Form | ysaanic formulas Were comsnonly usedin he exaly 1 <9 escimace driven ple capacky, and many comparisons vrete then made wth static loading tests, A lock a the (oe should noe) pestis often help be dontinche presence ASCE formed 2 Commtree in 1950 co seriow dynamic formulas, Alter « decade Jong sud, the "Gommictes on Pile riving Formulae and Tests! prodaced oo reports in May 124), sin the ASC! f and ‘naderstanding what # and spareed-a temaceable series of 28 discus Proceedings by Tercaghi, Cazszrande, Pack cheb Procorto mention only few (Likine eal, 2012). Considering the currenc earch by come age ter dynamic for facroxtm make pile designs more economical, it ispadect to review har these geotechnical gh about ple deing forma las, when they wes 2 only isco Bad aber marly te increase the CRED resistance sane! th dels the Book’, Formulas evolve consider the thea iingpenendioePlgg iio sunset, comsen t sroduced co Ame > Hydraclic hammers had noc been invented, Soil mechanics as sill in its infancy. There were oo accepted ands ads ee condner: Be eg #aticloading tests or imerpretingthe resclting dans. firse decamenced formule use in Ane Mialee imber piling Foxt Deluseare, 2a send layer, took thiee years fo install = “Taso wiry wncertain matter ite wing i prple start from ee yh slime nen bo deseve ti ich are certainly sansale as a uit. and alow foc not tha de aban when they divide it by bree or foun, uber they care really runing great risks.” (Ae Filey published a Bema dn 1925 chat wae more ‘complete’, trying to account foe eres Taree Acta ee las arose after 1940, such as the Gates formula promoted by the U.S. Bureaw cf Pable Runes (oot Eater Pictrer Marts deoay REL Collen cree ian 30 dfttens formals ia 1051 textbook Pde Foundations ot coed tht ee Ce ee S12 wabybasle 0 rw: | \ Cee ieee eae rd Some defnded the ochre eet alia, comet ec eceee ate ge foo Neate aaa Terzaghi writes im hie 942 discussion, hese be .s formulas sme) fornia tbe design datrons is wagoud on bot eae oun rial Sell Mechanice in spe of Terzaghi alo st hic cei bock "The published ia 1943 ey hes obwsons| yaginat popularity rh rae: of base form: ete foundecions to w wry simple procedure, The price one pays Jor this ania sinphication & very igh I some cases, the faster of safety of faendations desgned on the basis of the resis obiaimed fy seams of de formulas & excuse and in other cases significant stements bave been experienced? SUMMARY of the 1941-1942 DISCUSSIONS The following simmary of rhe 1941-1942 Bxcorpred dseuasion quotes (i tlic) ihn» ate the portion of each disoucten, A apy of the complete origina] discussion can be brine “Adymamis te, o7 similar, refer che now? ers“ Ayman foo nce ma een dpnamic costing (ag ASTM D 4945) With 2 Pie Driving Analyzer and sigoal marching CAPWAD? softorate, a2 well * (ug GRIWEBAP) "weave equation analy: wore ctl] decades inca che future, Thetezm: used 0! Por “loading ces! or simply tot" similalyceferto “Batis loading tests (eg ASTM D 1143), ad September 1941 issuetineconomical and extravagant design. The writer would be opposed tothe publication of any formula unless the dangers and piflls of its wse are made very dear” Engel (Modjeski and Masters) dis- cusses sec-up” for timber piles in Louisiana “Any dynamic formula would assign totaly diferent allowable Toads to these pies before and afer their rest periods, and it would sem the wisest course therfore, to use no dynamic formula for friction piles.” ‘Watson (Assistane Professor, Duke Universicy) “Report B recommends nothing except (static) load testing of ples to failure. ‘The writer wishes further to deplore the morie bund attitude that prompted other members of the Committee to prepare ‘Report A — Pile Formulas. Although they may fervently wish to havea formula for the ready solution of their problems, they should not ask the Society to lil heir prayer by promulgating 8 Committe formula, unless they can prove their casein court.” October 1941 issue Chellis (Stone and Webster) ~ “Engineering News formula isnot the general answer tthe problem”. Chelis used the Hiley formula and “found its use very practicable. The older formulas give widely varying results with df erent types of piles and hammers. entirely tut of reason.” He declares ‘non-valiity of dynamic formula when driving into cobesive soils” and cautions "the formula is very sens- tive at small penetrations’ ‘White (Presidenc, Spencer. Whice and Prencs) “The proposed formula bas che fait ings ofall previous pile formulas — it can only give the value atthe time of driving (ft can ven do that) and not 248 later. Moreover, the writer's firm bas repeatedly underpinned structures that