Development of A GIS Based Model For Mapping Potential Liquifaction Susceptibility Zones

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UNIVERSITY
, OF HAWAII LIBRARY
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Development of a GIS-Based Model for
Mapping Potential Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN i
CIVIL ENGINEERING
December 2005
By
Carolyn D Wallace
Thesis Committee:
Peter G Nicholson, Chairperson
Horst Brandes
Phillip Ooi
We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope
and quality as a thesi 5 for the degree of M aster of Science in Civil Engineering,
THESIS COMMITTEE
Chairperson
I I, ' II
10 002605447
I___:UN'VERSITY OF HAWAII
HAWN-
Q111
.H3
no. 4043
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Peter G.
Nicholson, for his supervision and help in all aspects of this project. I also need to
acknowledge the National Oceanic & Atmospheric AsSOciation, Coastal Services Center
for providing financial support for this project and a helpful staff that made it possible.
John Mara and Adam Stein were critical in providing information and direction
throughout the project.
I would also like to acknowledge Drs. Horst Brandes and Phillip Ooi for reviewing
this thesis.
Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Allen; my parents, Burt and Sandy; and
daughter, Vanessa. Their support, encouragement and patience throughout my study
have been paramount to my success.
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ABSTRACT
Seismic hazard and risk analyses playa major role in identifying the potential
consequences of an earthquake both in relation to existing facilities as well as in the
planning and location of new structures. Advances in computer-based Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) have provided a technology which is ideally suited to fulfill the
needs of earthquake hazard analyses. This step-by-step GIS approach for mapping
liquefaction potential hazards caused by large earthquakes emphasizes integration of
original digital geologic mapping with numerous sets of base data and subsurface data.
The overall objective of this study was to integrate a variety of analysis procedures for
identifying and mapping geotechnical hazards through the use of GIS technology.
The goal is to delineate and classify the areas susceptible to earthquake-induced
liquefaction. This goal is accomplished by: (1) incorporating or developing digital
geologic maps; (2) compiling and evaluating geologic and geotechnical borehole
information; (3) characterizing depth to groundwater data; (4) using GIS and relational
databases to assess the liquefaction susceptibility based on data derived from (1), (2),
and (3). The result will be the development of detailed GIS-based maps and databases
that depict the relative liquefaction susceptibility hazard, ranked from very-low to very-
high, which could be used by planners, agencies, or individuals to prepare for and better
mitigate the effects of liquefaction.
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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ..... . ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 TARGET AUDIENCE .... . ......... .3
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 4

2.1 SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... .4
CHAPTER 3 LIQUEFACTION .................................................................................................................. 5

3.1 LIQUEFACTION BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 5
3.2 LIQUEFACTION MAPPING PROGRAMS .................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................8

4.1 STAGED ApPROACH .............................................................................................................................. 9
4.1.1 First Stage.. .. ........... .. ......... 9
4.1.2 Second Stage... .. ........... .. . .... 9
4.1.3 Third Stage.. .. ..................................... .. ........ 10
4.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM ApPROACH ............... .. .. .......................................... 10
4.2.1 Layers/Spatial Data. .......................................... .................... .. ....................... .. ... lD
4.2. 2 Attribute Data.. ........................... .. ........................................................................ . 11
4.3 FINAL PRODUCT........................... ....................... .. ............................................ 11
CHAPTER 5 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................ 13

5.1 TYPES OF DATA ................................................................................................. .. ........ 13
5.2 METIlODS OF COLLECTION ............................................................................... . .. ...... 13
5.3 SOURCES OF DATA ................................................................................................... .. .. .................. 13
CHAPTER 6 PREPARATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP ............................................................... 15

6.1 GEOLOGY/ SOILS ................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2 WELL WATER LEVEL DATA ................................................................................................................. 29
6.3 SUPPORTING SHAPEFILES ..................................................................................................................... 32
6.4 DATA MANAGEMENT ....................................................... """"" .......................................................... 33
6.5 PROOF OF CONCEPT AREA .................................................................................................................. .33
6.6 BORING LOGS ...................................................................................................................................... 34
6.6.1 Development of Microsoft Access Databases .. ........................................................................... 35
6.6.2 Methods of Locating Boring Sites in G[S Program ............................ ,...................................... .43
6.6.3 Ranking ofData .... ................................................................................................................... 44
6.6.4 Completing the Borehole Data... .. .......................................................... .46
CHAPTER 7 FUNCTIONS IN GIS .......................................................................................................... 47
7.1. I Converting Shapejiles ......................................................... ...................................................... 47
7.1.2 Editing Shapejiles ....................................................................................................................... 52
7.1.3 GeoProcessing and Joining Data .......................................................................................... " .... 61
7.2 SPATIAL ANALYST ............................................................................................................................... 65
7.2.1 Interpolation ................................................................................................................................ 65
7.2.2 Options ...................................................................................................................................... 68
7.2.3 Raster Calculator ................. .. .......................................................... 69
CHAPTER 8 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 70
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CHAPTER 9 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 74
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ ;................... 75
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 76
Table of Figures
Figure 1 GIS Methodology ..................................... ............... ................. 8
Figure 2 NRCS Soil Survey (State of Hawaii Soil Survey, NRCS,1972)... ..16
Figure 3 USGS Geology Map (USGSReportHA-730N, 1972).. .. .. 17
Figure 4 Soil Data Viewer Window................ ..... ................ .. ................................................. 18
Figure 5 NRCS Map Units Map ............. ........ .......... .. ......... 19
Figure 6 MauCRock Map ........................ .......................... .. .................... ............................. 20
Figure 7 Percent Clay. Maui Soils.... ................... .............. ..................... .. ................... 21
Figure 8 Maui 1st Cut Susceptible Soils ......................................... . ............................ 22
Figure 9 Soils Queried with TMK ........................... .. ............................................. 23
Figure 10 USGS Minus Rock ............................ .............. .. ................ 24
Figure 11 USGS Alluvial Soils.... .................... ............. ................... ............. .. ............................ 25
Figure 12 USGS vs. NRCSITMK Potentially Susceptible Areas ................................................... 26
Figure 13 USGS Soil Survey Map............................ ..................... ................. .................... 27
Figure 14 NRCS Soil Units Hawaii.................... ............... .. ............................................ 28
Figure 15 Hawaii Soil Minus Rock................... ................ .. ................................................ 28
Figure 16 Potentially Susceptible Soils Hawaii ..................... . ............................................ 29
Figure 17 Well Locations on MauL. .. .................................................. 31
Figure 18 Welilacations in Areas 0/ [nterest. ......................................... .. .................. 31
Figure 19 Welt Locations in Areas of Interest on Hawaii .................... . .................................... 32
Figure 20 Pro%/Concept Area........................ ................. .. ....................................... 34
Figure 21 Example o/Boring Log..................................... .. ............................................. 35
Figure 22 Database Flowchart.. ........................ ............................... .. ....... 37
Figure 23 Main Boring Log Data Table .................. .............. .. ..................................... 39
Figure 24 Example 0/ Boring Log Data Table. .. ..................................... .40
Figure 25 Relationship between Tables .................... .. ................................... .41
Figure 26 Example a/Table Relationships ....................... ...................... .. ........................................... .42
Figure 27 Formsfor Entering Data................................... .................. .................................... .. ... .43
Figure 28 Arc Toolbox Menu ........................... ............... .. ................................................ .48
Figure 29 Projection Wizard File Selection Window.. . .. ............................................................... .49
Figure 30 Projection Wizard Output File .............................................................................. .................. 50
Figure 31 Projection Wizard Coordinate System Selection ....................... .................................................. 51
Figure 32 Coordinate Systems .............. .. ................................................ 52
Figure 33 Saving Shapejiles ..................................................................................... 53
Figure 34 Start Editing Window............................... ...... ,........... ,................................................................ 54
Figure 35 ArcCatalog Window ............................................................................................................... 56
Figure 36 New Shapejile Window ................................................................................... ............................ 57
Figure 37 Shapejile Properties ............ ......................................................................................................... 58
Figure 38 Selection a/Coastline .................... ,... ,.......................................................................................... 60
Figure 39 First Cut Line ........................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 40 Second Cut Line ............. ............................................................................................................ 61
Figure 411ntersection iftfenu Screen .. . ............................................................................................... 62
Figure 42 Joined Attribute Table ................................. ............................... .. ..................... 64
Figure 43 Example IDW a/Groundwater Rank ......................................................................................... 66
Figure 44 Kriging Results a/Groundwater Table Rank ........... . . ......... ....... ......... .. ................. 67
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Figure 45 Spatial Analyst Options Window ................................................................................................. 68
Figure 46 Raster Calculator Example ..... ................................................................................................... 69
Figure 47 Interpolation based on lowest soil rank...................................................................................... .70
Figure 48 Interpolation based on groundwater level ................................................................................... 71
Figure 49 Overlay afFigures 47 & 48............... .. .................................................................................... 72
Figure 50 Final Susceptibility Map .................. ............................................................................................ 73
List of Tables
Table 1 Soil Ranking Methodology .. .......... .45
Table 2 Example ofSoil Ranking ............................... .. .. .. .45
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Liquefaction-related ground failure historically has caused extensive structural
and lifeline da!11age in urbanized areas around the world. Recent examples of these
effects include damage produced during the 1989 Loma Prieta, 1994 Northridge, 1995
Kobe, and 1999 Turkey earthquakes. These and other historical earthquakes show that
the distribution of liquefaction-related damage is not random, but generally is restricted
to recent alluvial deposits that contain low-density, saturated, granular sediments.
Extensive young gravel, sand, and silt deposits, shallow groundwater, and the presence
of nearby potentially active faults and volcanic activity, indicate that significant areas of
Maui (and to a much lesser extent Hawaii) County are particularly susceptible to
liquefaction-related hazards.
The potential for liquefaction depends on both the susceptibility of a deposit to

liquefy and the opportunity for ground shaking to exceed a specified threshold level
required for liquefaction to occur. Liquefaction susceptibility is the relative resistance of a
deposit to loss of strength when subjected to strong ground shaking. Loss of soil
strength as a result of liquefaction during an earthquake can result in ground failures at
the earth's surface. These failures, including localized bearing failure, ground settlement
and lateral spreading, can cause significant property damage. Physical properties of
surficial deposits govern the degree of resistance to liquefaction during an earthquake.
These properties include sediment grain-size distribution, density, cementation,
saturation, and depth. Sediments that lack resistance (susceptible deposits) commonly
include saturated, sandy young deposits. Sediments resistant to liquefaction include
older deposits that are dry or sufficiently dense.
Prior to 1990 there was very little recognition of the earthquake hazard in the
Hawaiian Islands, although historical data and projections show what is now understood
to be a significant and real threat to the "Island State" (Furumoto et al. 1990; NOAA;

USGS; Morioka 1999). USGS reports that Hawaii is susceptible to earthquakes that
may exceed magnitude 8 and intensity XII, with probabilistic PGA that exceeds 1.75g in
50 years (Klein et aI., 2001). Notable advancements have been made over the past 10
1
years, many resulting from work of the Hawaii State Earthquake Advisory Board
(HSEAB) organized under the auspices of the Hawaii State Civil Defense, to promote
awareness and elevate recognition of the earthquake hazard in Hawaii. One important
milestone was the elevation of the seismic zonation of the Island of Hawaii (the Big
Island) to a Zone 4 category, comparable to the highest hazard zones of California.
Significant hazards have also been demonstrated for Maui and Honolulu Counties.
As seen in some notable earthquakes of the past 40years (Niigata, Japan 1964;
Alaska, 1964; Loma Prieta, CA, 1989; Guam, 1993; Kobe, Japan 1995), earthquake-
induced liquefaction ground failures have been responsible for some of the greatest
damage that has occurred during these events. An additional consequence of
liquefaction is the occurrence of lateral spreading, which can result in additional damage
and loss of coastal/beach property. Coastal areas are often the most desirable areas for
development and are particularly susceptible to these problems. Not only is the resulting
property damage severe, but also the hazard to public safety and impact on local
economies can be enormous.
A preliminary study was undertaken in 1991 to identify the liquefaction hazard of

the most heavily populated and developed areas of Honolulu and Waikiki on Oahu (Koh
et al. 1992). That study, commissioned by Hawaii State Civil Defense, is the only known
regional liquefaction hazard mapping that has been done in Hawaii. It is important to
note that most of the potentially liquefiable sands in Hawaii, as well as other tropical
islands, consist of calcareous material. It has been clearly demonstrated that due to the
difference in formation and mineralogical makeup of these sands, they are inherently
different than their terrigenous counterparts, and possess different engineering
properties. Therefore, conventional design and analyses are often not appropriate for
sites that contain these soil types. Much work has been (and continues to be)
conducted at the University of Hawaii to evaluate and derive correlations for the
liquefaction potential of calcareous (coralline) sands. The findings from these studies will
aid in the final level of refinement for the potential hazard maps proposed by this project,
as the final level of evaluation will draw on local expertise and findings of liquefaction
susceptibility of these soil types.
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Among the top needs noted by the Hawaii State Earthquake Advisory Committee
(HSEAC) in their 5-year goals under Geotechnical Issues, is to identify potential
liquefaction hazard sites throughout the coastal regions of the islands (HSEAC, 2002).
At a recent meeting with FEMA, the HSEAC highlighted the need to "identify and collect
existing geotechnical and geological data for regional soil profiles and hazard
mapping ... " at the top of their priority list of pre-disaster mitigation research needs.
lNhile the need has been acknowledged and evaluation studies recommended, there
has been no effort thus far to pursue these' studies for the most seismically active
counties in Hawaii.
Appropriate mitigation, preparedness and emergency response plans can be

developed by the identification of liquefaction hazard zones. This can be accomplished
through analysis based on geologic and geotechnical criteria.
1.2 Target Audience

Knowledge of potential seismic activity and areas with high soil failure potential
will help engineers, architects and planners in creating a safe environment.
Incorporating this information into adviSOry measures for the area, the risks of property
damage and loss of life may be significantly reduced.
The data and maps produced from the proposed effort, as oullined in the
following sections, could be used by various agencies (e.g. State Planning Office,
County Zoning Departments, County Building Departments, Coastal Resource
Managers, State Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Hazards Mitigation
Forum, etc.) to identify areas where further site specific studies or remediation methods
may be warranted, and/or where development should be more closely scrutinized.
3
Chapter 2 Project Objectives
2.1 Scope of Work

Through a study and analysis of geologic maps, soil maps and collected soil
borings and well water level data, identification and delineation can be made of the
areas of Hawaii and Maui Counties where there exists the greatest susceptibility
potential for earthquake-induced liquefaction ground failure. The data collected during
this study will be used to generate "potential hazard" maps, which could be used to
identify future building or development sites that may warrant further evaluation. The
maps generated could also be used to identify developed sites that may possess
significant hazards. These potential susceptibility maps could be utilized to prioritize
further investigation and to highlight where future recommendations of mitigation
methodologies may be appropriate.
2.2 Goals and Objectives _

The objectives of this project are to (1) identify the location, type and age of geologic
units with liquefaction potential; (2) assess soil parameters based on available
subsurface data; (3) identify areas of shallow groundwater; and (4) define areas of
susceptibility. The resulting product will be a GIS application in which thematic maps of
liquefaction susceptibility, geologic units and groundwater levels can be queried.
4
Chapter 3 Liquefaction
3.1 Liquefaction Background

Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is
reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction occurs in saturated
soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with
water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles that influences how tightly the
particles themselves are pressed together. Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is
relatively low. However, earthquake shaking can cause the water pressure to increase to
the point where the soil particles can readily move with respect to each other. When
liquefaction occurs, the strength of the soil decreases and the ability of a soil to support
foundations is reduced. This is accompanied by an increase in water pressure which
reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles, decreasing the effective
strength of the soil.
A soil's ability to liquefy depends on certain characteristics and its environment.

