100nm

o Why Micromagnetics, what we can

o Energetics of magnetic system
o OOMMF simulations
o Examples
- Magnetic Multilayers
- Magnetic Dot
- FIB, MFM, Simulation
- Circulating current: Magnetic field
- Weiss: Molecular field: net magnetic moment
- Heisenberg: electrostatic (Coulomb) interaction between two electrons depends on the
relative orientation of their spins: exchange interaction
Local: Nearest neighbour, isotropic, strong, short range

Net magnetic moment in absence of magnetic field

Magnetic dipolar energy

Non-local (long range), anisotropic, weak

 OOMMF (object orientated micromagnetic package)

- differential operators in the LLG equation are replaced with corresponding finite
difference operators
- well-known numerical schemes (such as the Euler or Runge-Kutta schemes)
- volume of the problem is discretized into rectangular cells
- magnetization is assumed to be uniform within each cell
- central difference scheme: spins are located in the centre of the
rectangular cells of the mesh
- volume and shape of the discretized sample are preserved so that |dv/v |=0 .

- 6 nbr exchange
- magnetostatic interaction has a non-local
character in real space it becomes local in
reciprocal space
 Specify Oxs_RectangularMesh:mesh { Specify Oxs_UniformExchange {
cellsize {xe-9 ye-9 ze-9} A xe-y
# MIF 2.1 atlas :atlas }
RandomSeed 18 } Specify Oxs_Demag {}
Specify Oxs_UniaxialAnisotropy { Specify Oxs_CGEvolve:evolver {}
set PI [expr {4*atan(1.)}] K1 { Oxs_AtlasScalarField { Specify Oxs_MinDriver {
set MU0 [expr {4*$PI*1e-7}] atlas :atlas evolver :evolver
default_value xey mesh :mesh
Specify Oxs_ImageAtlas:atlas { values { stopping_mxHxm 1
xrange {0 1E-6} nonmagnetic 0 stage_count 0
yrange {0 1E-6} magnetic xey Ms { Oxs_AtlasScalarField {
zrange {0 40e-9} } atlas :atlas
image test3.bmp }} default_value 0.0
viewplane xy axis { Oxs_AtlasVectorField { values {
colormap { atlas :atlas nonmagnetic 0
white nonmagnetic norm 1 magnetic xey
black magnetic default_value {0 0 1} }}
} values { }
} nonmagnetic {0 0 0} m0 { Oxs_RandomVectorField
magnetic {0 0 1} { min_norm 1 max_norm 1 } }}
}
}}
}
0-850mT
 Fixed 1st bit by higher K 1st bit fixed Ground state

50-20 ground state

30-10-50-20 ground state

800mT-0mT, 1step

800mT 0mT

30-10-50-20 ground state, 1st dot flipped

800mT-0mT, 1step

800mT 0mT
 Perpendicular Anisotropy vs. Domain size in CoPt 500x500nm

K= 5.2e5 8.2e5 9.2e5 1.2e6

1.4e6 1.6e6 1.8e6 2.0e6

2.2e6 3.2e6 4.2e6 5.2e6

Oommf output: GdFeTb(40nm thick 4nm cell)
0-800mT
0-900mT
MnAs Films

J. Mohanty, et.al Appl. Phys. A 77, 739 (2003)

MFM Set-up

J. Mohanty, et.al Appl. Phys. A 81, 1359 (2005)

 Micromagnetic Modeling

MFM Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1132 (2004).

 Structural and Magnetic Phase Transition

MFM
heating
c-axis
a-axis

1 m

15C 25C 33C 35C 37C 41C

J. Mohanty, et.al Appl. Phys. A 77, 739 (2003),

cooling
Appl.Phys. Lett. 82, 2308-2310 (2003).
 Temperature Dependence of the
Domain Structure
XMCDPEEM

- magnetic stripe demagnetize at 22oC

- small distance favors inter-stripe dipole-dipole coupling
Appl. Phys. A 84, 231 (2006)
 Field Dependence of Magnetic Domains
MFM

J. Appl. Phys. 98, 063909 (2005)

 Microscopic Magnetization Reversal
MFM

Phys. Rev. B. 73, 104441 (2006)

 Magnetic Multilayes
Sputtering: Fe (0.44 /sec.) and Gd (1.82 /sec.)
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA)
Stripe domains: shape and surface anisotropy
energies are roughly equal
Domain Dynamics and intermittent switching
 Magnetic domain: MFM imaging
1 2

3 In-plane
2

Out-of- plane
Coherent Resonant Magnetic Scattering
Magnetic Field: Domain Dynamics
Ultrafast Demagnetization
 reproduce optical results
characteristic demagnetization time constant below 1 ps
FEL only

IR+FEL

Change of the domain size in only some 100 fs over a large area
Movement of domain walls is much slower!
 Micromagnetic Simulation
Case 1: Wiggly domains
0.5x0.5mu^2

2.27e-15
1.49e-15
1.22e-15

random stripes wiggly

 Micromagnetic Simulation
Case 2: tilted easy axis (weak anisotropy)

(0 0 1) (0 0.5 1) (0 1 1)

- wider domain
- less contrast