PHYSIOLOGY

CELL QUESTIONS ( Numbers 1-9 )

1. Which of the following is derived from the golgi complex?
A. peroxisomes C. lysosomes
B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondria
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 13, Recall )

2. Intercellular connections that permit substances to pass between cells without

entering the ECF;
A. tight junctions C. occluding junctions
B. anchoring junctions D. gap junctions
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 44, Recall )

3. This structure is concentrated and best developed in highly secreting cells;

A. nucleus C. nucleolus
B. mitochondria D. golgi complex
( Guyton 10th, pp. 13, Recall )

4. Water is the major component of cells except in fat cells which is composed
mainly of;
A. cholesterol C. phospholipids
B. glycolipids D. triglycerides
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 9-10, Recall )

5. Movement of K+ from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid will utilized which

of the following transport mechanisms?
A. countertransport C. cotransport
B. primary active transport D. simple diffusion
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 15 16, Comprehension )

6. Which of the following is shared by simple and facilitated diffusion?

A. it does not require a carrier C. it exhibits competitive inhibition
B. it occurs down an electrochemical gradient D. it requires sodium gradient
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 7 14, Comprehension )

7. The membrane potential will depolarize if the membrane permeability increases for
A. sodium B. potassium C. chloride D. A-+
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 56 - 57, Comprehension )

8. At resting state, the membrane is highly permeable to;

A. chloride B. potassium C. A-+ D. sodium
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 56, Recall )

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of local potential;

A. magnitude is dependent on the stimulus intensity
B. it is produced by maximal stimulus
C. it can be actively propagated
D. it follows all or none law
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 39 - 41, Comprehension )

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS (Numbers10 28)

General Senses (Numbers 10-13)
10. The information for this sensory modality does not reach consciousness;
A. touch C. smell
B. muscle tension D. hearing
( Ganong 20th, pp. 115 116, Recall )

11. Which of the following substances increases the sensitivity of pain receptors;
A. bradykinin C. serotonin
 B. histamine D. prostaglandin
( Guyton 10th, pp. 552, Recall )

12. Conscious perception is always localized in the area where the receptors are located;
A. Steven Power Law C. Weber Fechner Law
B. Law of Projection D. Labeled Line Principle
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 119 -120, Recall )

13. Two point discrimination is;

A. the greatest distance wherein one stimulus is perceived as two sensations
B. the smallest distance wherein one stimulus is perceived as two sensations
C. the smallest distance wherein two stimuli are perceived as two sensations
D. the smallest distance wherein two stimuli are perceived as one sensation
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 143, Recall )

Vision (Numbers 14-17)

14. Which of the following is increased when the ciliary muscle is relaxed?
A. curvature of the lens C. refractive power of the lens
B. elasticity of the lens D. tension on the lens ligament
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 150, comprehension )

15. Which type of cell in the visual system responds to stimuli by producing
depolarizing potential only?
A. rods and cones C. bipolar cells
B. horizontal cells D. amacrine cells
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 152, recall )

16. The cones in the retina are;

A. more sensitive to high intensity light
B. primarily involved in scotopic vision
C. highly concentrated in the peripheral part of the retina
D. more abundant than the rods
( Ganong 20th edition, 147-149, Comprehension )

17. What is the refractive power of the lens if its principal focal distance is 0.5 m;
A. 1 diopter C. 3 diopters
B. 2 diopters D. 4 diopters
( Ganong 20th edition, pp 149, Comprehension )

Audition (Numbers 18-20)

18. The maximum sound frequency that is audible to the human ear is about;
A. 200 cycles/sec C. 20,000 cycles/sec
B. 2,000 cycles/sec D. 200,000 cycles/sec
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 173, recall )

19. Gradual degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea due to aging;

A. otosclerosis C. diplacusis
B. presbyopia D. presbycusis
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 177 - 178, Recall )

20. Reflex contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius when exposed to loud sound;
A. impedance matching C. masking
B. tympanic reflex D. adaptation
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 174, Recall )

Olfaction (Numbers 21-22)

21. The concentration of an odor-producing substance must be changed by how
many percent before a difference in the intensity can be detected
A. 10 % B. 20 % C. 30 % D. 40 %
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 181, recall )

22. This special sensation has no neocortical projection;

A. hearing C. smell
 B. vision D. taste
( Ganong 20th, pp. 180, Recall )

Gustation (Number 23)

23. Which of the following is correctly paired;
A. sweet : quinine sulfate C. umami : monosodium glutamate
B. sour : alcohol D. bitter : glycols
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 185, Recall )

