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chemical energy (food) that the body converts into chemical work and thermal energy and
back into stored chemical energy (fat).
TLO 13: Discuss the work, energy and power.
TLO 14: Analyze and solve problems involving work, energy and power.
Metabolic Rate the rate of conversion of food energy into some other form
Basal Metabolic Rate and Oxygen Consumption Rates of a resting 65-kg male
Power Consumed at Rest Oxygen Consumption Percent of
*The force should be acting parallel to the line of action of the displacement ORGAN
kcal/min W (mL O2 / min) BMR
Liver and spleen 0.53 23 67 27
Brain 0.23 16 47 19
where: W = work
Skeletal Muscle 0.22 15 45 18
F = applied force
d = displacement Kidney 0..13 9 26 10
Heart 0.08 6 17 7
*Work can be positive, negative or zero Others (digestive
tract, smooth 0.23 16 48 19
Zero Work muscle, skin, etc)
- the angle between the direction of the displacement and the applied force is equal Total 1.22 85 250 100
to 90
- any force applied that is perpendicular to the direction of the displacement will Energy consumption is directly proportional to oxygen consumption. Approximately 4.9 kcal
result to a zero work of energy are produced for each liter of oxygen consumed, independent of the type of food.
Negative Work
- the angle between the direction of the displacement and the applied force is equal
to 180
- any force applied that is of the opposite direction as the displacement will result to
a negative work
2. How many joules of work are done by a force in lifting a mass of 2kg upward a distance of
3 m? (ans. 58.8 joules)
Example:
2. If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object having a mass of 0.55 kg, What is the if the object is initially at rest, then KE can be computed as
force constant of the spring? How much work is done by the spring on the object as it
stretches through this distance? (2.7 x 102 N/m, -5.4 x 10-2J)
6. To what height can a piece of structural steel weighing 2 tons be lifted if work amounting
to 110000 ft lb is done on it? What horsepower is required to do this lifting in 50 sec? (ans.
where: = final potential energy = final kinetic energy 27.5 ft; 4hp)
= initial potential energy = initial kinetic energy
7. A man pushes a lawn mower 50 ft in 5 sec by exerting a force of 30 lb at an angle of 53
When no work is done, Wk = 0, then with the horizon. Find the work done and the average power expended? (ans. 900 ft-lb;
0.327 hp)
9. How much work is required to hoist an elevator and its contents with total mass of 2500 kg
to the top of a building 200 m high? What average power is required if this work is done in 40
sec? (ans. 4.9 x 106 joules; 122.5 kW)
Potential energy Gained is equal to the Kinetic Energy Lost
10. An escalator is designed to lift 100 people of 75 kg average mass from one floor of a
department store to another 10 m higher in 1 min. What power is required, assuming that 80
% of the power goes into lifting people? (ans. 15.3 kW)
IV. POWER 11. An elevator and its contents have a mass of 1500 kg. find the work and power required to
- is the rate of doing work or of transferring energy
lift this system 40 m at a constant speed of 4 m/sec for 4 sec.
- Mechanical Power is a measure of how fast work is being done by a force
- the rate at which energy is gained or lost
Unit Conversions:
1 joule = 107 ergs = 0.7376 ft lbs
1 Newton = 105 dynes
1hp = 746 Watts
The distance from the pivot to the point of application of the force is . The term is the
perpendicular lever arm (also called moment arm). It is the shortest distance from the pivot
to the line of action of the force. The point of rotation in a lever system is called the pivot or
fulcrum.
1st condition: The sum of all forces acting on a body must be equal to zero, that is the
horizontal resultant force must be equal to zero and that the vertical resultant force must
also be equal to zero
2nd condition: For an object to be in equilibrium under the action o a set of forces, the sum
of the torque (about any axis) acting upon the body must be zero