A soil must be cohesionless, having less than 10 percent fines; in a loose configuration,
minimal edge to edge contact; located in zones of saturation, high water; in the upper
soil stratum, upper 50 feet; and potential exposure to strong ground motion. Soils
meeting these characteristics are designated as potentially susceptible to liquefaction.
Ground motions strong enough to initiate liquefaction are determined by performing
laboratory testing such as cyclic triaxial testing, cyclic simple shear, and torsional shear.

The tests will provide stress and! strain results which can be be used to determine the
cyclic stress ratio (CSR) for the specific site.
By plotting the CSR-(N1)6o pairs, corrected SPT (standard penetration test) blow
counts, for cases in which liquefaction was and was not observed, a curve can be drawn
that delineates the conditions at which liquefaction has historically been observed. This
curve, interpreted as the maximum CSR for which liquefaction of a soil can resist
liquefaction, can be thought of as a curve of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). The potential
for liquefaction can be evaluated by comparing the earthquake loading (CSR) with the
liquefaction resistance (CRR), usually expressed as a factor of safety against
liquefaction, FS=CRR!CSR. A factor of safety greater than one indicates that the
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liquefaction resistance exceeds the earthquake loading, and therefore that liquefaction
would not be expected.
The scope of this study did not include ground motion consideration. The scope
focused solely on determining soils exhibiting the _characteristics of potentially
susceptible soils to liquefaction.
3.2 Liquefaction Mapping Programs

Numerous cities and states in the mainland have developed both susceptibility
and hazard maps depicting areas of potential liquefaction. The majority of the programs
developed have been in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California, although
few have utilized GIS. The diversity of GIS-based programs has opened the door for
mapping of potential liquefaction susceptibility and hazard zones. A couple of programs
have been successful and are currently in use; Albuquerque, New Mexico, County of
Riverside, and Ventura County.
William Lettis & Associates, Inc. developed a program to study the liquefaction
susceptibility in the Inner Rio Grande Valley near Albuquerque, New Mexico. Their
program was based on the region's geology, groundwater, borehole data, SPT, and
assumed peak horizontal ground accelerations of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g using an assumed 7.0
magnitude earthquake.
Earth Consultants International in conjunction with the California Division of

Mines and Geology developed seismic hazards maps for the County of Riverside,
California. Included were identification of liquefaction hazard zones. The program
assumed a peak horizontal ground acceleration of 0.1g for a magnitude 7.5 earthquake
with a 10% probability of occurrence in 50 years. The data used was historical data of
previous areas known to have experienced liquefaction, geologic data, geotechnical
data, and SPT data.
William Lettis & Associates, Inc. also produced a GIS application for liquefaction
hazard mapping in Ventura County, California. The application utilized geologiC,
groundwater, borehole and SPT data.
6
The Ventura County application similarly resembles this study as ground
acceleration and earthquake magnitudes were'not considered in the development of the
program. Both programs concentrated on the susceptibility of the soils, soil attributes
and relationship with ground water.
7
Chapter 4 Methodology
Geologic, geotechnical. and hydrologic data and maps were produced in a GIS
compatible digital format utilized as base maps. Employing a layer based interpretation
of the detailed base maps, quantitative evaluation of borehole and water level data were
used as the basis for delineating liquefaction susceptibility. These fine tuned GIS maps
enabled interpolation of sparsely distributed data points providing a means to
consistently map potential liquefaction hazards. Thus the maps, and accompanying
databases. were designed to provide the framework for evaluation of liquefaction
hazards and allow incorporation of future , more site-specific geologic and geotechnical
data (Figure 1).
---
DOob J Uf
-'- liqu.faction
Susc.ptibility
Map
Depth to
Groundwater
Map
Ouatfmary
01>' OhbM Geologie
Map
Topograpllic
Bas.
Map
Figure 1 GIS Methodology
The methodology and processes used to develop these maps, as well as the base
maps and geologic/soil data collected could be used to derive potential hazard maps for
8
other applications such as landslides, erosion, site amplification zones, etc. It is
intended that the product be developed such that it could be integrated with other State
and County multidisciplinary hazards mapping efforts.
4.1 Staged Approach
4.1.1 First Stage

Collect topographic, soils, elevation and hydrologic maps to delineate areas with
relatively low ground level or close proximity to coastlines. These areas will require
further more refined geologic and geotechnical study as outlined in the remaining
stages. These maps on their own can be useful to planning and permitting offices for
the purpose of monitoring development in potentially hazardous low-lying coastal areas.
Contact State, County and Federal agencies to request access to their records for soil
and ground water data. Also make arrangements with private industry firms to access
their files.
The collected geologic and soil survey maps will be overlaid to produce defined
areas of interest, areas in which further study is required as the geologic or soil
conditions indicate a possible risk of liquefaction. Other areas will be eliminated.
4.1.2 Second Stage

First, collect boring log data from public and private records in the areas of
concern as defined in the 1st stage. As these files will be in hard copy, it will be
necessary to create a soil profile database that will be incorporated into the GIS program
to create a new layer available for query and further refinement. The hard copy files will
then be entered into the database and imported.
Second, collect well and ground water data. The goal is to collect soil profiles
and water levels with each well in the defined areas of concern. This will aid in the
refinement of the soil profile layer.
9
During this stage, any discrepancies or questions to areas of concern defined in
the 1sl stage gives a means to revisit and either expand or further refine the areas of
concern.
4.1.3 Third Stage

Further refinement of the potential hazard zones would rely on specific soil profile
nd
data, which would be obtained from the collection of existing soil borings from the 2
stage. The evaluation and interpretation of these borings will be very labor intensive and
requires the most engineering scrutiny; this stage of refinement of the potential
liquefaction hazard maps will take considerably longer. These maps will be the final
product of this project and will identify areas (sites) that are most susceptible to
liquefaction in the event of a large local earthquake. In the case of previously developed
or utilized land, the maps could be used to alert users and disaster response planners of
the possible hazard.
The methodology and processes used to develop these maps, as well as the base
maps and geologic/soil data collected could be used to derive potential hazard maps for
other applications such as landslides, erosion, site amplification zones, etc. It is
intended that the product be developed such that it could be integrated with other State
and County multidisciplinary hazards mapping efforts.
4.2 Geographic Information System Approach
4.2.1 Layers/Spatial Data

There are numerous layers in this application including topographical maps,
hydrological maps, geological maps, borehole locations, alluvial deposits, bridge
locations, and earth structures. Each of these maps is associated with its applicable
attribute data. The following is an explanation of each layer.
Topographical Maps - Graphically displays the boundaries of the islands,

elevations, major streets cities and towns with a series of polygons and lines.
10
Hydrologic Maps - Graphically displays rivers, subsurface water flows, ground
water tables, and shorelines with polygons and lines
Geological maps - Graphically displays geologic units and land mass features
Borehole locations - Graphically displays the borehole locations
Alluvial deposits - Graphically displays the boundaries of alluvial fans with

polygons
4.2.2 Attribute Data

Databases relating to each layer will complete the picture and allow for queries
on specific search data. Examples of attribute data are:
Topography - area of island, population data, street names, city and town
names, and annual rainfall data
Hydrologic - width, average depth, fiow rate of rivers; depth of ground water
levels by season; and depth, width, and flow of aquifers
Geologic maps - names and ages of deposits; type of land feature and
characteristics
Borehole - depth of water table, type of soil, borehole log data
Alluvial deposits - matrix characteristics, area, depth, and age
4.3 Final Product

Geological, geotechnical, and hydrological data compiled during the course of the
study was integrated in ArcMap 8.2. This information is integrated with groundwater
data to produce susceptibility maps.
The liquefaction susceptibility maps developed for Maui and Hawaii show areas of
depOSits potentially susceptible to liquefaction-related ground failure on the basis of
Quaternary geologic mapping, groundwater levels, historical occurrences of liquefaction,
11
and analyses of borehole (SPT) data. liquefaction susceptibility is classified on the basis
of three factors: (1) total thickness of loose sandy deposits within 40 ft (12 m) of the
earth's surface, (2) depth to the groundwater level, and (3) estimated threshold ground
shaking values required to initiate liquefaction. Geologic criteria used in the absence of
boring data include the age and texture of the deposit based on Quaternary geologic
mapping 'and estimated depth to groundwater. Quaternary geologic mapping performed
as part of the hazard mapping process differentiates deposits on the basis of age and
depositional environment.
liquefaction susceptibility ratings include: high, moderate, low, and very low. A
"high" rating typically is assigned to areas of known liquefaction occurrence, and loose
saturated artificial fill. A "very low" rating typically is used for units that are determined
not to be liquefiable, or areas where groundwater is below the critical depths of 40 to 50
feet. Susceptibility ratings of "moderate," and "low" were determined by (1) a liquefaction
analysis where borehole data are available, and (2) a criteria based on interpolation of
soil attributes and depth to groundwater for areas of insufficient geotechnical data.
12
Chapter 5 Data Collection
5.1 Types of Data

Four basic types of data were gathered for this project. (1) General GIS-based
base maps which include geologic, digital elevation maps (OEM), digital raster, quad
maps, coastlines, major roads, tax map key, and land use, which were downloadable
from various websites. (2) Digitized maps and databases of soils, slopes, hydrologic
group, drainage class, permeability, percent clay and sources of sand and gravel were
obtained on CD. (3) Hydraulic data downloadable database based on users requests for
specific data. (4) Hard copies of boring log and well data.
5.2 Methods of Collection

Data was collected via numerous methods. The general base maps were
collected by downloading GIS ready files from various internet sites, mainly from the City
and County of Honolulu and the USGS websites. Hydrologic data for the USGS wells
was retrieved from the USGS website. The Department of Land and Natural Resources
provided a CD with their well data. The most intensive collection method was visiting
various offices and organizations, pulling files and collecting hard copy records of soils
reports and geotechnical reports.
5.3 Sources of Data

There were four main sources for the data collected, federal, state, county, and
private sector. The Federal sources utilized include NOAA, NRCS, USGS, Army Corps
of Engineers, and Navy Public Works Center. State of Hawaii sources include
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Office of Planning, Hawaii Department of
Transportation, Department of Agriculture, and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Maui
City and County office include Maui Public Works, Department of Planning and Water
13
Department. Private sector sources were two local engineering firms, URS Corporation
and Emest K. Hirata & Associates, Inc.
14
Chapter 6 Preparation of Susceptibility Map
6.1 Geologyl Soils

Geologic maps of the regions of interest define the relative ages and types of
deposits. These maps also indicate the structure of the region. Hydrologic maps aid in
indicating ground water levels for the regions of concern. This data can be used in 1sl
level identification of areas which, based on geologic setting, may contain potentially
liquefiable deposits.
The first soil! geologic map was received from the Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS). This map, seen in Figure 2, indicated the central valley
from Wailuku! Kahului to down to Kihei and areas of the western coast of West Maui to
have alluvial deposits.
15
0",." .t..
Figure 2 NRCS Soil Survey (State of Hawaii Soil Survey, NRCS,1972)
This map coincides with Figure 3 from the USGS in their report HA-730N , which
also shows alluvial soil deposits in these locations.
16
Maul
.,..
,- G G'
......
...
. ...
, m
,
-
Figure 3 USGS Geology Map (USGS Report HA-730N, 1972)
The next step was to acquire digitized geologic! soil maps in a GIS ready format,
i.e. georeferenced maps. At the beginning of this project, there was no geologic map
meeting this requirement available. The NRCS did, however, have a soil survey
available.
The soil survey required an extension for use and was downloaded from the
NRCS site at http://itc.nrcs.usda.gov/soildataviewer/. An extension in ArcView is an
added program not included with the ArcView program, but requires ArcView to run .
The soil data viewer is used as an extension in ArcView 3.2a. It is not compatible with
later versions of ArcView. Once downloaded and installed, in ArcView 3.2a under file -
extensions, you turn on the soil data viewer. An icon will appear in the tool bar. Add
the soil map to the current view. Pressing the icon will open the soil data viewer. This is
where any numerous properties of the soil may be located. These include the name of
the soils, clay percentage, drainage class, permeability, usage types , etc. Select the
database to use and then select the property to view, Figure 4.
17
Process of elim ination is utilized to determine the areas that contain soils
potentially susceptible to liquefaction hazards. Soils such as alluvial deposits, sand , and
gravel in a loose and saturated condition are the target soils for susceptibility.
Elimination begins with rock outcrops and lava fiow formations , then progress to
cohesive soils.
Deset.x1On .Q.P.!.iont J Aepoltsl Non-TechRepods I

Butii Ig S~e Oevd .U?I1e1l(
Comtruction M4telJah Soia Database. Cjj;!
R""...... Theme Table CoUm Nn8: JMUNarne
Snal)l Facilil:1O$
Forest Mar !t~!menc
Ecok9cal S~M
'Waste MMl'l'.gs-! 'II
'Walt!Jl M.. ~; . lien(
Interpreth'e GIO' ~
Sol E,OiG' Factors
Sol Plwscal PruPtilbes
<;t Sol 0MmcaI PrODefbes
,- U SoiQU ''h1 and Featl.l'et
..... MapU~Narne
~ Dlanage Oa:ss
..;.> Depth to SOlI AurlCtlonl:
4> H)drobjc GtoIof)
a;> Aeplesl!l'ltatiYe Slope
4> F,od Action
-;> Frod F,ee DlI)'I
-;> ConOSlDl"l Concrete
4> Conosu, Sleel
Figure 4 Soil Data Viewer Window
Once the map is placed in the ArcView workspace, it needs to be converted to a

shapefile. Converting to shapefiles is covered in section 7.1.1. It is important to note
that the soil database from the NRCS includes only surficial soils; that is, soils no deeper
than 6 feet. The first map to download is the map units. This map shows the
boundaries for each map unit (Figure 5).
Referring back to the main soils map, in the attribute table, basic properties are
displayed, such as coverage area, description, soil ID, and map unit. Prior to eliminating
soils from the existing map it is vitally important to save the map, in the ArcView screen ,
as a feature and save a copy of it as "mauUock."
18
1/
.....d
.....,.
,
Figure 5 NRCS Map Units Map
Select the "mauUock" map in the table of contents window on the left side of the
screen. Go into editor, highlight the minus rock map and select okay. Using a process
of elimination, each soil type not wanted can be eliminated. Open the attribute table and
highlight the map unit name column , then sort ascending. Begin by selecting each row
labeled rock, rock outcrop, lava, etc. for deletion. Once all these have been selected,
delete the selected items by pressing the delete key. In the editor pull down menu,
press save edits and stop editing buttons. The "mauUock" map now displays only soil
and water features (Figure 6).
19
Figure 6 Maui_Rock Map
Other maps that are helpful are the percent clay, permeability, and drainage
class . The percent clay map shows what percentage of the surface soil is clay (Figure
7). Some soils may be predominantly granular, such as clay loam in which the
percentage of clay is less than 10 percent. These soils may have a greater granular
content in which case they cannot be eliminated from the potential susceptibility
category.
20
LAgend
m~u LcI~,
ClAYDS
c::J 0 tOOooo . ODIlOOO
GJ I 10000 I . I' 000000
000001 J2 000000
_ .40
_
_
11.000001 .. 0000000
000001 - 48 00000o
... 000001 5& 1100000
_ 56 000001 - '" 000001
_ 6-f, 00000 I _12 000000
-10 l100000

...
Figure 7 Percent Clay, Maui Soils
Highlight the "mauUock' entry in the table of contents window on the left. Left
click and save a copy as "mauL clay.' Utilizing the same procedure discussed above,
remove all entries of soil classified as clay in the attribute table. Save edits and stop
editing. The resulting map will show only alluvial soils and water features . This map
became our first cut for susceptible soils, refer to Figure 8.
21
--~--
.,
I
,.

