SENSATION:- SKIN

PRESENTED BY , JUHI ALFIYA AND HABIBUNISA BEGUM

INTRODUCTION

The integument or skin is the largest organ of the body, making up

16% of bodyweight, with a surface area of 1.8 m^2
Six reasons you need skin ;-1. waterproof covering around your
body
2. barrier between your delicate tissue and the harsh outside world
3. stops the germs from getting into our body
4. filters out harmful radiation in sun that can damage your cells
5. helps your body to maintain a steady temperature
6.houses receptors that enables you to detect
touch,pressure,vibrations,heat and cold
 .

. Skin is a dynamic organ in a constant state of change, as cells

of the outer layers are continuously shed and replaced by inner
cells moving up to the surface
Although structurally consistent throughout the body, skin varies
in thickness according to anatomical site and age of the
individual
Hair, nails, sebaceous, sweat and apocrine glands are regarded
as derivatives of skin
 STRUCTURE OF SKIN

T three structural layers to the skin:

the epidermis, the dermis and
subcutaneous layer (fat layer)
The epidermis, the outermost layer
of skin, provides a waterproof
barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis, beneath the
epidermis, contains tough
connective tissue, hair follicles,
and sweat glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue
(hypodermis) is made of fat and
connective tissue.
Epidermis

The epidermis is the relatively thin,

tough, outer layer of the skin. Most of
the cells in the epidermis are
keratinocytes.
From superficial to deep, these layers are the
stratum corneum.
stratum lucidoum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum,
stratum basale,
Dermis

The dermis might be considered the core of the

integumentary system (derma- = skin), as distinct from
the epidermis (epi- = upon or over) and hypodermis
(hypo- = below).
It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other
structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue
that compose an interconnected mesh of elastin and
collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts
Layers of Dermis

Papillary
reticular
Papillary layer

made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the

collagen and elastin fibers of this layer form a loose mesh.
Also contains phagocytes, defensive cells that help fight
bacteria or other infections that have breached the skin.
This layer also contains lymphatic capillaries, nerve fibres,
and touch receptors called the Meissner corpuscles.
Reticular layer

Underlying the papillary layer is the much

thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular
connective tissue.
This layer is well vascularized and has a rich sensory
and sympathetic nerve supply.
Elastin fibers provide some elasticity to the skin,
enabling movement.
Collagen fibers provide structure and tensile strength.
Subcutaneous layer (hypo dermis)

The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer or

superficial fascia) is a layer directly below the dermis
serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia
(fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
although the border between the hypodermis and
dermis can be difficult to distinguish.
which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides
insulation and cushioning for the integument.
Function
Main functions

The skin is one of the largest organs in the body in surface area and
weight.

The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation

and sensation.
Wounding affects all the functions of the skin.
Protection

The skin is an organ of protection.

act as a barrier.
The skin provides protection from:
mechanical impacts and pressure,
variations in temperature, micro-
organisms, radiation and chemicals
Regulation

organ of regulation.
regulates several aspects of physiology,
body temperature via sweat and hair,
changes in peripheral circulation and fluid
balance via sweat.
reservoir for the synthesis of Vitamin D.
Sensation
Temperature

Free nerve endings

Cold receptors
Warm receptors
Pain receptors
Sensory coding:
Intensity
Duration
Pain and itching

Nociceptors
Reflexive path
Itch
Fast pain
Slow pain
Touch pressure
 Receptors
Types of receptors
- Mechanoreceptors:
-- Proprioreceptors in tendons, ligaments
and muscles body position
-- Touch receptors in the skin: free nerve endings, Merkels
disks and Meissners corpuscles (superficial touch), hair
follicles, Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffinis ending

- Thermoreceptors: Warm receptors (30-45oC) and cold

receptors (20-35oC)

- Nociceptors: respond to noxious stimuli

Sensory transduction

Receptors transform an
external signal into a
membrane potential

Two types of receptor cells:

- a nerve cell
- a specialized epithelial cell
Somatic pathways
Sensory pathways

The sensory pathways convey the

type and location of the sensory
stimulus

The type: because of the type of

receptor activated

The location: because the brain has a

map of the location of each receptor
Sensory modality-what is perceived
after a stimulus

Location
Lateral inhibition
Receptive field
Intensity-phasic receptors(adapts faster to a stimulus)
Duration-Tonic receptors( adapts slowly to a stimulus)
Lateral inhibition
Receptive field
Thank you !!!!