should not have sufjered from settlements ~ were the Engineering News formula reliable. Furthermore, it would be a talamity for the Society to lend its authority to the promulgation of any ple driving formula as yet desribed.” Mason (Bridge Engineer, State of Nebraska) “Pile driving formulas are a necessity” Proctor (Moran, Proctor, Freeman, and Musee) “the large immediate value of his Report i nis warning to designing engineers the fallaces of ple formulas and he weake nesses of pile ets” Paaswell (Spencer and Ross) “When ome persists in the quest for a pile formula, come ignores or merely gives lip service to the science of soil mechanics. Sol mechanics and the ple formula are esentialy incompatible.” Woolf (Albert Kahn, Inc) “Terzaghi in 1925, gave his soil mechani lectures discus ing che vaidity of ple driving formalas. Ie was then emphasized that one shouldbe careful with formulas particularly the Engineering News “formula. Report B definitely proposes that no “formula be used, but that (tat) load tess be resorted to. This proposal isa difficult one t© accep, but basicaly itis sound and core.” November 1941 issue Evans (Bethlehem Sceel) ‘protests against the development or use of any ‘ple driving Jorma as such cis misleading and unsafe to seek a magic combination of terms ina forme la, chat will fc any and al eases regardless, and whic is supposed to indicate just what load the pile wll suppor” Atwood (Consulting Enginees) "I: sould seem that there are no formalas of gene tral or eve local value unless they are treated svth god judgment and corroborated by many tests If that is true why try to use a formula? Ie would seem. with the knowledge now available, thatthe best the Commitee could do would be to make some very general statements as to the unsafeness of asing formulas, and the necessity for (atic) resting and the exercise of judgment Burmister (Columbia University) “In view ofthe fimitatons of any ple driving for rmala nd of the uncertainties involved in the succesfal application t te installation of ple foundations in any given situation, itis believed that Report B (tatc tess) represents the better practice. Once a formula has been printed it takes on a more or less authoritative character, and the assumption on which itis based and the limitations in its use tond 10 be forgo ten or overlooked. It seems doubafal that any consistent relationship can exist hat will be of general application for different types of sol” Belcher (United Engineers and Conseructors, Inc) "Neither Report A nor Report B places any reliance on the Engincering [News forma, The atempt to introduce a new “formula (Report A) is of very doubifl value, as itis based on the same fundamental data that inwalidate the Engineering News formula.” Williams (President, Lehigh Universicy) “A formula baving complicated refinements s not consistent with the nature of the problems Keynine (Yale Universiy) "Of the wo reports, A and B, the later (promoting static tes) i preferable”. He chen discusses the sensitivity of the Hiley formula to the che ‘numerous constants and factors, and then PILEDRIVER | 63states: ‘All these questions should be dared 8 the Manual sf uvfortunatey the Filey Ljormala i recommended fir the general use “The writer sincerely hopes, boweves, tbat is sul not happen” December 1941 issue Dames and Moore (Darnes and Moore Tac) “Dynamic formulas that are restrated to drop bamnmers and singh cing steam panemers wl be of fonted value a est. The scatter of das 50 wie thatthe nts conc son posto Chat the dyna formulas are teovlable al am most cases, ave ily to led founnecrsardy expensive construct ess.” Upson (Raymond Concrete Pile Company) “The simplast possible fonsuies ad mprmaiion showld be advocated, Ende formals should be accompanied bys deas Statement of 2s wefelss and linatations 1 4s dhe writers apprebension that the presen: tation of complicated forms suc as Fa. 9 Gaplified Hiey formula seguiring so mony ausuongiions, may well lead be sninicated engineer astray” Tachebotarioff (Princeton Universicg) “Any dynamic pile diving for amuls < notbing more than a yardsti2 10 beipthe enginear secure reasonably safe snl teriform results over tbe entire job. The wie af completed formata is no recommend 4 since such formals ave no greater dim toaceurscy tan the more simple ones.” Feld (Gossulcing Bagineet) “The true difference Seween ibe two reports & wheter the desig of pies sal be haved om a dynamic test (formate) as checked by the static test oF 64 | QUARTER 2 2012 com he static test alone. Personaiy the writer would prefer to have de Manual covering spite driving formulas snelude a define ‘mule for granular