Motor System (Numbers 24 27)

24. In the control of voluntary movement, basal ganglia and cerebellum are alike
in that both;
A. primarily receive input from the cerebral cortex
B. are involved in planning and programming motor command
C. primarily involved in motor coordination
D. are involved in the execution of motor command
( Berne 5th edition pp. 180-185. Ganong 20th edition, pp. 211213, Comprehension)

25. Intension tremors, past-pointing and drunken gait are manifestations of a lesion
involving the;
A. cerebellum C. basal ganglia
B. post central gyrus D. brainstem
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 214 216, Comprehension )

26. Motor incoordination is primarily associated with a lesion in the;

A. cerebral cortex C. basal ganglia
B. cerebellum D. spinal cord
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 178-180, Comprehension )

27. Which of the following structures provide the CNS with information about the tension
developed by the muscle being moved?
A. muscle spindle C. golgi tendon
B. intrafusal muscle fiber D. extrafusal muscle fiber
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 628, Comprehension )

Central Nervous System (Number 28)

28. Blood brain barrier is impermeable to;
A. Na+ B. CO2 C. O2 D. proteins
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 591 - 592, Recall )

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Numbers 29-42)

Cardiac Electrophysiology (Numbers 29-31)
29. Phase of the ventricular action potential that is primarily affected by catecholamines?
A. Phase 0 B. Phase 1 C. Phase 2 D. Phase 3
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 280, Recall )

30. Which of the following normally has a membrane potential that gradually declines
to the firing level after each impulse;
A. atrial muscle cells C. purkinjie fibers
B. sinoatrial node D. bundle of His
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 107 108, Recall )

31. Cardiac muscles cannot undergo tetany because;

A. they possess pacemaker potential C. they have long absolute refractory period
B. they have more mitochondria D. they have well developed T tubule
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 76, Comprehension )

Cardiac Cycle (Numbers 32-36)

32. A decrease in extracellular concentration of this ion induces cardiac arrest in diastole;
 A. sodium B. calcium C. potassium D. chloride
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp 307, Comprehension )

33. This phase corresponds to the phase of slow ventricular filling;

A. protodiastole C. dicrortic notch
B. diastasis D. 3rd heart sound
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 318, Recall )

34. Closure of the semilunar valves marks the beginning of ;

A. ejection phase C. ventricular filling phase
B. isovolumetric relaxation phase D. isovolumetric contraction phase
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 317, Recall )

35. The fourth heart sounds is caused by the

A. closure of the AV valves C. rapid ventricular filling
B. closure of the semilunar valves D. atrial contraction
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 245 246, Recall )

Cardiodynamics (Number 36)

36. A resting cardiac muscle is stretched by a preload which represents;
A. end systolic volume C. stroke volume
B. end diastolic volume D. ejection fraction
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 311, Recall )

Vascular System (Number 37)

37. Which of the following has the highest velocity of blood flow?
A. aorta B. veins C. arterioles D. capillaries
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 285, Recall )

Hemodynamics (Numbers 38 39)

38. A probability of turbulence is increased if there is a decrease in;
A. density of the fluid C. diameter of the tube
B. viscosity of the fluid D. velocity of flow of the fluid
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 561, Comprehension )

39. Capillaries are thin walled and delicate structures but they are not prone to
rupture. This protective effect is explained by;
A. Bernoullis principle C. Laplace Law
B. Reynolds number D. Ficks Principle
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 564-565, Comprehension )

Innervation (Number 40)

40. Stimulation of the right vagus nerve mainly decrease the;
A. conduction velocity C. heart rate
B. force of atrial contraction D. force of ventricular contraction
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 528 530, Comprehension )

Regulation of Cardiovascular Activity (Numbers 41 42)

41. Which of the following responses is observed when the baroreceptor reflex is
activated by hypertension?
A. vasodilatation C. increase cardiac contractility
B. increase cardiac output D. tachycardia
( Guyton 10th edition, pp 188 190, Analysis )

42. Regulatory mechanism of the cardiovascular system that act immediately to

normalize blood pressure;
A. nervous mechanism C. renal mechanism
B. humoral mechanism D. capillary fluid shift
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 207 208, Recall )

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Numbers 43 52)

Mechanics of Respiration (Number 43)
43. Air rushes into the lungs when the;
A. intraalveolar pressure is above the atmospheric pressure
B. intrapulmonary pressure is below the atmospheric pressure
C. intrapleural pressure is above atmospheric pressure
D. intrathoracic pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure
(Ganong 20th edition, pp. 627 630, Analysis )

