50 Background
A general cubic equation
Ytpy? +ay+r=0
may be reduced to the depressed cubic form
o+art+b=0
by substituting
yao-8
This yields
a=1(3q—p?) b= 4(2p>- 9pq+ 27r)
A=V-t+ "48, Bay-$-VF+s
‘The solution of the depressed cubic is
PEA4B, re AGRE AGBVTG, pe 4B AGB YG
Now let
and
References
1. ‘Asimov, Isaac, Asimov on Numbers, Bell Publishing Co., N.Y., 1982.
2, Calinger, R., Ed., Classics of Mathematics, Moore Publishing Co.,Oak Park,
IL., 1982.
3. Hogben, Lancelot, Mathematics in the Making, Doubleday & Co. Inc., New
York, 1960.
Cajori, Florian, A History of Mathematics, 4th ed., Chelsea, New York, 1985.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Micropaedia, vol. 11, p. 1043, 1982.
Singh, Jagjit, Great Ideas of Modern Mathematics, Dover, New York, 1959.
Dunham, William, Journey through Genius, Wiley, New York, 1990.
someB.7 Miscellaneous 49
B.7-8 Differentiation Table
a? = b(Ina)a!
sin ar = acos ar
dz
d -
cos az = ~asin ar
dz
B.7-9 Some Useful Constants
i 3.1415926535
e % 2.7182818284
2 ~ 03678794411
logy 2 = 0.30103,
logy 3 = 0.47712
B.7-10 Solution of Quadratic and Cubic Equations
Any quadratic equation can be reduced to the form
az? +52 +e=0
‘The solution of this equation is provided by
—bt Vb? = dac
2a48
B.7-7
Background
Indefinite Integrals
fotomwe foas
f fea(e)de = Heale)~ f Hledleyae
. 1 i,
sin az dr = —-cos ar cos ax dz = ~sin ar
a a
2 sin 2a 2 =, sin 2az
foo ards = 5-2 fos ards = 5 4 S02
fe sin az dx = (sin az - az cos az)
@
1 «
2008 az de = (cos az +azsin a2)
1 .
[osm ardz = altar sin ax +2cos ax — ax? cos az)
fe cos ard = 4 (2ax cos az — 2sin az + a*x* sin az)
a
ee gg, _ Sin (a= d)e sina + d)e tap
[si azsin trae = SEE enh exe
. __ fcos(a—b)2 , cos (a +b) oa
[sin asco tode =~ | 2 By 2a +b) a #6
sin(a—b)x , sin(a+5)e ae
= Salaries , sinla +8)e y
[cos a2008 beds Yer Yard) ae
fore
a
fretac=
et
[ee d= ares? — 2ax +2)
(ax ~1)
fe sin br dz = arp bz — bcos bz)
az = er
fe cos be de = (aos be + bsin be)
1 1 oe
Fg de = = tan =
at a a
| weee- Fin(e? +0?)
a pa?Bf Miscellaneous
B.7-5 Complex Numbers
e231? = by
ctine _ [) neven
-1 nodd
#7? = cos 0 + jsin 8
atjb=re® r= Var+e?,
(rei?) = Reiko
(rie?) (rgei®2) = ryrged(Or+#2)
B.7-6 Trigonometric Identities
et = cos xt jsin e
cos a = Hei + oF)
sin 2 = Blel* — oF]
cos (x + 3) = ¥sin x
sin(z + §) = +cosz
Qsin x cos x = sin 2x
sin? x + cos?z =1
cos? x ~ sin? x = cos 2x
cos? x = 3(1 + cos 22)
sin? x = (1 —cos 2z)
cos* x = }(3cos « + cos 32)
sin’ x = 1(3sin 2 ~ sin 3x)
sin (« + y) = sin xeos y + cos sin y
cos (z+ y) = cos cos y Fsin zsin y
_ tanettany
tan (e+) = 7S tana tan g
sin zsin y = }[cos(z - y) ~ cos(z + y)]}
cos x cos y = }[cos (2 ~ y) + cos (x +y)}
sin xcos y = }sin(z - y) + sin(z + y)]
acos z +bsin z= Ccos (x +6)
in which C = Va? +6? and ¢@= tan? (2)