sol, a definite formula for lati soil, end a definite Formal for sac conditions as end-bearing piles i which no leeral restrain oF resistance i 00 be expected. Deysarme (formal) ave wekss plastic soil” January 1942 issue ‘Mohr (M. ASCE) “After studying the formu le davised in Report A and ‘worrying throug’ ‘Mr. Hilly publated work, upon whith analy si the proposed formulas ave based, & i the writes fiom conviction tbat their indasion in the proposed Manual would he a grave istete, Answers obtained by is se are 0 ore conse andlyical ahan those obcad by the ase of olber formulas, dis any obvi cus advantage (0 these who wish to be ore cal of present foroudas i the great number of ankoowns to which « series of values mxay be applied wont an answer satisfactory (0 the ‘terested psy fully reached? Cammings (Raymond File Driving (Company) “Tn the writer: opinion, the public cation of Report A be a Manual of Engineering Fracice would be a serious mistabe, There are nig fue basic yper of dymanic yale driving for forvales ss use ot the present Lane and all of them can be represented by te forrada Wh = Rs +O an which © represent al oe energy esses that occar divrng impzct. For many prac engivcers bave heen making alt ends of assumptions a co wh sbould and vat should nat be included in Q, The profasion of. ple drwing formas at can be fend in ng ering Hvratace ie simply the res of these sumptions. There & asnilabe a very consi rable amount of gale dieang sata from whe ‘is posible to determine indicated bearing capacities by means of a mumber of dynam: formulas end then to compare thee computed results wid the acrusi bearing capacity ator ned by a bad test to faduse, When suc dca ave costed, 4 ales seem Chat serve ofthe computed reslis are sverel bundred per cant howe or below the actual tet reales” February 1942 issue “Terzaghi (Harvard Univeriey) "Tbe defects of the pile drong formulas are eiber de to disregarding variable and vital fators Grgincering News jormaleh or doy ae due to the insdeguate ealuation of the infiwence of thse factars om the effect of tbe Daw of the hammer (general gation and ds derives The formas ofboth groups share the defect that they disregard the energy (ranswisson through the ple by elastic wavs, The digree of rib of « fornia can be measured fy the range of satering ofthe sat between computed and read walues about te sabtical cawrage, In agit ofthe waite of material and ‘Whoever tse the formula wn exactly the same postion a he ma wiko tres bi bck on a probing amacrine. He i at the mercy of the laws of protabiizy. Boek (Chicago Brgineering Dee, later University of llinis) conerbutes “Peport A caries the onplcation dat gle divay formalas ie theres that ave one relat asbip athe unsate bearing capacity oft, The uaidy of soe os ang of tase formes canbe deserted nly by comparison of stoma fats fond by badges and by the formals. Cin the bass oft dain Tale 2, ce be dersonstrated yy apse site approacts bat the dances of pesing the bearing capccy of pe ave beter than of compateg i bya ple driving forma The satstcal study ndioes that Oe use of @ pile driving formate is merely a someba inf ior method of permitting the laws of cre to eperate the detesminaton of ple capacCasagrande (Harvard University) “The question of ile for tas has without doubt bees the riot controversial isu dn the field of at engcering for a tasted geass, Tae question of bow io treat the chapter on pile formults & indeed a diffcalt one, particdety in view afte desired shandard expressed athe fast paragraphs of the Manacl sascripts “This manual. endzavor: to enucnciate sound principles ics are based om established facts ard to avid stating sues or ging Jormuls vide mgt lato xs wnintligent use. Rigorous aiberence to the desirable goal would ciminate all pte formals, sine they are certaony nol based om estabtshed facts nor cam one say tbat one can recommend any formula and fil esonably sare Ghat i might not lead tots unisecigent us”. March 1942 issue Dunham (Yale Cowersity) “A forma whch depends pon vars cous and variable exefcient,abone uals are subject to guessing and change without notin i confusing and deluding. Buergene agrees that the sesuts obtained from such a fren are not corset but of they are seasonably 50 end roodesately conservative, one may as well zsrve x the ress simply raber than through devious matbematen procs aubose greater ule ic probably payelog ical rather than rea May 1941 issue Closure by Admiral Bakenhus (US. Navy, Ret) “Pile formals! «the one subjet upon wie the Commitee bas reacbed no definde stated conclusions. Tests (og. static) east relay Ble in tensive operations but way be relatively lage and even out of the question wie the sar project. At its best te pile driving formas are mere an crnpreal mtbod for predicting the safe bearing toad for a single re Experience bas shown tha there sno deteroinatie fred ration between the safe Bearing sal of & pile and the factors wed 4 e formula. 