Volumes and Capacities (Numbers 44 45 )

44. Vital capacity is determined by asking the patient to do:
A. forceful inspiration and normal expiration
B. deep inspiration followed by forceful expiration
C. deep inspiration followed immediately by forceful expiration
D. normal inspiration and forceful expiration
( Berne and Levy 5thedition, 464-466, Comprehension )

45. When the expiratory muscles are contracted, the lungs are at;
A. residual volume C. functional residual capacity
B. expiratory reserve volume D. total lung capacity
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp 464 465, Analysis )

Lung Compliance (Number 46)

46. Which of the following correctly describes lung compliance?
A. it is increased in restrictive lung disease
B. it is higher at the base than at the apex of the lung
C. it is decreased in emphysema
D. it is increased when the transpulmonary pressure increases
( Guyton 10th edition, pp 433-434, Ganong 20th edition, pp. 631-636, Analysis )

Gas Diffusion (Number 47)

47. The main factor in determining the diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen is the;
A. alveolar surface area C. partial pressure gradient
B. thickness of the respiratory membrane D. diffusion coefficient
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 638-639, Comprehension )

Gas Transport (Number 48-49)

48. CO2 generated in the tissues is carried in venous blood primarily as;
A. HCO3- in the plasma C. H2CO3 in the plasma
B. CO2 in the plasma D. CO2 in red blood cells
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 647 - 648, Recall )

49. Which of the following factors decreases the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?
A. fever C. alkalosis
B. exercise D. hypercapnea
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 645 647, Analysis )

Acid Base Balance (Number 50)

50. Patient X was admitted due to an acid base disorder. He is suspected to have a
partially compensated metabolic acidosis. Which of the following sets of laboratory
data would confirm your suspicion?
A. HCO3- = 18 mEq/L, pCO2 = 40 mmHg, pH = 7.30
B. HCO3- = 17 mEq/L, pCO2 = 40 mmHg, pH = 7.10
C. HCO3- = 20 mEq/L, pCO2 = 39 mmHg, pH = 7.30
D. HCO3- = 18 mEq/L, pCO2 = 33 mmHg, pH = 7.33
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, 710 714, Application )

Regulation of Respiratory Activity (Number 51)

51. Hypoxemia (PaO2 = 55mmHg ) primarily stimulates;
A. central chemoreceptors C. peripheral chemoreceptors
B. pulmonary stretch receptors D. J receptors
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 651 - 655, Recall )

Respiratory Adjustments (Number 52)

52. Which of the following statements is correct about anemic hypoxia?
 A. arterial oxygen tension is low
B. can be due to carbon monoxide poisoning
C. theres normal O2 carrying capacity of the blood
D. blood flow to the tissues is usually reduced
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 667, Recall )

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM (Numbers 53 63)

Electrophysiology of the GIT (Number 54)
54. Slow waves in smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract are;
A. phasic contractions C. oscillating RMPs
B. action potentials D. tonic contractions
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 718 - 720, Recall )

Motor Functions (Numbers 55 58)

55. Segmentation contractions are usually observed in the;
A. large intestine C. stomach
B. esophagus D. small intestine
( Guyton 10th, pp. 733 734, Recall )

56. Which of the following hormone is involved in coordination of the migrating motor
complex?
A. acetylcholine C. motilin
B. cholecystokinin D. histamine
( Berne and Levy, 5th edition, pp. 559 560, Recall )

57. Which of the following statements about gastric emptying is correct?

A. acidic chyme empties more rapidly than alkaline chyme
B. gastric emptying of liquids begins before the emptying of solids
C. gastric emptying of proteins is slower than fats
D. increased intragastric volume decreases gastric emptying
( Berne and Levy 554 556, Ganong 20th 478 480, Comprehension )

58. Which of the following is correct about swallowing?

A. it is only initiated involuntarily
B. during the pharyngeal stage, respiratory activity increases
C. esophageal stage is involuntary
D. the end point of swallowing is the propulsion of food in the esophagus
(Ganong 20th edition, pp. 474, Guyton 10th, pp. 728 730, Comprehension )

Secretory Functions (Numbers 59 60)

59. CCK is secreted in the duodenum by;
A. M cells B. S cells C. I cells D. P cells
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 470, Recall )

60. Secretions with the highest pH;

A. salivary secretions C. pancreatic secretions
B. intestinal secretions D. gallbladder secretions
th
(Ganong 20 edition, pp. 481-482, Recall )

