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50 Background A general cubic equation Ytpy? +ay+r=0 may be reduced to the depressed cubic form o+art+b=0 by substituting yao-8 This yields a=1(3q—p?) b= 4(2p>- 9pq+ 27r) A=V-t+ "48, Bay-$-VF+s ‘The solution of the depressed cubic is PEA4B, re AGRE AGBVTG, pe 4B AGB YG Now let and References 1. ‘Asimov, Isaac, Asimov on Numbers, Bell Publishing Co., N.Y., 1982. 2, Calinger, R., Ed., Classics of Mathematics, Moore Publishing Co.,Oak Park, IL., 1982. 3. Hogben, Lancelot, Mathematics in the Making, Doubleday & Co. Inc., New York, 1960. Cajori, Florian, A History of Mathematics, 4th ed., Chelsea, New York, 1985. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Micropaedia, vol. 11, p. 1043, 1982. Singh, Jagjit, Great Ideas of Modern Mathematics, Dover, New York, 1959. Dunham, William, Journey through Genius, Wiley, New York, 1990. some B.7 Miscellaneous 49 B.7-8 Differentiation Table a? = b(Ina)a! sin ar = acos ar dz d - cos az = ~asin ar dz B.7-9 Some Useful Constants i 3.1415926535 e % 2.7182818284 2 ~ 03678794411 logy 2 = 0.30103, logy 3 = 0.47712 B.7-10 Solution of Quadratic and Cubic Equations Any quadratic equation can be reduced to the form az? +52 +e=0 ‘The solution of this equation is provided by —bt Vb? = dac 2a 48 B.7-7 Background Indefinite Integrals fotomwe foas f fea(e)de = Heale)~ f Hledleyae . 1 i, sin az dr = —-cos ar cos ax dz = ~sin ar a a 2 sin 2a 2 =, sin 2az foo ards = 5-2 fos ards = 5 4 S02 fe sin az dx = (sin az - az cos az) @ 1 « 2008 az de = (cos az +azsin a2) 1 . [osm ardz = altar sin ax +2cos ax — ax? cos az) fe cos ard = 4 (2ax cos az — 2sin az + a*x* sin az) a ee gg, _ Sin (a= d)e sina + d)e tap [si azsin trae = SEE enh exe . __ fcos(a—b)2 , cos (a +b) oa [sin asco tode =~ | 2 By 2a +b) a #6 sin(a—b)x , sin(a+5)e ae = Salaries , sinla +8)e y [cos a2008 beds Yer Yard) ae fore a fretac= et [ee d= ares? — 2ax +2) (ax ~1) fe sin br dz = arp bz — bcos bz) az = er fe cos be de = (aos be + bsin be) 1 1 oe Fg de = = tan = at a a | weee- Fin(e? +0?) a pa? Bf Miscellaneous B.7-5 Complex Numbers e231? = by ctine _ [) neven -1 nodd #7? = cos 0 + jsin 8 atjb=re® r= Var+e?, (rei?) = Reiko (rie?) (rgei®2) = ryrged(Or+#2) B.7-6 Trigonometric Identities et = cos xt jsin e cos a = Hei + oF) sin 2 = Blel* — oF] cos (x + 3) = ¥sin x sin(z + §) = +cosz Qsin x cos x = sin 2x sin? x + cos?z =1 cos? x ~ sin? x = cos 2x cos? x = 3(1 + cos 22) sin? x = (1 —cos 2z) cos* x = }(3cos « + cos 32) sin’ x = 1(3sin 2 ~ sin 3x) sin (« + y) = sin xeos y + cos sin y cos (z+ y) = cos cos y Fsin zsin y _ tanettany tan (e+) = 7S tana tan g sin zsin y = }[cos(z - y) ~ cos(z + y)]} cos x cos y = }[cos (2 ~ y) + cos (x +y)} sin xcos y = }sin(z - y) + sin(z + y)] acos z +bsin z= Ccos (x +6) in which C = Va? +6? and ¢@= tan? (2)

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