18 ep therfore «dangerous procedong for an cagincerta design or tuild apted rdatir slay on te informa thon obtamved by (ae steal test of measuring penetration per biows fight offs and weight of bao aus? Headdresses many ofthe disaussers' poets, but notes they do “hot suggest wat the exgimeer nthe Bhedwest prac. hould do when he bas «total of perbaps twelve pes under some bridge oration and when neater fas nr tine peri raid load tes or 108 analysis. Ths & one of toe difcal problems before te Comnitee “Today, of course, chis quandary is tesclved by means of dynamic monizoring ofthe pies DISCUSSION ‘The discussers from the easly 1940's chow a dear consensus about che uneeliab ty, unsciencific basis, uncertain ourcome, and rsk for wing dynamic formulas, A weakness of soy formula is che actual hammer performance of any individual hammer is variable — and runknowe. Modern dynamic testing wich the PDA cleady shows actual measured energy cransfer may rary bya factor oft70 among supposedly identical haromer models and types Ie is no wonder PILEDRIVER | 45chat the discassers state that chey had experienced poor cortelation of dynamic formalas wrth satictestresalts Several disoassers note formulas should be restricted co cohe- sionless sil applications. Chellis (1951) states “a formala an apply can the case ofcobesinles tate, zach as sacs gravel or permecle fal’. Yet today this intended restriction is ignored. Carrent thought equates the long.term setup gain in cohesive soils to the dpmamic viscosiy of the soll during inccallaron. This fale sssumption suzy be corated 0 give the mean formula resale similar vo che mean staic test ssl, baton any indivi sce che coeffcen of variation may resul in gross ectors, as explained by Rausche eral. 08), Later research forther ean- firms these failings of formulas. ‘Olson end Blaate (1267) studied 98 piles driven in sands wich static loading tests: They sag- gested diferent “adjosted forms" forthe Gates formmla for differ ent gileeypes, which indudes individual “constants” (foreach ple ype for sakiglying che energy term (Chat diffe by almost a face tor of two between wood and stel piles; chs Ide improvement is nor used tocar so results suffe:). An angomenr could be made for using a similar approach with regard to differene soil types, bbutsthen, whar would be che appropriste formula forlapered sols? ‘Combinations of ‘adjusced forme" for diffeenc pile cypes in difer- cor sol ypes would end in mass confusion, 64 | QUARTER 2 2012 Lawton al (1906) made an extensrelireramare study ind ing rescts of nine published coredlation studies by ochers, and a survey of most of che Srate Departments of Transportation They found hat “ibe ENR formate ether in as original form or mare often sr amodifed versions sy fr the most popudar dynamic forla aed” Thisis alarming since 8 ofthe 9 correlation studies "ound doe ENR cord morified ENR forsale to be among the worst” Laweon also found “Al! wstigrors were consétent wit regard io wave uation eibods, A weve egeaiion analy sis of static pile capacity was come sistent equel to or buter than the test formula predictions despée etd versions of wave equation computer programs being taed any stadies wr wdc apt fore mao was net aways accurate” ‘They reasonably surmise even burcer correlations wich newer wave equation programs and acounte input information, “Today, the typical ple, pile driving hammer, end pile capect ‘iso greatly exceed (by an order of magnicude or mors) che capacities inthe databases used co develop che formulas, Hannigen (2006) notes forthe Engineering Nev’ formula that with a modern data ‘base "The fa! that £295 of the data base bs factor of safety of 2.0 or best als sigma?” A.B. Cammings in his 1942 discussion was prophetic in his assesomene "As a rier of fc the only new consspt that bas been ‘ntvodaced ants ple dsving form a te pa ffiy yeas is the teory of Ae ongitudine impact of ong elati mds. This tnory i nob mews as swasdeveloped by St. Vat (1287) and Bowssinesg (288) many years agp. Tre apslication ofthe theory to pie dmamics was fst suggested by DM Loa (2932) ana the Braich Budiing Resear Board m 1238 and droonst rte toe fc ha! the bebavorof fells ie pies under aces {fad condiions canbe predicted with considerable accuracy by meats of tbistbeorg. The tbeory i conczmned withthe question of tess transmis sian throngh te