I.YgDfld
CJ U:a:l':...,O: YoI
1;;.. 1nrcsmapunitJJ
Figure 8 Maui 1st Cut Susceptible Soils
Comparing this map to the NRCS hardcopy map (Figure 2), and the USGS map
shown in Figure 3, similar areas of susceptible soils are shown. At the time this map
was produced, the USGS had not published a GIS ready version . At this stage it was
necessary to begin collection of boring log data. As some of our sources related
projects to tax map keys (TMK), the GIS TMK maps for Maui and Hawaii were
downloaded .
For the island of Maui, the TMK map and the 1st cut susceptible soils map were
joined together to outline potentially susceptible areas. This was accomplished using
the GeoProcessing Wizard Intersect command discussed in section 7.1.3. This function
was set so any soil entry touching a parcel in the TMK map was selected and saved.
This created a new map as seen in Figure 9.
22

L..gend
tnk_nrcsJnl
o MIIUI_CD.st
.+
Figure 9 Soils Queried with TMK
The expanded soils map compared with the first two hardcopy maps now look
almost identical. The results of this query became the new potentially susceptible area
map.
Later in the investigation, a Beta version of a GIS ready geology map became
available for use in this project. The map was in Old Hawaiian datum and first needed to
be converted to NAD83 datum. Please refer to section 7.1.1 Converting Shape files for
the conversion process.
The USGS map only required three edits to produce a map indicating areas with
only alluvial soils The progression is shown below and the methodology employed was
the process of elimination used previously.
23

-
-
~
-
_ .. lit

, .,.
~ ,
>-
4 -
Figure 10 USGS Minus Rock
24
A
',/
,
,-
.Y'" ./'
/'
"":"
-
"' .
"
,',
.....

,
, " .
,"

Figure 11 USGS Alluvial Soils
25
A comparison was then made between the USGS alluvial soils and the expanded
soils by TMK. The results indicate that the NRCS 1sl cut soil map expanded to TMK
covered the majority of the USGS alluvial soils as shown in Figure 12 .

. ...... M:S_. .
u SOS..Jl'lI IlL~luvJI ""

_ USC"",s_.....,_. .__
w t.Loal_....
Figure 12 USGS vs. NRCSITMK Potentially Susceptible Areas
The same process of elimination procedure was performed for the island of
Hawaii using the NRCS Soil Survey data. The progression of soil/rock elimination is
seen in Figure 13 through Figure 16.
26
--
,-
"
If
"
J.!

i
.-
~
f
~
;,
~
:r:
< <

,
Figure 13 USGS Soil Survey Map
27
Figure 14 NRCS Soil Units Hawaii
~'
"
..-
1.egend
r=J cl..m.Jl.Js_I'CI d!
o C~o"l.... ne3 'Sh:
Figure 15 Hawaii Soil Minus Rock
28

..

I .

Figure 16 Potentially Susceptible Soils Hawaii
6.2 Well Water Level Data

Well water level data was acquired from two different sources, DLNR and USGS.
Data pertaining to wells was obtained in digital format data from DLNR. This information
included owner and name of well , type of well , type of casing , water levels at time of
drilling and after well initiated, drawdown rates , pumping rates, etc. The information on
the USGS wells was obtained by visiting their website and downloading the information.
Again, there was extraneous information that was not pertinent to the project.
Once all the data was collected , it was necessary to "clean" the extraneous
information from the spreadsheets. This was done by opening the spreadsheets in
Excel. First, it was important to read the descriptions of each field as the field names
were not very descriptive. The descriptions were either on a worksheet in the
29

spreadsheet or in a "readme" file. It is also important to convert longitude and latitude
values into decimal values. The conversion simplifies importing the files into Arc View.
The next step is to verify that all numerical fields in the spreadsheet are defined
as such. If they are not, then highlight the rows of the spreadsheet, right click and select
format cells. Select the number tab and click on number. Then set the desired number
of decimal places, usually 2 for water levels. Important note, the first record of the field
you want to format must have a value; otherwise the format will not take place.
After.this is complete, create a new column (field) for depth to water level below
ground surface. From the descriptions in the readme file, determine which field is the
mean sea level (MSL) reading of the water and which is the ground surface elevation.
Subtract MSL from ground surface elevation to determine depth to water. Save the file
as a database IV file.
In ArcView, import the table as a feature. The longitude and latitude will guide
ArcView into placing the well points onto the map. Save the file as a shapefile. It may
be necessary to convert the file into the chosen datum, in this case NAD83. Conversion
of shapefiles is covered in a later section. Figure 17 shows the well locations for the
island of Maui. Utilizing the TMK and susceptible soils map created earlier, only the
wells in the area of potential susceptibility were desired. To determine which wells to
keep and which to eliminate, the GeoProcessing Wizard intersect command was
employed. The potential susceptible area map was selected as the primary and the well
map was selected as the secondary. The intersect command only picked the common
points, or those points (well locations) that were completely within the boundaries of the
first map. This resulted in a new map as seen in Figure 18.
30
fi~

...
1
"

-. .
...

'. .'

--

"

,

-'
lAgll'ld
n fllillUxta ..1
111 ....._...... 1
.t-

Figure 17 Well Locations on Maui
w E
Figure 18 Well locations in Areas of Interest
31
The same principle was applied to the island of Hawaii with the results shown in
Figure 19.
Figure 19 Well Locations in Areas of Interest on Hawaii
6.3 Supporting Shapefiles

There are three main shapefiles in which all relevant data will be manipulated;
they are the soils, water and boring log shapefiles. However, these require other
supporting shapefiles in order to perform required functions such as joining , unions,
queries, interpolations and contouring . Supporting shapefiles were obtained from the
Hawaii State Government Department of Business. Economic Development and
32
Tourism (DBEDT) website, http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedtfgis/download.htm.This site
contains free downloadable GIS shapefiles, many in both Old Hawaiian Datum and
NAD-83 Datum, for the public's use. These files are updated quite frequently. The files
are grouped into five main categories, Physical Featuresl Base Map Layers, Political
Boundariesl Administrative Layers, Natural Resources/Environmental Layers, Hazard
Layers, and Coastal/Marine Layers. The base map layers include required shapefiles
such as coastline, major and minor roads, and streams. The Administrative layers
include, the tax map key shapefiles which are helpful in determining first cut areas of
interest, as outlined above, and for locating borehole positions.
6.4 Data Management

Mention has been made as to directories for files. As more data is collected in
the form of shapefiles, Excel spreadsheets, and database files, it is necessary to have
some type of filing system to keep them organized. The majority of shapefiles
downloaded from the internet are contained within zip files. These zip files should be
stored in their own directory, such as a download directory. Once unzipped, the files
can be stored in a current directory until they are no longer necessary, in which time
they may be moved to an archive directory or some other named directory. It is best to
maintain database files in their own directory as well as well water data maintained in its
own directory. As items are joined and related, new directories will be created in which
these joined/related files will reside.
6.5 Proof of Concept Area

The Wailukul Kahului area was chosen to perform a proof of concept. The
selection of this area was based upon the abundance of available data from soil surveys,
water levels, boring logs, and also to previous knowledge of varied liquefaction
susceptibility in this area. The remainder of this document details the methods,
successful and unsuccessful, used to develop the potential susceptibility map. Figure 20
shows the proof of concept area. This area was defined in the GIS by editing the
coast_N83 shapefile. Editing files is described in Section 7.1.2.
33
Proof of Concept Area
Defined by Well Logs and Borehole Data

,
..'... .,
....
.'
Figure 20 Proof of Concept Area
6.6 Boring Logs

Soil profiles and soil properties for the regions of concern were obtained from
existing borehole logs arid geotechnical reports. A sample borehole log is seen in
Figure 21. Both field and laboratory results may provide information useful in
determining a soil's shear strength and/or density which, in turn, may indicate ability to
resist liquefaction. Laboratory tests include load controlled cyclic triaxial test (ASTM
05311), grain size distribution, and Atterberg Limits (ASTM 04318-00). Common field
tests reported are the standard penetration test (SPT) (ASTM 01586) and the cone
penetration test (CPT) (ASTM 03441). A newer test currently gaining popularity and
acceptance in liquefaction evaluation is in-situ shear wave velocity (ASTM 04428/
04428M). The boring logs collected reported SPT values at various intervals,
depending on the depth of the boring, and generally utilized a 140 pound hammer with a
drop height of 30 inches. Approximately half the boring logs collected had either grain
size distribution or Atterberg Limit results.
34
LOG OF BORING TB1
cobblll:'! at 1 Q 111111
II II
Figure 21 Example of Boring Log
6.6.1 Development of Microsoft Access Databases

The first step in handling the boring log data collected was to create a database.
This needed to be a set of tables related to each other by some unique identifier. It
needed to contain all information for each layer of each boring that could later be used in
queries for further refinement of potential hazards.
The second step was developing a methodology to be applied to the ,handling,

sorting and querying of boring log data. The main concern in building the database was
managing the duplicate information for each soil layer in a boring record. Examples of
this type of data are location, surface elevation, depth to water table, etc. Utilizing a
35
standard spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel would not accommodate duplicate entries
with any sort of efficiency as the pseudo database structure is limited to fiat tables.
Microsoft Access was chosen as the database management software due to its relative
user friendly environment, rational database capabilities, and ease of integration into
ArcView programs
Microsoft Access allowed for multiple related tables to be utilized and

accommodated fill-in form creation. The forms permit the user to easily input data and
move between records. By entering data via the forms, the records are automatically
saved in the database.
The following flow chart shows the methodology in the creation of the Microsoft
Access database.
36
Figure 22 Database Flowchart
Based on the methodology flow chart, two related tables were created, Boring and
Boring Log Data. The first table created, Boring, contains fields for basic borehole data.
Identifier (primary key automatically assigned)

Boring ID (unique number incorporating the borehole number and project
'number)
Location (city or town and island)
Surface Elevation
37
Depth to water table (labeled as water table level)
Water table in mean sea level (MSL)
Lowest soil rank (to be filled in later)
The second table, Boring Log Data, contains fields for data specific to the soil layers of
each borehole.
Layer 10 (primary key automatically assigned)
Start depth
End depth
USCS Classification
Description
Density
Blow Counts
Soil Rank (to be filled in later)
Dry Density
Moisture content
The boring log database went through a couple of modifications in its