Digestion and Absorption

61. Which of the following is responsible for the movement of glucose from the
intestinal lumen to the mucosal cells?
A. simple diffusion C. facilitated diffusion
B. solvent drag D. secondary active transport
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 456, Recall )

62. Ca++ absorption in the small intestine is facilitated and increased by;
A. calcitonin C. parathormone
B. ascorbic acid D. 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
( Guyton 10th, pp. 761, Recall )

63. This is transported from the intestinal lumen into the enterocytes via facilitated diffusion;
A. glucose C. galactose
 B. fructose D. pentoses
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 456, Recall )

RENAL SYSTEM (Numbers 64 73)

Renal Blood Flow (Number 64)
64. The highest vascular resistance in the renal vasculature is present in the;
A. afferent arteriole C. efferent arteriole
B. interlobular artery D. peritubular capillaries
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 289, Recall )

Urine Formation (Numbers 65 67)

65. Glomerular and peritubular capillaries are alike in that both;
A. are high pressure capillary beds C. favor reabsorption
B. favor filtration D. are found in cortical nephrons
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 281, Comprehension )

66. RBC, WBC, platelets and proteins are not filtered in the glomerulus because of
filtration barrier created by;
A. endothelium C. podocytes
B. basement membrane D. fenestrae
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 284-286, Recall )

67. Which of the following decreases glomerular filtration rate?

A. increased blood pressure C. increased plasma proteins
B. afferent arteriolar dilatation D. efferent arteriolar constriction
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 286 - 288, Analysis )

H2O and Electrolyte Regulation (Numbers 68-69)

68. Site at which permeability to water varies with plasma osmolarity;
A. proximal tubule C. collecting duct
B. glomerulus D. loop of Henle
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 320 - 321, Comprehension )

69. The major stimulus that will cause ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland;
A. increased plasma osmolarity C. decreased arterial blood pressure
B. decreased circulating blood volume D. increased circulating angiotensin II
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 323 - 324, Recall )

Acid Balance Balance (Numbers 70 73)

70. The filtered HCO3 within the proximal tubular lumen is reabsorbed mainly as
A.
CO2 B. HCO3 C. H2CO3 D. OH-
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 354 355, Comprehension )

71. Renal correction of respiratory acidosis will result in;

A. increase HCO3- reabsorption C. increase H+ reabsorption
B. decrease H+ secretion D. decrease formation of NH4
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 354 359, Comprehension )

72. In the proximal tubule, secretion of hydrogen ion is primarily accompanied by;
A. secretion of HCO3- C. secretion of K+
-
B. reabsorption of PO4 D. reabsorption of Na+
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 353 357, Comprehension )

73. Patient X was admitted to the hospital with the following clinical laboratory data; pH of
7.48, HCO3- 32 meq/L and pCO2 25 of mmHg. Patient X from the previous question
most likely has which of the following acid-base disorders?
A. partially compensated metabolic alkalosis
B. fully compensated metabolic alkalosis
C. uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
D. mixed metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp 712 715, Analysis )

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Numbers 74 86)

Parathyroid Gland (Number 74)
74. Individuals who are immobilized during space flight develop disuse osteoporosis.
Which of the following is markedly decreased in these patients?
A. plasma Ca++ concentration C. parathormone
B. plasma PO4- concentration D. urinary Ca++ excretion
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 375, Comprehension )

Adrenal Gland (Numbers 75 76)

75. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the
formation of epinephrine from norepinephrine. This enzyme is induced by which
adrenocortical hormones?
A. glucocorticoid C. aldosterone
B. testosterone D. pregnenolone
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 346, Recall )

76. Bursts of ACTH secretion are most frequent;

A. in the early morning C. at noon
B. in the afternoon D. in the evening
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 360, Recall )

Pancreatic Islets (Number 77)

77. In normal individuals, infusion of insulin and glucose significantly lower the plasma
level of;
A. sodium B. potassium C. calcium D. chloride
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 327, Comprehension )

Thyroid Gland (Number 78)

78. Thyroid hormones decrease which of the following?
A. body metabolism C. cardiac activity
B. oxygen consumption D. lipogenesis
th
( Ganong 20 edition, 313 - 316, Comprehension )

Female Reproductive System (Numbers 79 81)

79. Increase plasma level of this hormone primarily inhibits FSH release;
A. inhibin C. progestin
B. estrogen D. testosterone
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 418 - 419, Comprehension )

