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temporary or
permanent
Temporary hardness can be removed simply by boiling the water (see later).
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with
the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in
shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator
in acidbase titrations. For this application, it turns colorless
in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.
Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is
dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments. It is a weak acid,
which can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule
is colorless, and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is
added to the phenolphthalein, the molecule ions equilibrium
shifts to the right, leading to more ionization as H + ions are
removed. This is predicted by Le Chatelier's principle.
Structure
Model
Applications
Methyl Orange
Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used
in titrations because of its clear and distinct color change.
Because it changes color at the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is
usually used in titrations for acids. Unlike a universal indicator,
methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but
has a sharper end point. Methyl orange shows red color in acidic
medium and yellow color in basic medium.
Chemists use methyl orange as an indicator in the titration of
weak bases with strong acids. It changes from red (at pH 3.1) to
orange-yellow (at pH 4.4): pH-related color changes result from
changes in the way electrons are confined in a molecule when
hydrogen ions are attached or detached.
Methyl orange (pH indicator)
3.1 4.4
Hazards