development. The first tables had columns for longitude and latitude for the boring
locations, however the majority of the logs did not reference longitude/ latitude creating
empty entries for the data. Another feature the initial table had was an entry for source
of boring log. In the larger scheme of the project, the source of the data was of little
importance. Therefore, these data columns were removed. Water table information was
.
adjusted to allow two types of entries, one for depth from surface and the other depth in
relation to mean sea level. The last major change was the entry on both the tables for
soil ranking. On the boring log data table, each layer in the boring log would be
associated with a rank based on liquefaction susceptibility as determined from the soil
data. This process is discussed later. On the boring table the entry indicates the lowest
soil rank assigned to the various layers in each borehole. The soil ranks were entered
into the tables later, after all the boring log data was input. Figures 23 and 24 show the
Boring table and Boring Log Data table.
38
9 93-2459-84 Wailuku , Maui HE 2
1093-2459-85 Wailuku , Maul 103 1
11 93-2459-86 Wailuku , Maul 104 2
1295-2698-81 Ka hului, Maui 7 5.2 3
1395-2698-82 Kahului, Maul 5 2.2 1
14 95-2698-83 Kahului, MaUl 5 2.3 1
1595-2698-84 KahuluI, Maul 5 2.2 1
1695-2698-85 Kahului, Maui 6 2.8 2
17 95-2698-86 KahuluI , Maul 5 2.9 2
18 95-2698-87 Ka huluI , Maul 5 2.8 1
19 95-2698-88 Ka hului, MaUl 7 2
20 95-2698-89 KahuluI , MaUl 6 3 1
21 95-2698-810 Kahu lUi , MaUl 5 1.8 1
22 95-2698-811 KahulUi , MaUl 6 2.9 2
23 95-2698-812 Ka huluI , MaUl 7 4.2 2
+ 24 94-2498-81 Ka huluI , MaUl 98 3.5 2
25 94-2498-82 Kahu luI , MaUl 98 3.5 2
29 94-2607-81 Ka hulUi , MaUl 999 5.9 2
3J 94-2607-82 Ka huluI , MaUl 999 4.3 2
+ 76 96-2734-81 Kahu luI , MaUl 995 3 1
77 96-2734-82 KahuluI , MaUl 100.1 2.5 2
78 96-2749-81 Wailuku , Maui 116 2
79 96-2749-82 Wailuku , Maui 111 3
+ 80 96-2749-83 Wailuku , Maui 110 3
81 96-2749-84 Wailuku , MaUl 1Cl3 3
82 96-2749-85 Wailuku , MaUl 87 2
B3 96-2751-81 Wailuku , Maui 996 2
84 96-2751 -82 Wailuku , MaUl 997 2
+ B5 96-2751-83 Wailuku , MaUl 100 3
+ 00 97-2700 1-81 Kahului, MaUl -22.3 1
+ 91 97-2700 1-82 KahuluI , MaUl -15.3 2
Record: ,, 1 1i 1 . 1.. 1. _1011 I I
W'II'It ,,, - ..
iVIh
Figure 23 Main Boring Log Data Table
39
86 " MH
80 clayey Silt 6 2 :JIl.8
291 14 SP SM Sand w/Ullt deumt. WQ3k1y C8n18fltad 55 5.
308 0 15 SP-SM sand wI sill densa, cemented 10 53
31 9 0 o SP nnd medIUm to 10058 30 38
J2 10 0 1 SP sand medium to 100'i8 9 IJ
33 10 1 14 SP sand w/ sil! madium 54 5 I
3411 0 6 SP !land medium 10 10058 16 29
35 12 0 2 SM Silty Sand medium d EMl ljR 2
36 12 2 6 SP Sand wf sill, g' 3'181 coral medIUm 15 I 14
79 12 r. 20 SM 31lty sand medium dense to loose 23 232
80 13 0 SP send medium danse 15 I 10
81 13
82 13
14 SM
20 SM
silty sand
silty sand
m&dJum dense to 100ge
loosa
I.
8
I 24
I
83 Id "0 5 SM IIllty sand loose to ",!idIOm d&fuu, 126
84 I. 5 10 SM silty &and medium dansa 25 224
85 14 10 20 SM nitty sand loos8 to mediom d8flsa 8 I
86 15 0 5 SM silty &and medium danslI 15 I 21
81 15 5 20 SM SIlty sand 100 .. 8 I 33
88 16 0 14 SM silty sand m&dlum d&l10B 16 221
89 IT 0 15 SM Gllty !fond medium deny IT 225
90 18 0 10 SM silty sand 100$8 10 medium dense 9 125
91 19 0 2SP &and medium d8nse 28 39
92 19 2 5 SM ai ya3Ad medium dense 16 232
9320 0 ISM silty sand medwm den58 WIth 91d'1e1 2
9420 I 4SP 3'lO<J medium dense 24 2 19
9520
9621
0 8 SM
2SM
silty sand
silty sand
100$& to medium diflsa
medium d9f1sQ ..
9 I 21
23J
9121 2 8 SM silty Gond 10098 10 medium dense 3 123
9822 0 J SP sand mediulll d9flse 15 I I.
9922 3 10 SM sdly sand medium d0098 19 226
100 23 0 J SP sand rnadium dense 29
3 "
10 I 23 3 IJ SM 3illy sand medium dense to 10058 22 229
Figure 24 Example of Boring Log Data Table
Once the tables were created , the two tables needed to be related to one
another. Any open tables or forms were closed as relationships can not be created or
modified between open tables. Click the Relationships button on the tool bar. The Show
Table dialog box is automatically displayed . If the Show Table dialog box isn 't
displayed, click Show Table on the tool bar. Double-click the names of the tables you
want to rela te , and then close the Show Table dialog box. Drag the field that you want to
relate from one table to the related field in the other table. In most cases , you drag the
primary key field (which is displayed in bold text) from one table to a similar field (often
with the same name) called the foreign key in the other table. The Edit Relationships
dialog box is displayed. Check the field names displayed in the two columns to ensure
they are correct. You can change them if necessary. Set the relationship options if
necessary. For information about a speCific item in the Edit Relationships dialog box,
40
click the question mark button, and then click the item . Click the Create button to create
the relationship.
When the Relationships window is closed , Microsoft Access asks to save the
layout. Whether the layout is saved or not, the relationships created are saved in the
database. Figure 25 shows the relationship between the boring table and the boring log
data table . Figure 26 shows the boring table opened with the portion of the boring log
data table related to specific borehole data .
Figure 25 Relationship between Tables
41
I o 14 SP sand wf silt & grcffel medium to loose 11 29
8 10 80 MH clayey Sin 6 23!
- 106
14 SP-SM Sand 1>1 dense,
dense cemented 10 53
o
-
medium to loose 30 38
o
-
medium to 100108 9 I3
33 1 14 SP sand wf silt medium 64 5 I
o
-
medium to loose 16 29
o
-

I
36 2 6SP Sand wi silt gravel coral medium 15 I I'
19 6 20 SM silty sand medium dense 10 ~OS8 23 2 3~
o
-
medium dense
81 4 IJ SM s itty sand medium dense to loose 14
82 W 20 SM silty sand loose 4
-
o 5 5'11 Silty sand loose to 8 I 2(
5 10 SM silty sand medium dense 25 22'
10 20 SM silty sand loose to medium dense 8 I
5 20 SM loose
16 95-2698-85 KahulUI. Maui 6 28
Figure 26 Example of Table Relationships
Forms for entering data into both the boring table and the boring log data table
were created using the Forms Wizard. Using the wizard enabled ease of design and
42
step-by-step instructions for each field . Creating the data entry form for the boring log
data table , a pull down was able to be created in the log id field based on the
relationship set between the boring table and the boring log data table. This enables the
user to open the pull down menu, select and associate the soil layer information to a
specific boring 10 entered for each boring log. Figure 27 shows an example of the forms
for entering data into the boring table and the boring log data table.
, fAoist". Conter 9
- 1
Rawd. HI . II 93-2459-81
-.
DIy- ,10J
-
- \
01 Undf-alned Shell

"\
0 1
)
"'-_ _.J
C'....... .9P COhe.... \
ncr... ;;nd wi $111 & Or1VlJ PtasUcMy IndeM '-
' ____ -1\
mldium 10 loose -. Percent fines ...
,0 ",:_=-==::=-:-_...i
21 Notes
"I
Figure 27 Forms for Entering Data
6.6.2 Methods of Locating Boring Sites in GIS Program

Borehole locations were manually created in a shape file in the GIS program. The
actual locations of the boreholes were approximated based on the estimated locations
from the hard copy maps obtained with the boring logs. Each site was located on the
GIS with help from the tax map key shapefile, major roads shapefile and minor roads
shapefile. With these three shapefiles active, the area of the boring could be enlarged
using the zoom feature and the approximate locations, per the boring location maps
43
acquired from the hard copy boring logs, were marked. Refer to Editing Shapefiles in
section 7.1.2.
6.6.3 Ranking of Data

The boring logs for KahuluifWailuku were copied to a separate database for the
proof of concept. Each soil layer in this database was ranked based on uses
Classification, description, density and blow counts. The rankings range from 1 to 5 with
1 having the highest perceived susceptibility and 5 the lowest. The lowest soil ranking
for each boring log was recorded on the boring table.
Lowest soil rank was determined based on three factors from the boring logs, 1)
soil description, 2) soil density, and 3) blow counts. The first determination was if the
soil was granular or cohesive.
For granular soils including sands and silts, the blow counts were the first
consideration. The secondary consideration was the density description. The ranking
was as follows: 15 or less blows ranked 1; 16 to 25 blows ranked 2; 26 to 35 blows
ranked 3; 36 to 49 blows ranked 4; and 50 or more blows ranked 5. In the few cases of
no blow counts, the density was used and the ranking was as follows: loose ranked 1;
medium dense ranked 2 or 3 subjected to the nearest soil adjacent ranking with blow
count values; dense ranked 3 or 4, and subjected to its nearest soil adjacent ranking
with blow count values; and very dense ranked 5.
For cohesive soils essentially clays and clayey soils, the consistency description
was the main factor with the blow counts acting as supporting data. The ranking started
with 2 for soft to firm silts, sandy silts and clayey silts with blow counts less than 15;
medium stiff soils with blow counts ranging from 15 to 30 ranked 3; stiff soils with blow
counts ranging from 30 to 40 ranked 4; and soils with blow counts greater than 40
ranked 5.
Table 1 shows the ranking of soil data and Table 2 shows and example of ranked
soil from the database.
44
Table 1 Soil Ranking Methodology
Granular soils Cohesive soils

SPT Density Rank Density SPT Rank
,,15 Loose 1 Soft/Firm <15 2
16 - 25 Medium dense 2 Medium stiff 15 - 30 3
26 -35 Med dense to dense 3 Stiff 31 - 40 4
36 - 49 Dense 4 Very stiff ,.40 5
2:50 Very dense 5
Table 2 Example of Soil Ranking
Blow
uses Description Density counts Ranking
SP sand medium dense to loose 18 2
SM silty sand medium dense 15 1
SP sand medium dense 17 2
SM silty sand loose to medium dense 8 1
SP sand medium dense 17 2
SP sand dense to medium dense 33 3
MH silty clay medium stiff 14 2
SP sand dense to medium dense 55 5
SP sand dense 40 4
MH silty clay
.. stiff 46 5
SP sand dense 35 3
SP sand medium dense 2
completely weathered basalt
we (silty clay) medium dense 14 2
45
The water table data, from well logs and borehole logs, was ranked based on the
water level below ground surface. The ranking was based on a scale of 1 to 5. Water
table level 0 to 15 feet below surface was ranked as 1, 16 to 30 feet was ranked 2, 31 to
40 feet ranked 3, 41 to 50 feet ranked 4 and greater than 50 feet was ranked 5.
6.6.4 Completing the Borehole Data

The final step in creating a useful shapefile for the boring logs was the joining or
marrying of the database file and the boring log shapefile. After creating the boring log
shapefile, the only information stored in the attribute table was the physical location of
the point. By joining the two files, the point becomes a useful tool in the analysis of not
only the soil information, but also the water level information. The boring log Access
database and borehole locations shapefile were joined together in the GIS program by
using the join command. Refer to section 7.1.3.2.
46
Chapter 7 Functions in GIS
7.1.1 Converting Shapefiles
Two types of files require conversion into Shapefiles for use in GIS. One is the
imported files such as the well water data tables or the soil maps produced from the soil
data viewer. These are easily converted by selecting the Themes pull down menu on
the tool bar and clicking on the convert to shapefile option. A new window will open and
all that is required is selecting the directory in which to save the file and the name
chosen for the file.
The second type of conversion is of an existing shapefile either not referenced to

a specific datum or in a datum different from the current project datum. This can be
changed using the projection wizard in ArcView 8.3's Arc Toolbox. The toolbox menu is
shown in Figure 28.
47
~ Export Coverage
+ Export ITomGeodatabase
"
.- Export ITomRasa.-
Export ITomShape file
'"
L.; Export ITom Table
+ Import to Coverdge
il Import to Geodatabase
~ Import to Raster
.I Import to Shapefile
+ Import to Table
'= Data ManagernentToois
o About Data ManagementToois
" LiI1e.... Referendn9
'=; Projections
o About Projections
j... Define Projection Wizard (coverages, grids, TINs)
p c Define Projection Wizard (shape files, geodatabase)
0"
/ . Project Wizard (shape files, Oeodatabase)
, . Spatial AdjuobrkJ1t
I+' til MvTooIs
Figure 28 ArcToolbox Menu
Once inside the projection wizard , select the shapefile for conversion. It will
appear in the bottom window with the name of the file and the current coordinate
system. Select the Next button wh ich moves to the next screen and asks for the output
location. This is where the converted file will be stored. Clicking the Folder button
brings up the next screen and the actual location and name of the file will be set. This
will then appear in the output location screen. Selecting the Next button brings up the
select coordinate system window. If the current file does not have a coordinate system,
the window will appea r blank. Click on the Select Coordinate System button. A new
window is opened. Click the Select button. A new browser window opens with two
folders, geographic coordinate systems and projected coordinate systems. Both will be
selected individually. Select one then select the corresponding folder and file for the
desired coordinate system. Repeat the same procedure for the other coordinate system
folder. The selected geographic and projected coordinate system will appear in the
48
window. Select the Apply button then OK. This will save the changes made and the
shapefile will be ready for use in the GIS project. The screen views are shown in
Figures 29 through 32.
Soled the data you wall 10 ptlojed

You C(I"1 projM::t ahareflw and geodatabase featlJ"e cla' 5es end dataseta wth tm v.1zad.
I
,
Data in !his is! wiD be PI<dad to the same coordinate S)"Iem and stored in the same
0l1p\t Iocmion.
Conce! I
Figure 29 Projection Wizard File Selection Window
49
- - - - - - ---
You have selected a single feature em. or shapefHe to project. Plea... select ij,e
Qeodatabase. feat.... dataset orfolderto store the output. You must specify a new name
for the outp'. dataset.
Output location:
IE:\ Thesl,\maLi lOiI nad83\test .hp
<Back I Next > I Cancel I
Look "" ::.J maui , oil ned83 ....--- cc

cc
Name: ltest I Save

T 7 I
Save as type: IGeodatabases. featUfe datasets and foklers
~--------------------~
.. ) Cancel
I
Figure 30 Projection Wizard Output File
50
Coordinate System I
Name: Unknown
DetaOs:
Select ...
I Select a predefined coordinate system.
Import a coordinate system and XIY. Z and M
Import...
57 I domains from an e;xisting geodataset (e.g..
feature dataset. feature class. raster).
New .I Create a new coordinat.e system .
Edtt the properties of the currently selected

MOOlfy
. I coordinate system .
I Sets the coordinate system to Unknov-n .

I Save the coordinate systu" to a file.
OK
II Cancel
_ r
..I ~.I
Figure 31 Projection Wizard Coordinate System Selection
51
Look in: Coordinate Systems
Geographic Coordinate Systems

Projected Coordinate Systems
Name: I I Ad~ . J
Show of type: ISpatiallefelences Cancel I
Figure 32 Coordinate Systems
7.1.2 Editing Shapefiles
7.1.2.1 Existing shapefiles

The first step in editing existing shapefiles is to copy the shapefile desired for editing
to a new name. This is accomplished in ArcView 8.3 by right clicking on the
shapefile name in the table of contents window. Select Data and Export Data,
Figure 33. An option to export all features is the default and it is necessary to
indicate where the new file should be saved along with the new name.
52
Export: IAll features 1
r. Use the same Coordinate System as this layer's source data.
l Use the same Coordinate System as the data frame.
Output shapefile or feature class:
E:\ Thesis\H 20join\Export_Output.shp
OK Cancel
Figure 33 Saving Shapefiles
The user is then asked if they wish to add the exported shapefile as a layer. This
must be selected to edit the file . Select the new file in the table of contents window and
click on the Editor pulldown menu . Select Start Editing, Figure 34. A new window will
appear in which the directory of the new shapefile needs to be selected. The file should
be seen in the lower window. Clicking OK begins the editing function .
53
Start Editing . '.'