80. Development of ovarian follicles is primarily caused by;

A. FSH C. LH
B. progesterone D. estrogen
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 930 - 931, Comprehension )

81. If a patient presents with a very regular 30-day menstrual cycle, ovulation should
occur on day;
A. 14 B. 16 C. 18 D. 20
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 930 - 931, Comprehension )

Male Reproductive System (Numbers 82 83)

82. It promotes the development of wollfian duct system into a male internal genitalia;
A. dehydrotestosterone C. testosterone
B. androgen binding protein D. HCG
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 401, Recall )

83. Primarily responsible for the development of fetal male external genitalia;
A. dihydrotestosterone C. testosterone
B. progesterone D. HCG
th
( Ganong 20 edition, pp. 416 - 417, Recall )

Sex Determination and Differentiation ( Numbers 84 86 )

84. Which of the following will result to a negative chromatin test?
 A. klinefelters syndrome C. normal female
B. turners syndrome D. super female
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 398 - 400, Recall )

85. If the testis is nonfunctional;

A. theres regression of mullerian duct
B. theres production of testosterone
C. theres development of female internal genitalia
D. theres development of the wolffian duct
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 400 - 401, Comprehension )

86. Can be determined during fertilization;

A. genetic sex C. phenotypic sex
B. gonadal sex D. genital sex
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 398 400, Comprehension )

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (Numbers 87 94)

Space Physiology (Numbers 87 91)
87. What is the major problem in normal individuals at high altitude?
A. hypoxia C. toxicity
B. air embolism D. narcosis
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 496 - 497, Comprehension )

88. Which of the following is increased in high altitude?

A. barometric pressure C. alveolar PO2
B. arterial pO2 D. pulmonary ventilation
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 496 - 499, Analysis )

89. Which of the following statements is correct about high altitude physiology?
A. the composition of air stays the same
B. barometric pressure increases with increasing altitude
C. the major problem is toxicity
D. pulmonary ventilation usually decreases
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 496 - 499, Comprehension )

90. The most important effect of centrifugal acceleration is on the;

A. respiratory system C. cardiovascular system
B. central nervous system D. muscular system
th
( Guyton 10 edition, pp. 500, Recall )

91. This law states that the barometric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of the
individual gases in the air mixture;
A. Boyles law C. Daltons law
B. Grahams law D. Henrys law
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 480, Recall )

Deep Sea Physiology (Numbers 92-94)

92. This condition is also known as rapture of the deep;
A. oxygen toxicity C. HPNS
B. nitrogen narcosis D. acute mountain sickness
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 671, Recall )

93. This law states that the concentration of O 2 dissolved in water is proportional to the
PO2 in the gas phase;
A. Charles law C. Daltons law
B. Grahams law D. Henrys law
th
( Berne and Levy 5 edition, pp. 501, Recall )

94. This is usually manifested by severe pains, paresthesia and itching;

A. oxygen toxicity C. high pressure nervous syndrome
B. nitrogen narcosis D. decompression sickness
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 507 - 508, Recall )
Muscular System (Numbers 95 98)
95. After warm up exercise, performance of an individual in sports is improved. This is
 explained by;
A. staircase phenomenon C. recruitment of motor units
B. frequency summation D. quantal summation
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 68, Analysis )

96. This muscle protein plays an important role in contraction of both skeletal and smooth
muscle;
A. troponin C. calmodulin
B. actin D. myosin light chain kinase
th
(Ganong 20 edition, pp. 66 68, 79, Comprehension )

97. When the muscle is relaxed, the thin filaments do not overlap the thick filaments.
This corresponds to the region known as;
A. M line B. Z line C. H band D. I band
( Ganong 20th edition, pp. 62 - 63, Recall )

98. Which of the following correctly describes the slow twitch muscle fiber?
A. contraction is powerful C. white fibers are abundant
B. mitochondria are abundant D. low resistance to fatigue
( Berne and Levy 5th edition, pp. 233 - 235, Comprehension)

Hematology/Immunology (Number 99)

99. A sample of red blood cells is placed into a solution that has been made hypertonic with
the addition of NaCl. Which of the following best describes the result?
A. cells would swell and hemolyze C. cells would shrink
B. there would be no change in the cell volume D. cells would shrink and then swell
( Berne and Levy 5th, pp. 9 13, Analysis )

Sports Physiology (Number 100)

100. Which of the following is decreased during exercise?
A. heart rate C. end diastolic volume
B. end systolic volume D. cardiac output
( Guyton 10th edition, pp. 975 976, Analysis )