pile and unfortunately it nvoles sone rather difficit riatbemaiis, Howaves thei considerable sient of ld eden auadcble whe shows thal tbe slrss transmsision characersis of & deat of grat importance not only iz deteraviing tz behavior duro This srethod of imestigating te pbenomena of pie driving dynamics ‘neti descr the cath atentwon of ll enginzers engaged in ple driving wok, Jt sa new ard promaing fll for mwstigeinn (astbors’ emphasis’. Forcunaely this method has been farther developed in the wave equation Gnitially deveaped abont chat time by Mrs ‘Gaenmingyascociete ec the Raymond Pile Driving Compasy, Mr E.ALL. Stich) ‘The Ware Equation analysis can conecdy model che pile and hammer, and the resulting wave transmission, Wave equation sod models account for pile viscosity and sod layers. The larg: est ark now is chen the actual hammer performance and energy ccansfer, ‘Aneven better use ofthe stess ware propagation theory men tioned by Commings is now common in dynamicpile testing. Since the midi970s, dynamic pile resting and signal matching analyses easly excimated the capaciey mare accurately atthe time of tex ing, sicher during instllaion or during rescrke. (Hannigan 2006).Tf measured results from dynamic testing are considered in a “refined wave equation analysis” (Rauache et al 2009) che resting bearing graph is even more relizbl, Since the more scienific wave ssqustion analysis is readily available, user-friendly, and vakes litle ‘more time ro ran an analysis than to make the fora cael tion the question then is why are formmlas still in se? Even more incredibly, there are still fanded smadies for development of new formulas. 4J.G. Mason (Bridge Buginees, State of Nebrasla) stated in his 194i discussion ‘Pl draving formulas area necessity” Brom histor ‘eal perspective, chis ras reasonable in 1941, Engineers chen needed some way r0 evalate when co stop driving the pile. Some coder night stare wicha dynamic forsmulace preliminariy selec che ham- amet fora cersin pik capacity. Bur iris bewildering to encouter furrent project specifications that eveliat pile capacity by means efoniy 2 dynamic formula. On Tatger projects stati loading est 4s alaya a good ides. On any project, pmadence would sxggeat a dynamic pile are, or a lease 2 sve equation analsie. Compared ‘wich rliznce only on formulas, beter engineering, including ether static or dynamictestng, almost aluays sus in a more esonomic Gesign 2 significancly edoced visk. “This brief review ofthe excensive discussion comments is pre sented co produce more realistic expectations of whae can or cannot beachieved by a dyzamic formula, Hopefully chis summary ofthe 1941-1942 discussions wll not just provide information of historic cal ineerest, bor also will encourage more madera engineering of piled founderions. REFERENCES Chel, RD. CLSGA Fle Foundators. MeGiraw Hill Book Comasny Bates, M. (1967), "Empirical Formula fer predicting ple beanng capadty.” Gul Enginearing Vol.27, No.3, March, pp. 85-36 Hennigan, P.!, Gable, .,Litins, 6ané Reueche, F (2008) Design anc Construction of Divan Pie Foundations, Yoluma ll port FH fi 05-043, National Highway Insult, Falors) Highway Acimin station Hiley A. (1925). rational plednving ermula and its applica tion a pling practice am anes”. Enginesrng (london) (119) BST at Lawton, EC, Fragnony,R. J, Higzina, J D, Kllan, A, Py and Potere, A.J. L988), "Reviow of Methods for Ectating Fla Capacity Tanspertalan Resaweh Record No. £208: Stuctare Foundatiome, Iranspottaticn Rasearch Board, pp. 3240. Liking, 6.6, Fallen, i, ond Holz, LD. (2012). "Pia Devan Fomllas—Past and Pesert. FullSeele Testngin Foundstion Design MH, Hussein, PD. Holtz, KR. Masearsch, and GE. Likine, ods, Gactecrnical Spatai Publication 227, Goo Conese Galland March 26.20, State tho Art and Pact in Geclecincal Erainsering, ASCE, aston, Vp. 17 Distr, Band Fla, K. (1987), "Pl driving fermulas fe friction piles in sand’, faunal of Sal Mecharics and Foundabco 1si90, Fronsedlngs of ASCE, 33668) 279.298 Commtize on the Besring Value of Pie Foundations (1944). "Ble Driving Formulae: P:ogtese Ronort of tie Cormitioa,* Prooascrs of the Dipaiean Society of Cl Eninoers, Vol. 87, No.5, pp. 853- 06. iscussions monthly: 877) Saptember Led to 08() March 11942, 6205) May 1942 (Cosure) Authors Carine itis, Pa , Prenat, Pe Dyas, Ine, «GLa com> Beng H, Relais, Pg, De Tea, Cowulant, 475 Reha Boece Sidy, Bish Cohen, VL 289, Benge nat overs D. Hoi, Ph.D, PE, D.GE, Proje Brains, Orit of Weseagnn cid wacongon aes Bo outoyl Otel Taio. ¥ PILEDRIVER | 672 4 | ‘i j Ree : | << Pa : 1 (rere ace} a beset Tish oi : otetisy earl Le Soh at =~ 7 Nee Pen Ecc th ~_ eal Greece kos =