Which folder or dalabase do you want to edit data from?
Source e ...
I C:\ GlS\ temp Shapefiles
C:\ GIS\WeUphys\kahului wells Shapef~es
C\G IS Shopel,le ;
C:\ GIS\current layers Shapefiles
C \GIS\H20 ioin Shaoefiles
~ --------------------------------------~
These layers and tables will be availabfe for editing:
test -
..!.I
I OK I Cancel I
Figure 34 Start Editing Window
The shapefile now can be ed ited either by opening the attribute table or selecting
areas on the map. For the elimination process of soil types discussed in section 5.1, the
attribute table was opened by right clicking the shapefile name and selecting Open
Attribute Table . As described in section 5.1, the soil types were highlight and sorted.
Each entry not wanted was highlighted and was deleted by pressing the delete key . To
select multiple entries, the control (ctrl ) key was held down while selecting the files . In
the case of removing or moving points in a shapefile, the point was selected on the map
and dragged to the new location . Once all edits are complete it is vitally important to
save the edits. This is accomplished by clicking on the Editor pulldown menu and
clicking on Save Edits, then clicking on Stop Editing. The modified shapefile is now
saved.
54
7.1.2.2 Creating New Shapefiles
There are two main ways to create new Shapefiles; from scratch via plotting
pOints, or by cutting existing polygon files to create new polygons. The first step covered
is creating from scratch. The example used is plotting points for borehole locations.
The first step is to open ArcCatalog. This is done by selection the file cabinet
button on the tool bar. This will bring up the ArcCatalog window. Please note that it may
take a minute or two for ArcCatalog to load. Here the user selects the drive and
directory to place the new shapefile. To create a new shapefile, the user selects File,
New, and Shapefile. A new window opens and the user can then specify the name,
type and edit the coordinate system. See Figures 35 and 36.
55
.. --.
.K o - .
I
~ -:-______-,;;x Metad ... Pre',ew Cco1.rb l 1
~ C:I '"
. E:I Amy Fotri'er
d... bomlllo9. foIO!r
)O<Iod foldet
do1tr1oOOS
geology eborn;iog P~r$Q.~1 ~~:;e
te>,.I' e 00'",,1002000 !'or.OI'.oI GcOlf4:.bosc
Thl!Sl' ElOOrr~Ioo2000.2 !'or,,,,,,, G.O;"ta'>o,.
anal,... IcMlWJ>o<v>; 2 PersO"laI C-eoC'a:-abase:
:::.!l Boo. i9W eJ kahWlJ,oroo;s PefSO"\!! Geod:a~aba~!
bct1l'l909 e to9.2002.! Persottal Geod~r *&~
bom9* t:)tog.'f.\ Pef~ GcO',k,eobb'"

CUlfent
[EIDT
yer~
e r.ew_bomQ!i !'oroonol ~cOlf4:0b0s.
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IllI 1>0<'"'111002 ceASE nNe
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d'9hvd.'.n8J
dlglwdpf ,Jl3l
cf.ghydpYJI.l
dhr.QJl33
dhra,,-nSl v
Figure 35 ArcCatalog Window
56
Create New Shapefile (1]~
Name:
Spaliol R.ference
Description:
Unknown CoO/cindIe System
r Show Details EcR... I

r Coordinat... wi c""'ain Mv.hJ.... U. ed 10 .Iore route ~..
r Coordinates wi c""'ain 2 v.hJcs. U..d 10 0101. 3D dot.
I OK I Cancel I
Figure 36 New Shapefile Window
Editing the coordinate system takes the user to same windows as discussed in
section 7.1.1. Once the coordinate system is defined, select OK to save the new file .
Next the properties need to be defined. This is accomplished by double clicking the file
name in the ArcCatalog window. The attribute table is opened and may be edited. The
top two fields must not be removed or edited as they are the markers for the points to be
added . The third entry, generally labeled "10," should be removed . This is done by
selecting the small box to the left of the field . The entire row will be selected. Pressing
the delete key removes this field . A new field for the borehole id needs to be created .
Select the next available box in the field column and type in the name, such as "LogJO."
The name needs to be the same name as was used in the Microsoft Access database.
Refer to Figure 37.
57
G" ",/ Field, IIndex I
Goo""'t,\,
...;;:.;; . . . . - - - - - - - - - - lon~ k\l.,~r
CIck ~ loolcl to . ee prape<\,.,

FoolcIl'lopoIlJM ,
6
J
To add ....... roold.type lho".,.,.. rlo ....mc>I)I.ow., ~f"..tdN .... edIM.
ckk ntheOola Typecol.rMtDchoo,elhe d~ ~. lhen odtlhe Foeid
Pr_,t ...
OK c:.ne.J I __----'I
Figure 37 Shapefile Properties
Click Apply and OK to save the changes. Now the new shapefile is ready for points to
be added. Close the ArcCatalog window and in ArcView, add the new shapefile by
pressing the button in the tool bar. Select the new shapefile from the directory it was
saved. Select the new file in the table of contents window and click on the Editor
pulldown menu. Select Start Editing. A new window will appear in which the directory
of the new shapefile needs to be selected. The file should be seen in the lower window.
Clicking OK begins the editing function and the start editing window is opened. In the
58
task window on the tool bar, create new feature should be displayed and in the target
window, the new shapefile should be displayed. If these are not displayed, then using
the pulldown menus for each, select the above. To .place points for the borehole
locations, it is important to have the TMK (tax map key) layer on and it is helpful to have
major and minor roads turned on. Zoom into the area when the borehole are to be
located by pressing the magnifying glass with the "+" symbol. Using the mouse, left
click, hold and drag the mouse to create a box to zoom. This step may need to be
performed a couple of times to get a good view of the areas. It is best to work on one
set of boreholes at a time. Select the sketching tool in the toolbar. Move the mouse to
the desired location for one borehole and left click the mouse. This will place a point on
the location selected. It is best to place the points in order, i.e. B1 first, B2 second and
so on. This will aid when adding the labels in the attribute table. Once the first set of
boreholes are placed, open the attribute table by right clicking the shapefile name in the
table of contents window and select Open Attribute Table. The table will open in a new
window. Select the cell in the Log_ID for the first entry and 'type in the borehole id for
the boring. Press enter and use the down arrow to move to the next cell. Repeat to
complete the table for the existing pOints. Close and zoom to the next location for
boreholes. The user may need to zoom out first. To zoom out, press the magnifying
glass with the "-" sign and click anywhere on the map. Repeat this process until all
points and their corresponding id's have been entered. In the Editor pulldown menu,
select Save Edits and Stop Editing to save the shapefile.
The second type of shapefile created was the proof of concept area. This was
done by first making a copy of the coastline shapefile. In the Editor pulldown menu,
select Start Editing. In the task window, select Cut Polygon Features and in the target
window, select the shapefile. With only the new coastline file, boring locations and well
shapefiles active, right click the new coastline file in the table of contents window, go to
Selection and Select All. Select the sketch tool. Place the cursor outside the coastline
and left click. Follow a path (only drawn in a straight line) outlining one side of the
boreholes/well locations beyond the opposite coastline and left click again. Right click
and select Finish sketch. Referto figures 38 and 39.
59

,
. - ..

Figure 38 Selection of Coastline
. -. . ~

Figure 39 First Cut Line
60
Repeat to create the opposite side cut line as seen in Figure 40 .

. ~
. . ' .
Figure 40 Seco nd Cut Line
Turn off the borehole/well location layers. Then click the arrow next to the sketch
tool on the Editor toolbar. Left click, hold and drag a box to fully enclose the left section
only. This will select that section and by pressing the delete key on the keyboard, that
area will be removed. Repeat for the right side and what will be remain ing is the center
section. This procedure may be done for any area using the above steps.
7.1.3 GeoProcessing and Joining Data
7.1.3.1 GeoProcessing
GeoProcessing is a method used to combine two shapefiles to create a new
shapefile. There are five different methods depending on the output file desired. The
first is Dissolve, in which shapefiles with the same attributes selected are merged into
one section per attribute. The second is Merge, wh ich as the name indicates, merges
the two shapefiles maintaining each shapefile's integrity. This was used to merge the
water table data between the boring log data and well water level data. The third is Cut
61
whereby shapefile boundaries are cut based on the other shapefile's boundaries. The
fourth is Intersect. This operation cuts an area around the first input layer based on the
second input layer. The resulting output layer has attribute data from both layers. This
method was used to create the tmk_soillayer mentioned in section 5.1. The fifth method
in the GeoProcessing is the Union command . This command simply combines two
layers based on their geographic extents and the resulting output layer contains all
attribute data from both layers with nothing removed . For the development of this
model, only the Intersect and Merge commands were utilized, therefore , they will be the
only ones covered in any more detail.
To start the GeoProcessing Wizard , in Tools click on GeoProcessing Wizard .

A new window will appear with the option to select any of the five commands mentioned
above. Select the Intersect box and click next. In the top pulldown menu, select the
soil file . In the middle pulldown menu, select the tmk file, and in the bottom select the
directory and name the output file . Clicking finish to continue brings up the processing
window . The result is a new shapefile of the tmk's touching any portion of the soils
shapefile as seen in Figure 8. Figures 41 shows the GeoProcessing Wizard .
<ieoPrOCE"SSrng Wiz.:1rd ~
Abou' ln1e~ed
. .
TIlls ope'-ition cuts 41n IfIput
1--.... laYII .... ~ Iho luI.... 'om
r an Mrl.y ytl 10 produce
,. 'e!'('H~ 311 In Otltpot layer Wd.h ft"ltules
2 SOeQ.pC/QOnO'i ....... 1II
n,. .t htrre .. ttnbutt ~tl !Jom
both Iilyer-s
I " ,<1)<-.<2-" Sl "" 3
r
r.... t:etdf~ m19
l SCI:ft .... ~rJ el' ,.,r"'l.AIdlq
E\'httd\l~J)~puI .t-o ~t
Figure 41 Intersection Menu Screen
62
The Merge command is very similar to the Intersect command. The main
difference is the user may select more than two shapefiles to merge. The user also
selects the main shapefile for attributes or fields to use. As with Intersect, the output file
needs to be specified. Click OK and the GeoProcessor begins processing. The output
file wilrbe displayed on the map.
7.1.3.2 Joining Data

Joining data such as the borehole location layer and the borehole Access
database can be accomplished using the join command. In the table of contents window
in ArcView 8.3, right-click the layer you want to join, point to Joins and Relates, and
click Join. Click the first dropdown arrow and click Join attributes from a table. Click the
next dropdown arrow and click the field name in the layer that the join will be based on.
Click the third dropdown to choose the table to join to the layer. If the table is not
currently part of the map, click the Browse button to search for it on disk. This will be
the case as the join will be from a database file. Once the main database is selected,
two tables will appear in the window. Select the main table first. Click the dropdown
arrow and click the field in the table to base the join on. The joins will be based on the
borehole 10 for both the database and shapefile. Click OK. The attributes of the table are
appended to the layer's attribute table. Repeat this one more time selecting the second
database table also with borehole ID as the joining criteria. Click OK. A portion of the
joined attribute table is shown in Figure 42.
63
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Figure 42 Joined Attribute Table
When editing joined data, you cannot edit the joined columns directly. However,
you can edit the columns of the original table . To edit the joined data, you must first add
the joined tables or layers to ArcMap by permanently saving the joined data with your
geographic features . Export the data to a new shapefile. Right-click the layer in the table
of contents , point to Data, and click Export data. You can then perform edits on this data
separately.

To remove duplicate fields, add fields and remove fields, it is more convenient to
use ArcCatalog . Similar to creating new shapefiles, ArcCatalog is accessed in the same
manner. Open the new joined shapefile by double clicking the 4ile name. The properties
window will open and editing the fields can be completed. Select the field for editing and
type the new name for the field . Click Apply and OK to save edits.
64
7.2 Spatial Analyst
7.2.1 Interpolation
Two methods were considered in the interpolation of both the soil data and the
water data. The methods were Inverse ~istance Weighting (lOW) and Kriging
lOW was chosen as the primary method for interpolating water levels from well data
and borehole water table data. In this method, weights are applied to known pOints
based on distances relative to each other. The closer the points are, the higher the
weight. This method maintains the integrity of the original data. The surface or contour
produced is relatively smooth.
As a secondary method to verify the accuracy of lOW, kriging is suggested.

Although more complex, this method wilL produce a smoother contoured surface.
Kriging also assigns weights to known points and bases the interpolation of relative
distances between known and unknown pOints similar to lOW; however the internal
mechanisms and calculation methods differ.
7.2.1.1 Using lOW

In ArcView 8.3, click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Interpolate to
Raster, and click Inverse Distance Weighted. Click the Input pOints dropdown arrow and
click the point shap.efile to use. Click the Z value field dropdown arrow and click on the
desired field to use. Click the Search radius type dropdown arrow and click Fixed. The
default radius is five times the cell size of the output raster. One can also optionally
change the minimum number of points, specify a barrier, or change the default Output
cell size. Specify a name for the output. Click OK. Figure 43 is an example of lOW
based on the groundwater table rank.
65

;;.
.. ::
Figure 43 Example lOW of Groundwater Rank
The larger the output cell size, the further out from the points the interpolation
extends. For large coverage areas, output cell size of approximately 50 gave good
coverage as seen in Figure 43. Setting up boundaries for the interpolation is covered in
section 7.2.3 Options. By setting up boundaries, the interpolation is restricted to user
specified areas. In this case, the area beyond the coastline into the water is
meaningless. One note, without boundaries set, the interpolation sets its own
boundaries based on the extreme outside points and creates a rectangle off them , as
seen above in Figure 43. The colors represent the rank with red representing a rank of
1, orange is a rank of 2, yellow is a rank of 3, light green is a rank of 4 and dark green is
a rank of 5.
66
7.2.1.2 Using Kriging
Using the kriging method is very similar to lOW. Click the Spatial Analyst
dropdown arrow, point to Interpolate to Raster, and click Kriging . Click the Input points
dropdown arrow and click the point shapefile to use. Click the Z value field dropdown
arrow and click on the desired field to use. Click the Kriging method to use, this model
used ordinary. Click the Semivariogram model dropdown arrow and click the model to
use, this model used spherical. Click the Search radius type dropdown arrow and click
Variable . Specify a name for the output. Click OK. An example of kriging based on the
groundwater table rank is shown in Figure 44. The colors represent the rank with red
representing a rank of 1, orange is a rank of 2, yellow is a rank of 3, light green is a rank
of 4 and dark green is a rank of 5.
;,
.. ~
Figure 44 Kriging Results of Groundwater Table Rank
Notice that the resu lts between the kriging, Figure 44, and lOW, Figure 43, are
very similar with the same attributes selected.
67
7.2.2 Options
Working with Spatial Analyst, the output rasters are saved as they are produced.
To specify where all rasters are saved , select Options in the Spatial Analyst dropdown
menu. Click on the folder button next to the working directory and select the desired
directory for interpolations and contours. Every raster produced will be saved in this
directory unless a different one is selected in the lOW, Kriging , or Contour windows .
Another very helpful option is the Analysis Mask. By selecting a shapefile, the
interpolations and contours will be restricted to the confines of the shapefile. An
example is the proof of concept area shapefile created in Section 7.1.2.2. Selecting the
shapefile in the analysis mask restricts the interpolation to that area and will not bleed
into the harbor/ocean. Figure 45 shows the Options window .
I
General Extent I eel Size 1
WOtkl>g dilectory: ~
Analysis mask. I<lIone >

AnaIysos Coordinate System
r. Anal).... output wi! be saved in the .ame coonfmle
syotem as the input (or fIst raster inpuIl theo~ are
muhlple inputs).
r }naf,om output ....iBbe saved ., the same eoo<dinat.

