output Relative dielectric permittivity and conductivity at four frequencies
Logging speed 3,600 ft/h [1,097 m/h]
Vertical resolution 1 in [2.5 cm]
Depth of investigation 1 to 4 in [2.5 to 10 cm]
Accuracy at the highest frequency Corresponding to 0.002-ft3/ft3 [0.002-m3/m3] water-filled porosity
Permittivity: 1% or 0.1
Conductivity: 1% or 5 mS
Range of measurements at the highest frequency Permittivity: 1 to 100
Conductivity: 0.1 to 3,000 mS
Combinability Platform Express* integrated wireline logging tool
Most openhole tools
Max. temperature 350 degF [177 degC]
Max. pressure 25,000 psi [172 MPa]
Outside diameter 4.77 in [12.12 cm]
Borehole sizemin. 5.5 in [14 cm]
Borehole sizemax. 22.0 in [55.9 cm]
Minimum restriction 5.25 in [13.3 cm]
Borehole fluid Both water- and oil-base muds
Length 11.27 ft [3.44 m]
Weight 262 lbm [119 kg]
Max. tension 50,000 lbf [222,411 N]
Max. compression 4,400 lbf [19,572 N]
Conveyance Wireline, TLC* tough logging conditions system, or tractor
1 in depending on frequency
Oil-base mud under specific conditions; contact your Schlumberger representative
8,000 lbf [35,586 N] with TLC stiffener kit

www.slb.com/ds

*Mark of Schlumberger
Other company, product, and service names are the properties
of their respective owners.
Copyright 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved. 13-FE-0010