syotem as the aclJve data frame.
P' O!sp/oy warrjng message, raster inpIA. have to be

projected dcring analysis operaIJon.
I OK I CMcei I
Figure 45 Spatial Analyst Options Window
68
7.2.3 Raster Calculator
The Raster Calculator provides a powerful tool for performing multiple tasks.
Mathematical calculations using operators and functions , selection queries, or combining
rasters are tasks that can be performed. Inputs can be raster datasets or raster layers,

shapefiles, tables, constants , and numbers. By weighting and combining rasters,
suitable models are created based on the selection of input data.
Click the dropdown arrow on the Spatial Analyst tool bar and click raster
calculator. In the window on the left, double click the first raster layer, such as the
lowest soil rank lOW layer and select the mathematical operator desired . Double click
the next layer and select the mathematical operator to use. Continue for all layers.
Once all layers and mathematical operators are selected, click Evaluate. The output is
the weighted and combined raster dataset. The raster calculator is seen in Figure 46 .
Raster Calculator (1] ~
bou\ltr
1M
OInt h20
$oiU~nk_ l
",,_,..-I<
weI_"""_ KIw

About Building E)(Pfe$StCIm I EvokJaj. I Concel I~
Figure 46 Raster Calculator Example
69
Chapter 8 Results
The initial analysis focused on interpolation of the borehole data based on the
lowest ranked soil , which corresponds to the most susceptible soils. Using the Inverse
Distance Weighted (lOW) method of interpolation and basing the "Z-field" on lowest soil
rank, a new layer was created . Figure 47 shows the output interpolation. Note the
bottom half of the concept area was lacking adequate borehole data. The colors
represent the rank with red representing a rank of 1, orange is a rank of 2, yellow is a
rank of 3, light green is a rank of 4 and dark green is a rank of 5.
Figure 47 Interpolation based on lowest soil rank
The second part of the analysis was interpolation based on the groundwater
level. The first step was to combine the well water level and the borehole water level
data into one layer. The borehole layer was copied to another layer and then edited to
70
remove any data pOints with no water level information. The attribute table was then
edited to add a field for water level measured against mean sea level and the values
were manually calculated and filled in. The layer was then saved. The well water level
attribute table was opened and edited to include a field for the water level measure
below the surface and a water rank field . This was also saved and closed . The two files
were combined into one using the GeoProcessing Wizard Merge command , discussed
in section 7.1.3.1. The merged file was opened and edited to add the water rank values
based on water depth below the surface. The lowest value corresponded to the highest
risk. Water levels 15 feet and less were ranked 1, 16 to 25 feet ranked 2, 26 to 35 feet
ranked 3, 36 to 50 feet ranked 4 , and any level greater than 50 feet ranked 5. As with
the borehole data, the merged water level layer was interpolated using lOW and the z-
field used the water rank field . The resulting interpolation is seen in Figure 48. The
colors represent the rank with red representing a rank of 1, orange is a rank of 2, yellow
is a rank of 3, light green is a rank of 4 and dark green is a rank of 5.
I
,..-
Figure 48 Interpolation based on groundwater level
71
The two interpolation layers were turned on with the groundwater level
transparency set to 50%. This produced a preview of the potential liquefaction
susceptibility map. Refer to Figure 49.
Figure 49 Overlay of Figures 47 & 48
Combining and weighting the two raster layers was accomplished using the
Raster Calculator as discussed in section 7.2.4. Through the process of trial and error
for the use of the mathematical operators for each layer, it was determined that
multiplying the soil layer by 0.5 and multiplying the water level layer by 2.0, then adding
the results together produced a map as compared to the overlay seen in Figure 49. The
multiplication factor of 0.5 weighted the soil rankings two times their actual value ; while
multiplying the water rankings by 2 weighted the water ran kings at half their actual value.
This combined raster layer, due to the multiplication of each layer and addition of the two
layers, created 9 levels. Editing the attribute table for the combined raster layer, the 9
72
levels were renamed to Very High, High, Medium High, Medium, Medium Low, High
Low, Low, Very Low, and No Concem. Corresponding colors were assigned with red
representing Very High and dark green representing No Concern. The final potential
liquefaction susceptibility map is shown in Figure 50. In this map, more colors are used
to further define areas of susceptibility. As before, the red areas are ranked 1, or High
susceptibility. The colors grade to the solid green which ranks 9 and Very Low
susceptibility to No Concern.
-_.,_ /
Figure 50 Final Susceptibility Map
73
Chapter 9 Discussion
Liquefaction susceptibility maps indicate the inherent relative susceptibility of the
;;oils to liquefaction. The determination was based on geologic mapping, soil boring
data, analysis of standard penetration tests (SPT), and depth to groundwater. The basis
of this project was to develop a first tier susceptibility map and develop basic techniques
for its development in a GIS environment.
The susceptibility map produced showed that the areas around the harbor and to
the east are highly susceptible to liquefaction based solely on the soil attributes and the
relatively high level of the water table in the vicinity. The areas south of Wailuku/Kahului
were not as clearly defined as the borehole data was limited to non-existent.
It is important to note that the soil and water ranks used in this program were
chosen by user discretion based on knowledge of liquefaction requirements and
expertise. The ranking values could be adjusted to different user speCified cutoff levels.
The final map indicating less susceptibility in the green regions is unconservative
primarily due to the lack of available borehole data at the time of this investigation. With
more soil data, this region would be more clearly defined in terms of the soil
susceptibility.
The results of this research project show a need for further investigation to
expand the research area to include all of Maui and Hawaii County. More data from
local engineering firms would greatly enhance the accuracy and level of confidence in
the results. We were only able to tap into a few data resources for this project. As the
database is increased, the accuracy of the susceptibility zones is increased. This would
produce more reliable mapping. This project was successful in demonstrating the
development and usefulness to produce potential susceptibility maps.
74
Chapter 10 Conclusions
Preliminary liquefaction potential susceptibility maps were produced based solely
on soil type and saturation levels for the proof of concept area from the data obtained.
As more data becomes available, refinement of the maps can occur producing more
defined liquefaction potential susceptibility maps. This model ..Jas designed in a generic
manner allowing for its use anywhere there is concern for liquefaction susceptibility.
The successful development of this GIS-based model, as a potential

susceptibility mapping program, demonstrates the potential for a more comprehensive
mapping program. More data, in the form of soils and geology reports, is required along
with actual field data to create a more accurate depiction of susceptible zones.
Probabilistic event occurrence and ground acceleration factored with the susceptibility
can produce potential hazard mapping. Used as is, this model identifies preliminary
areas of concern for the potential of liquefaction during a significant seismic event. The
model can be further refined by applying and addressing ground motion scenarios.
Further development can and should include other potential hazards such as landslides
and flooding.
75
Appendices
Appendix A
A 1 Boring Table of all boring logs collected
A2 Boring Log Table of all boring logs collected
A3 Boring Table of Proof of Concept Area
A4 Boring Log Table of Proof of Concept Area
76
Appendix A1
80ring Table of all boring logs collected
Surface
LoglD 80ring ID Location Elevation Depth to Water
1 245005004 Lahaina, Maui 11 4
2 8H-1-82 Hilo, Hawaii 12 9.8
3 8H-2-82 Hilo, Hawaii 16 21
4 8H-3-82 Hilo, Hawaii 19 26
5 8H-4-82 Hilo, Hawaii 29 33
6 93-2459-81 Wailukiu, Maul 106
7 93-2459-82 Wailuku, Maul 106
8 93-2459-83 Wailuku Maui 105
9 93-2459-84 Wailuku, Maui 106
10 93-2459-85 Wailuku, Maui 103
11 93-2459-86 Wailuku, Maui 104
12 95-2698-81 Kahului, Maui 7 5.2
13 95-2698-82 Kahului, Maui 5 2.2
14 95-2698-83 Kahului, Maui 5 2.3
15 95-2698-84 Kahului, Maui 5 2.2
16 95-2698-B5 Kahului, Maui 6 2.8
17 95-2698-86 Kahului, Maui 5 2.9
18 95-2698-87 Kahului, Maui 5 2.8
19 95-2698-88 Kahului, Maui 7
20 95-2698-89 Kahului, Maui 6 3
21 95-2698-810 Kahului, Maui 5 1.8
22 95-2698-B11 Kahului, Maui 6 2.9
23 95-2698-812 Kahului, Maui 7 4.2
24 94-2498-81 Kahului, Maui 98 3.5
25 94-2498-82 Kahului, Maui 98 3.5
26 94-2508-81 Makena 8each, Maui 24
27 94-2508-81 A Makena 8each, Maui 24
28 94-2508-82 Makena Beach, Maui 14 12.5
29 94-2607-81 Kahului, Maui 99.9 5.9
30 94-2607-82 Kahului, Maui 99.9 4.3
31 91-2103-81 Kaanapali, Maui 24.5 21
32 91-2103-82 Kaanapali, Maui 27.5 27
33 91-2103-83 Kaanapali, Maui 27.5 26
34 91-2103-84 Kaanapali, Maui 26
36 91-2103-86 Kaanapali, Maui 26 25.5
37 91-2111-81 Kihei, Maui 64
38 91-2111-82 Kihei, Maui 74
39 91-2111-83 Kihei, Maui 76
40 91-2111-84 Kihei, Maui 78
41 91-2111-85 Kihei, Maui 77
42 93-2443-81 Lahaina, Maui 101.8 8
43 93-2443-82 Lahaina, Maui 93.5 12.5
44 93-2443-B3 Lahaina, Maui 102 13
45 96-2740-81 Kaanapali, Maui 76.2
77
Appendix A 1 (continued)
Surtace Depth to
LoglD Boring 10 Location Elevation Water
50 96-2740-85A Kaanapali, Maui 40
54 96-2740-89 Kaanapali, Maui 12 10.9
55 96-2740-810 Kaanapali, Maui 23
56 96-2740-811 Kaanapali, Maui 30 28.1
57 96-2740-812 Kaanapali, Maui 25 23.9
58 96-2740-813 Kaanapali, Maui 31 28.7
59 95-2717-81 Kihei, Maui 119
60 95-2717-82 Kihei, Maui 136
61 95-2717-83 Kihei, Maui 174
62 95-2717-84 Kihei, Maui 207
63 95-2717-85 Kihei, Maui 227
64 95-2717-86 Kihei, Maui 264
65 95-2717-87 Kihei, Maui 301
66 95-2717-88 Kihei, Maui 305
67 95-2717-89 Kihei, Maui 307
68 93-2349-81 Maalaea, Maui -10
69 93-2349-82 Maalaea, Maui -9_5
70 93-2349-83 Maalaea, Maui -3
71 93-2349-84 Maalaea, Maui -7
72 93-2349 c 85 Maalaea, Maui -10
73 93-2349-86 Maalaea, Maui -3
74 93-2349-87 Maalaea, Maui -4
75 93-2349-88 Maalaea, Maui -4
76 96-2734-81 Kahului, Maui 99.5 3
77 96-2734-82 Kahului, Maui 100.1 2_5
78 96-2749-81 Wailuku, Maui 116
79 96-2749-82 Wailuku, Maui 111
80 96-2749-83 WailLiku, Maui 110
81 96-2749-84 Wailuku, Maui 108
82 96-2749-85 Wailuku, Maui 87
83 96-2751-81 Wailuku, Maui 99.6
84 96-2751-82 Wailuku, Maui 99_7
85 96-2751-83 Wailuku, Maui 100
86 96-2786-81 Lahaina, Maui 377
87 96-2786-82 Lahaina, Maui 369
88 96-2786-83 Lahaina, Maui 385
89 96-2786-84 Lahaina, Maui 370
90 97-2790.1-81 Kahului, Maui -22_3
91 97-2790_1-82 Kahului, Maui -15_3
92 97-2790_1-83 Kahului, Maui 9.2 6_6
93 97-2790_1-84 Kahului, Maui 7.8 6_6
78
Boring Table of all boring logs collected
Surface Depth to
LoglD Boring 10 Location Elevation Water
94 97-2790.1-85 Kahului, Maui 8.7 6.3
95 97-2790.1-86 Kahului, Maui 8.5 5.5
96 97-2790.1-87 Kahului, Maui 8.6 6.4
97 97-2790.1-B8 Kahului, Maui 8.8 6.5
98 97-2790.1-B9 Kahului, Maui -15.3
99 96-2808-81 Pulehunui, Maui 66
100 96-2808-B2 Pulehunui, Maui 69
101 96-2808-83 Pulehunui, Maui 71
102 96-2808-B4 Pulehunui, Maui 73.5
103 96-2808-85 Pulehunui, Maui 68.5
104 96-2B08-86 Pulehunui, Maui 76
106 96-2808-88 Pulehunui, Maui 77
108 93-2451-B1 Kaanapali, Maui 21 17.2
109 93-2451-82 Kaanapali, Maui 19 15
110 93-2451-B3 Kaanapali, Maui 15 11
111 93-2451-84 Kaanapali, Maui 19 16.5
112 93-2451-85 Kaanapali, Maui 26
113 93-2451-86 Kaanapali, Maui 30
114 93-2451-87 Kaanapali, Maui 35
115 93-2451-88 Kaanapali, Maui 38
116 93-2451-B9 Kaanapali, Maui 41
117 93-2451-810 Kaanapali, Maui 43
118 93-2451-811 Kaanapali, Maui 48
119 93-2451-812 Kaanapali, Maui 55
120 92-2318-81 Kahului, Maui 99.5 6.7
121 92-2318-82 Kahului, Maui 100.2 6.6
122 92-2318-83 Kahului, Maui 98.8 7
123 92-2318-84 Kahului, Maui 100.5
124 92-2318-85 Kahului, Maui 97.5
125 97-2943-81 Kahului, Maui 18 15.5
126 97-2943-82 Kahului, Maui 18 13
127 97-2943-83 Kahului, Maui 18 14.8
128 97-2943-84 Kahului, Maui 18 14.2
129 97-2943-85 Kahului, Maui 1B 13.2
130 97-2943-86 Kahului, Maui 18
131 97-2943-B7 Kahului, Maui 18
132 97-2943-88 Kahului, Maui 18
133 97-2943-89 Kahului, Maui 18
134 97 -2943-810 Kahului, Maui 18
135 96-2837-81 Kahului, Maui 101.8 12.3
136 96-2837-82 Kahului, Maui 102.9 13.5
137 96-2837-83 Kahului, Maui 101.7
138 96-2837-B4 Kahului, Maui 102.4 13.3
139 96-2837-85 Kahului, Maui 102.6
79
Append ix A 1 (continued)
Surface Depth to
Log 10 Boring 10 Location Elevation Water
140 97-2846-81 Kahu lui , Maui 17
141 97-2846-82 Kahului , Maui 15
142 97-2846-83 Kahului , Maui 15
143 98-3110-81 Kahului , Maui 47 .8
144 98-3110-82 Kahului, Maui 47 .5
145 99-3180-81 Kahu lui, Maui 99 .5
146 99-3180-82 Kahului , Maui 99
147 99-3180-83 Kahului , Maui 99
148 99-3180-84 Kahului , Maui 98
149 99-3180-85 Kahului , Maui 99
150 99-3180-P1 Kahului , Maui 98
151 99-3197-81 Kahului , Maui 14 15.5
152 99-3197-82 Kahului , Maui 14 15.5
153 99-3197- 83 Kahului, Maui 14 14.9
154 99-3197-84 Kahului , Maui 14 15.1
155 00-3306-81 Wailuku , Maui 101
156 00-3306-82 Wailuku, Maui 100
157 00-3306-83 Wailuku , Maui 102
158 00-3282-81 Waihee , Maui 148
159 00-3282-82 Waihee , Maui 143
160 00-3353-81 Kahului , Maui 8 6.3
161 00-3353-82 Kahu lui , Maui 8 5 .7
162 00-3353-83 Kahu lui , Maui 8
163 00-3353-84 Kahu lui , Maui 7.5 5 .5
164 00-3353-85 Kahului, Maui 8 5 .6
165 00-3353-86 Kahului, Maui 7.5 5 .0
166 00-3353-87 Kahului , Maui 8 6
167 00-3353-88 Kahului, Maui 8 5.0
168 00-3353-89 Kahului , Maui 7 4.3
169 00-3353-810 Kahului , Maui 7 4 .5
170 00-3353-811 Kahului , Maui 7
171 00-3353-812 Kahului , Maui 7 4.8
172 00-3353-813 Kahului , Maui 8 5
173 04-3874-81 Kahului , Maui 7.9 5
174 04-3874-82 Kahului , Maui 6 .9 4
175 02-3634-81 Wailuku, Maui 121
176 02-3634-82 Wailuku , Maui 122
177 02-3634-8 3 Wailuku, Maui 122
178 02-3634-84 Wailuku , Maui 123
179 02-3634-85 Wailuku , Maui 137
180 02-3634-86 Wailuku , Maui 137
181 02-3634-87 Wailuku , Maui 127
182 02-3634-88 Wailuku , Maui 128
183 01-3488-81 Wailuku , Maui 99
184 01-3488-82 Wailuku , Maui 97.5
185 01-3488-83 Wailuku , Maui 96.5
80
Boring Table of all boring logs collected
Surface Depth to
LoglD Bori ng 10 Location Elevation Water
186 02-3545-81 Puunene, Maui 67
187 02-3545-82 Puunene, Maui 58
188 02-3545-83 Puunene , Maui 56
189 02-3545-84 Puunene , Maui 53.5
190 02-3545-85 Puunene, Maui 53
191 02-3545-86 Puunene, Maui 51
192 02-3545-87 Puunene , Maui 57
193 02-3545-88 Puunene , Maui 56 .5
194 02-3545-89 Puunene, Maui 48
195 02-3545-810 Puunene, Maui 46
196 99-3235-81 Napili , Maui 18
197 99-3235-B2 Napili, Maui 7 5.7
198 99-3235-83 Napili , Maui 8 6.7
199 99-3235-84 Napili, Maui 8 7.0
200 99-3235-85 Napili, Maui 15
201 99-3235-86 Napili , Maui 26
202 99-3235-B7 Napili , Maui 44
203 99-3235-88 Napili , Maui 64
204 01-3396-81 Lahaina, Maui 43
205 01-3396-82 Lahaina , Maui 49
206 01-3396-83 Lahaina , Maui 50
207 01 -3396-84 Lahaina , Maui 53
208 01-3396-B5 Lahaina , Maui 58
209 01-3396-86 Lahaina , Maui 53
21 0 01-3396-87 Lahaina , Maui 54
211 01-3396-88 Lahaina , Maui 58
212 01 -3396-89 Lahaina , Mau i 60
21 3 01 -3396-810 Lahaina , Mau i 64
214 01 -3396-811 Lahaina , Mau i 56
81
Appendix A2
Boring Log Table of all boring logs collected
Individual soil layer information
Start End Blow Moisture Dry
layer1D Depth Depth uscs Description Densty Counts Content Density
1 o 14 SP sand wI silt & gravel medium to loose 17 9 103
2 4 9 OH organic wI sand soft 2 85.7 52
3 9 14 SP Sand wI gravel moderate 12 26.2 83
4 14 48 GP sandy Gravel loose 10 34.7 88
5 48 58 SP Sand wi silt loose 8 31.3 88
6 58 65 GP Gravel wi sand loose 5
7 65 70 SM silty Sand loose 8 24.1
8 70 80 MH clayey Silt 6 38.8
9 80 87 CH silty Clay 7 51.2 66
10 87 104 Basalt hard
11 o 2 Clay
12 2 8 SM silty sand loose 4 21.2
13 8 11 organic clay soft 7 85.5
14 11 14 clay mod. Stiff 5 112.6
15 14 20 lava basalth vuggy
16 o 5 FiJI
17 5 8 GM silty Gravel dense 36 30.3
18 8 10 silt loose 10 56.4
19 10 11 GM silty Gravel med. Dense 17 54.2
20 11 20 lava basalt weathered
21 o 2 silty gravel
22 2 4 silty gravel loose 9 69.3
23 4 5 basalt loose
24 5 10 clayey silt
25 10 25 lava basalt vuggy
26 o 5 sandy clay
27 5 10 MH clayey silt stiff 9 59.7
28 10 27 lava basalt vuggy
SP- dense, weakly
29 o 14 SM Sand wi silt cemented 55 4 111
SP-
30 o 15 SM sand wI silt dense, cemented 70 3 111
31 o 8 SP sand medium to loose 30 8 100
33 7 14 SP sand wi silt medium 64 121
35 o 2 SM Silty Sand medium dense
36 2 6 SP Sand wI silt, gravel, coral medium 15 14 100

37 o 2 CL silty clay medium stiff to stiff 12 26 99
38 2 8 WH highly weathered basalt dense 52 10 83
39 8 19 WS slightly weathered basalt hard 1000

40 o CL silty clay stiff 18 24 83
41 13 WH highly weathered basalt dense 50 15 71

WM- moderately to slightly
42 13 23 WS weathered basalt hard 1000
43 o 2 CL silty clay stiff 21 24 82
completely weathered
44 2 4 WC basalt dense
moderately weathered
45 4 13 WM basalt medium hard to hard 1000
82
Appendix A2 (continued)

LayerlD Depth Depth uses Description Densty Counts Content Density
46 0 4 CL silty clay medium stiff to stiff 13 25 98
70 0 17 CL silty clay medium stjff 30 18 107
71 17 29 SM sandy silt medium dense to loose 7 51 73
72 29 33 SM cobbles and gravel 10
73 33 56 SM gravel and cobbles 1000
WM- moderately to highly
74 56 69 WH weathered basalt medium hard 1000
75 0 13 CL silty clay medium stiff 20 28 97
76 13 35 SM sandy slit medium dense to loose 10 44 70
77 35 53 SM gravel and cobbles 1000
78 53 69 WH weathered basalt medium hard 1000
79 6 20 SM silty sand medium dense to loose 23 32 84
80 0 4 SP sand medium dense 15 10 95
81 4 14 SM silty sand medium dense to loase 14 24 89
82 14 20 SM silty sand loose 4
83 0 5 SM silty sand loose to medium dense 8 26 87
84 5 10 SM silty sand medium dense 25 24 105
85 10 20 SM silty sand loose to medium dense 8
87 5 20 SM silty sand loose 8 33 94
93 0 1 SM silty sand medium dense with gravel
101 3 14 SM silty sand medium dense to loose 22 29 94
103 2 14 SP sand medium dense to loose 21 22 96
105 2 15 SP san.d medium dense to loose 18 28 97
106 a 3 GM-GP sandy gravel (FILL) dense 59 15 114
107 3 14 GM-GP sandy gravel dense WOO
108 0 13 GM-GP sandy gravel (FILL) dense

109 13 17 reinforced concrete
110 17 20 GP gravel dense 1000
111 20 28 WM basalt dense to medium hard 1000
112 0 4 GM silty gravel dense 55 14 104
113 4 15 clinker dense to medium hard 1000
mOderately weathered
49 4 10 WM basalt hard 1000
50 0 10 CL silty clay stiff 40 24 97
WH- highly to moderately
51 10 18 WM weathered basalt dense to medium hard 53 6 102
52 0 2 CL silty clay stiff
WC- completely to highly
53 2 8 WH weathered basalt dense 25 28 74
54 8 14 WM basalt ha.rd 1000
83

58 a 3 CL silty clay stiff 28 16 83
61 6 17 MH silty clay soft to firm 3 48 75
62 17 19 SM silty sand dense 29 39 89
64 5 11 MH clayey silt medium stiff 8 18 78
66 a 19 CL silty clay medium stiff 10 28 96
67 19 29 SM sandy sirt medium dense to loose 35 40 72
68 29 34 SM sandier medium dense to loose 20
gravel, cobbles,
69 34 63 SM boulders 1000
WS- slightly weathered
114 15 33 WM basalt medium hard 1000
115 a 13 SM silty sand medium dense 15 32 84
117 0 19 ML clayey silt medium stiff 16 26 89
118 19 35 SM sandy sirt firm to medium stiff 11 40 75
119 a 9 ML clayey silt sUff to medium stiff 27 33 93
sand, cobbles and
120 9 19 ML clayey silt boulders 70 6 106
sand, cobbles, and
121 19 30 ML clayey silt boulders 30 38 84
122 a 9 ML clayey silt firm to medium stiff 8 33 89
firm to medium stiff,
123 9 24 ML clayey silt cobbles and boulders 65 11 110
firm to medium stiff,
124 24 29 ML clayey silt cobbles and boulders 1000
125 0 5 ML clayey silt stiff 34 24 101
stiff with cobbles and
128 7 15 ML clayey silt boulders 95
130 9 19 ML clayey silt firm to mediUm stiff 8 34 86
131 19 30 SM sandy silt soft to firm 5 47 80
132 30 35 SM sandy silt soft to firm 22 48 76
133 a 1- ML-CL silty clay medium stiff
134 1 9 basalt hard 1000
135 0 1 ML-Cl silty clay medium stiff
137 a 1 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff
139 0 2 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff
140 2 3 highly weathered rock dense to medium hard 50 18 86
142 a 1 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff
143 1 2 highly weathered rock dense 84 24 86
146 5 9 CL silty clay with cobble stiff 30 19 83
slightly weathered
147 9 12 WS basalt hard 1000
148 12 23 WM clinker dense 1000
149 23 37 WM clinker dense 1000
152 9 21 WH highly weathered basalt dense to medium hard 37 27 93
84
Start End Slow Moisture Dry

LayerlD Depth Oepth uses DeSCription Oensty Counts Content Density
157 a 1 CL-ML clayey silt stiff 89 26 66
159 a 1 CL-ML clayey silt medium stiff
161 a 2 CL-ML clayey sirt stiff 56 18 62
slightly weathered ,
162 2 13 W8 basalt hard 1000
165 a 1 CL-ML clayey silt stiff
169 3 6 WM weathered basalt dense to medium hard 35
slightly weathered
172 2 6 WM basalt I1ard 50
slightly weathered
173 6 14 WS oasalt hard 1000
slightly weathered
slightly weathered
179 16 20 W8 basalt hacd 1000
183 a 13 8C clayey sand soft to firm 4
184 13 25 W8 basalt hard 1000
185 a 19 8C clayey sand soft to firm 3
186 19 29 WS basalt medium hard to hard 1000
187 0 7 SM silty sand dense with gravel 52 26 103
188 7 18 ML-CL silty clay firm to medium stiff 8 33 95
189 18 24 ML-CL silty clay soft 3 33 95
traces of highly weathered
190 24 28 ML-CL silty clay rock sand 20 33 95
192 0 5 8M silty sand firm to medium dense 5
193 5 8 ML sandy silt firm to medium stiff 9 43 83
194 8 13 8M silty sand medium dense 14 45 80
195 13 15 8M silty sand boulder encountered 70 37 89
196 15 26 ML sandy silt firm 6
197 26 36 ws basalt hard 1000
198 a 3 ML sandy silt firm
85

LayerlD Oepth .. Depth uscs Description Densty Counts Content Density
200 7 12 SM silty sand firm to medium dense 10 36 90
201 12 19 ML-CL silty clay firm to soft 4
203 0 2 SP sand loose to medium dense
204 2 6 ML-CL silty clay firm to medium stiff 7
205 6 12 ML-CL silty clay firm to medium stiff, sandy 17 44 81
210 10 12 ML silty clay soft to firm 3
212 0 6 coral dense 1000
213 6 9 coral rubblestone 12 22 97
214 9 12 SP silty sand firm 4
215 12 21 ML-CL silty clay firm to medium stiff 5 35 93
221 0 17 SP sand dense to medium dense 33 7 101
222 17 19 MH silty clay medium stiff 14 20 109
223 0 15 SP sand dense to medium dense 55 8 105
224 0 18 SP S8nd dense 40 6 102
225 18 20 MH silly clay stiff 46 30 97
226 0 18 SP sand dense 35 5 105
227 18 20 MH silty clay medium stiff 13 24 97
228 0 1 SP sand medium dense
229 4 MH silty clay medium stiff 14 30 96
230 4 8 we basalt medium dense 14 40 81
231 8 13 we basalt medium dense 40 43 77
233 4 8 ML sandy silt medium stiff 13 13 86
234 8 13 ML sandy silt medium stiff 1000
239 4 7 ML clayey silt stiff, cobbles 30 18 97
240 0 6 ML-CL silty clay stiff 70 16 96
243 0 3 ML-Cl silty clay medium stiff to stiff (fill)
244 3 7 Ml-Cl silty clay stiff 30 14 86
245 7 10 WH highly weathered basalt dense 35 8
246 10 15 WS weathered basalt medium hard to hard 1000
248 2 WH highly weathered basalt dense to medium hard 63 22 101
249 2 13 WS weathered basalt medium hard to hard 1000
251 6 WH weathered basalt medium hard to dense
253 0 16 ML clayey silt soft 0 68 60
254 16 19 GM silty gravel medium dense 52 22 101
86

257 30 32 WH highly weathered basalt dense to medium hard
slightly weathered
261 23 38 Ml clayey silt stiff 38 41 86
263 0 3 5M silty sand dense 65 11 100
265 13 14 5M silty sand loose to medium dense 4
270 4 14 SM silty sand medium dense to dense 19 20 95
dense with basaltic gravel
275 8 13 SM silty sand and cobbles 76 18 116
276 13 15 SM silty sand medium dense 11
282 21 32 SP sand dense 41 20 95
283 32 42 Ml clayey silt medium stiff to stiff 26 43 63
292 7 14 WM weathered basalt dense to medium hard 60 9 96
slightly weathered
295 3 15 Ml clayey silt stiff 2B 25 93
WC- highly to moderately
297 9 19 WH weathered basalt dense to medium hard 37 23 95
298 0 1 Ml clayey silt stiff
299 1 10 WM weathered basalt dense to medium hard 58 23 BB
300 0 6 Ml clayey silt medium stiff 16 27 91
303 0 3 ML-CL clayey silt stiff 44 26 102
stiff, weathered rock
304 3 4 ML-CL clayey silt fragments 15 27 86
305 4 10 Ml-Cl clayey silt soft to firm and sandy 4 36 76
306 10 20 Ml-Cl clayey sIlt 6 35 82
307 0 4 GP gravelly sand medium dense 16 19 65
308 4 19 ML-CL clayey silt soft to firm, with sand 6 31 B2
309 19 20 ML-CL clayey silt soft to firm, with sand 22 47 76
87
Start End Slow Moistul'"e Dry

311 4 5 ML-CL clayey silt cobbles 48 15 104
313 9 14 ML-CL clayey silt soft to firm and sandy 5 77 47
314 14 15 ML silty sand loose 7 53 76
316 2 9 ML-CL silty clay cobble 19 26 91
317 9 14 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff and siltier 8 28 90
318 14 18 ML-CL silty clay soft to firm 2 55 68
319 18 20 ML silty sand loose 2 72 58
320 0 5 ML-Gl silty clay stiff 14 24 76
321 5 13 GM sandy gravel medium dense 20 13 88
322 13 20 WM basalt dense to med"lum hard 53 7 57
324 3 5 ML-CL silty clay stfff 33 14 95
325 5 9 ML-CL silty clay stiff 1000
327 0 3 ML-Gl clayey silt stiff 51 19 92
slightly weathered
329 7 11 WS basalt medium hard 1000
highly weathered
330 11 12 WH clinker dense to medium hard 1000
333 3 5 ML-CL silty clay cobbles 35 18 92
337 14 18 WH highly weathered basalt dense 1000
340 9 11 WM basalt 1000
341 11 13 WH highly weathered basalt dense to medium hard 1000
344 4 8 SP sand loose 2 8 100
moderately wathered
346 11 13 WH highly weathered basalt dense to medium hard 1000
348 0 14 SP sand
349 0 8 ML-CL silty clay firm 13 22 77
350 8 10 WM basalt medium hard 47 8 95
356 0 3 SP sand medium dense, cobble 65 10 106
361 0 3 SP sand dense 30 7 103
362 3 12 SP sand dense 8 11 94
364 0 12 SP sand dense 32 7 100
88

LayerlD Depth Oepth uses Description, Densty Counts Content Density
365 12 25 ML clayey sift stiff 27 44 83
366 0 12 SP sand dense 49 5 98
369 0 5 SP sand medium dense to dense 20 6 100
370 5 12 SP sand dense 50 8 95
373 12 20 ML clayey silt stiff 19 4, 38 83
374 0 10 SP sand dense 25 8 103
375 0 9 SM sand medium dense to dense 13 13 102
376 0 6 SP sand dense 34 5 98
381 0 7 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff 14 29 94
383 0 10 ML-Cl silty clay medium stiff 51 21 96
386 6 10 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff 12 33 " 90
388 13 15 ML-CL silty clay med ium stiff 13 38 85
392 10 11 CL silty clay medium stiff 14
396 0 4 CL silty clay medium stiff to stiff 18 39 88
398 10 14 WH weathered rock dense 13
400 4 8 ML clayey silt firm 5 50 74
402 10 13 WH weathered rock dense 50
405 12 15 WM basalt hard
409 10 13 WM basalt hacd
411 3 9 ML crayey silt medium stiff 14 25 95
416 3 9 ML Clayey silt stiff to medium stiff 18 38 84
418 0 3 SM silty sand
419 3 8 ML clayey silt stiff to medium stiff
420 8 10 WM basalt
423 0 14 SP sand dense 40 6 98
89

Layel"tO Depth Deptn uses Description Oensty Counts Content Density
425 19 20 ML clayey silt firm 6
medium dense to dense,
426 0 19 SP sand with silt 36 12 100
medium dense to dense
429 0 19 SM silty sand (cobbles and boulders) 10
medium dense to dense
medium dense and dense
432 G 12 CL silty clay medium stiff 19 26 66
medium stiff (boulder,
433 12 19 CL silty clay cobble) 43 35 90
435 0 14 SP-SM silty sand dense 50 13 98
436 14 19 SP-SM silty sand medium dense 26 22 109
437 19 25 SP-SM silty sand loose to medium dense 10 22 97


444 0 14 SM silty sand dense to medium dense 39 24 95
445 0 15 SM silty sand dense to medium dense 36 14 96
446 0 4 MH clayey silt medium stiff 17 23 95
449 3 9 SP-SM silty sand loose 6 35 91

453 54 59 WH weathered rock dense 41 52 74
454 59 64 WH weathered rock medium hard 1000
455 0 3 8M silty sand medium dense to dense 42 9 94
460 5 9 ML sandy silt firm to soft 3 77 54
466 5 20 SP sand dense 67 3 107
467 0 4 SP sand dense 27 9 98
466 4 19 SP sand dense 71 6 101
469 a 20 SP sand dense 54 7 104
470 0 1 8P sand medium dense
471 1 19 SP sand dense 59 5 103
473 3 24 SP sand dense 57 5 106
90

LayerlO Depth Depth USCS Oescription Oensty Counts Content Oensny
474 0 1 SP sand medium dense
475 1 25 SP sand dense 70 7 106
476 0 15 SP sand dense 86 5 107
477 0 14 SP sand dense 89 3 104
478 0 1 SM silty sand medium dense
479 1 3 SP sand dense 60 4 102
481 5 15 SP sand dense 68 3 102
482 0 1 SM silty sand loose
484 4 14 SP sand dense 51 5 101
485 0 1 SM silty sand loose
486 1 15 SP sand dense 72 5 103
487 0 3 ML-CL clayey silt firm to medium stiff 20 22 86
wc- completely to highly
488 3 10 WH weathered basalt dense to medium hard 90
489 0 3 ML-CL clayey silt firm 8 26 93
wc- completely to highly
490 3 9 WH weathered basart dense 53 24 80
491 9 13 WH weathered basalt dense to medium hard 102 13 112
492 13 14 WS weathered basalt hard
500 9 15 WC basalt medium dense to dense 20 18 91
501 0 5 ML-CL cl8yey silt firm 9 28 98
502 5 13 WC basalt dense 21 35 83
503 13 15 WC basalt dense 54 38 93
504 15 17 WS weathered basalt hard
WM- moderately to Slightly
508 15 16 WS weathered basalt medium hard to hard
512 8 15 WM basalt medium hard to hard 43 9 83
515 7 13 WS weathered basalt medium hard to hard 50 18 95
516 13 15 WS weathered basalt medium hard 101
91

layerlD Depth Depth USCS Description Oensty Counts Content Density
521 0 3 CH~MH silty clay medium stiff to stiff 17 26 95
522 3 10 CH-MH silty clay stjff 60 23 92

523 0 5 Ml-CL sandy sift medium stiff to stiff 20 40 78
524 5 6 SM silty sand dense to medium hard 30 25 101
526 0 3 ML-CL sandy silt medium stiff 26 17 101
527 3 5 ML-CL sandy silt firm 7 27 93
529 24 34 SM silty sand loose to medium dense 15
530 34 49 SM silty sand dense 49 36 B4
532 0 5 Ml-Cl sandy silt medium stiff to stiff 30 24 90
534 12 24 SM silty sand medium dense 53
535 24 44 Ml sandy silt firm 17 68 62
536 44 56 SM silty sand dense 1000
538 0 4 CH-MH silty clay stiff 36 22 82

539 4 9 Ml sandy silt medium stiff 33 28 92
540 0 10 ML -Cl sandy silt stiff 38 13 99
541 0 14 CH-MH silty ctay firm to medium stiff 15 24 82

542 0 5 ML-CL sandy silt stiff 58 21 85
545 3 5 Ml sandy silt dense 27
546 5 B Ml sandy silt dense 1000
550 15 20 ML sandy silt dense 1000
551 0 2 Cl silty clay medium stiff 25 14 78
552 2 3 SM silty sand stiff
553 3 5 Cl silty clay stiff 58 20 86
554 5 9 Ml sandy silt stiff 78 18 71
555 9 19 Ml sandy silt stiff 1000
557 3 4 Ml sandy silt stiff B4 12 79
558 4 6 ML sandy silt stiff 50 10 104
560 0 6 Cl silty clay medium stiff 30 22 85
561 6 10 ML sandy silt stiff 89 18 88
562 10 20 ML sandy silt stiff 1000
563 0 7 CL silty etay medium stiff 44 lB 89
92

LayerlO Depth Oepth uses Description Densty Counts Content Density
579 3 12 ML sandy SIlt stiff 30
93
Appendix A3
80ring Table of Proof of Concept Area
Surface Depth to
LoglD Boring 10 Location Elevation Water Lowest Soil Rank
6 93-2459-81 Wailukiu, Maui 106 2
7 93-2459-82 Wailuku, Maui 106 3
8 93-2459-83 Wailuku Maui 105 4
9 93-2459-84 Wailuku, Maui 106 2
10 93-2459-85 Wailuku, Maui 103 1
11 93-2459-86 Wailuku, Maui 104 2
12 95-2698-81 Kahului, Maui 7 5.2 2
13 95-2698-82 Kahului, Maui 5 2.2 1
14 95-2698-83. Kahului, Maui 5 2.3 1
15 95-2698-84 Kahului, Maui 5 2.2 1
16 95-2698-85 Kahului, Maui 6 2.8 2
17 95-2698-86 Kahului, Maui 5 2.9 2
18 95-2698-87 Kahului, Maui 5 2.8 1
19 95-2698-88 Kahului, Maui 7 2
20 95-2698-89 Kahului, Maui 6 3 1
21 95-2698-810 Kahului, Maui 5 1.8 1
22 95-2698-811 Kahului, Maui 6 2.9 2
23 95-2698-812 Kahului, Maui 7 4.2 2
24 94-2498-81 Kahului, Maui 98 3.5 2
25 94-2498-82 Kahului, Maui 98 3.5 2
29 94-2607-81 Kahului, Maui 99.9 5.9 2
30 94-2607-82 Kahului, Maui 99.9 4.3 2
76 96-2734-81 Kahului, Maui 99.5 3 1
77 96-2734-82 Kahului, Maui 100.1 2.5 2
78 96-2749-81 Wailuku, Maui 116 2
79 96-2749-82 Wailuku, Maui 111 4
80 96-2749-83 Wailuku, Maui 110 3
81 96-2749-84 Wailuku, Maui 108 2
82 96-2749-85 Wailuku, Maui 87 2
83 96-2751-81 Wailuku, Maui 99.6 2
84 96-2751-82 Wailuku, Maui 99.7 2
85 96-2751-83 Wailuku, Maui 100 2
90 97-2790.1-81 Kahului, Maui -22.3 -22.3 1
91 97-2790.1-82 KahulUi, Maui -15.3 -15.3 2
92 97-2790.1-83 Kahului, Maui 9.2 6.6 1
93 97-2790.1-84 Kahului, Maui 7.8 6.6 1
94 97 -2790.1-85 Kahului, Maui 8.7 6.3 2
95 97-2790.1-86 Kahului, Maui 8.5 5.5 4
96 97-2790.1-87 Kahului, Maui 8.6 6.4 2
97 97 -2790.1-88 Kahului, Maui 8.8 6.5 2
98 97-2790.1-89 Kahului, Maui -15.3 -15.3 2
120 92-2318-81 Kahului, Maui 99.5 6.7 2
121 92-2318-82 Kahului, Maui 100.2 6.6 2
122 92-2318-83 Kahului, Maui 98.8 7 2
123 92-2318-84 Kahului, Maui 100.5 3
124 92-2318-85 Kahului, Maui 97.5 4
125 97-2943-81 Kahului, Maui 18 15.5
94
Boring Table of Proof of Concept Area
Surface Depth to Lowest Soil

LoglD Boring 10 Location Elevation Water Rank
126 97-2943-B2 Kahului, Maui 18 13 2
127 97-2943-B3 Kahului, Maui 18 14.8 1
128 97-2943-B4 Kahului, Maui 18 14.2 2
129 97-2943-B5 Kahului, Maui 18 13.2 2
130 97-2943-B6 Kahului, Maui 18 2
131 97-2943-B7 Kahului, Maui 18 2
132 97-2943-B8 Kahului, Maui 18 3
133 97-2943-B9 Kahului, Maui 18 3
134 97-2943-B10 Kahului, Maui 18 2
135 96-2837-B1 Kahului, Maui 101.8 12.3 2
136 96-2837-B2 Kahului, Maui 102.9 13.5 2
137 96-2837-B3 Kahului, Maui 101.7 2
138 96-2837-B4 Kahului, Maui 102.4 13.3 2
139 96-2837-B5 Kahului, Maui 102.6 2
140 97-2846-B1 Kahului, Maui 17 2
141 97-2846'B2 Kahului, Maui 15 2
142 97-2846-B3 Kahului, Maui 15 2
143 98-3110-B1 Kahului, Maui 47.8 2
144 98-311O-B2 Kahului, Maui 47.5 2
145 99-3180-B1 Kahului, Maui 99.5 3
146 99-3180-B2 Kahului, Maui 99 2
147 99-3180-B3 Kahului, Maui 99 2
148 99-3180-84 Kahului, Maui 98 3
149 99-3180-B5 Kahului, Maui 99 2
150 99-3180-P1 Kahului, Maui 98 2
151 99-3197-B1 Kahului, Maui 14 15.5 3
152 99-3197-B2 Kahului, Maui 14 15.5 2
153 99-3197-B3 Kahului, Maui 14 14.9 2
154 99-3197-B4 Kahului, Maui 14 15.1 3
155 00-3306-B1 Wailuku, Maui 101 1
156 00-3306-B2 Wailuku, Maui 100 2
157 00-3306-B3 Wailuku, Maui 102 2
158 00-3282-B1 Waihee, Maui 148 2
159 00-3282-B2 Waihee, Maui 143 2
160 00-3353-B1 Kahului, Maui 8 6.3 1
161 00-3353-B2 Kahului, Maui 8 5.7 2
162 00-3353-B3 Kahului, Maui 8 1
163 00-3353-B4 Kahului, Maui 7.5 5.5 3
164 00-3353-B5 Kahului, Maui 8 5.6 3
165 00-3353-B6 Kahului, Maui 7.5 5.0 3
166 00-3353-B7 Kahului, Maui 8 6 3
167 00-3353-B8 Kahului, Maui 8 5.0 3
168 00-3353-B9 Kahului, Maui 7 4.3 2
169 00-3353-B 10 Kahului, Maui 7 4.5 1
95
80ring Table of Proof of Concept Area
Surface Depth to Lowest Soil

LoglO Boring 10 Location Elevation Water Rank
170 00-3353-811 Kahului, Maui 7 2
171 00-3353-812 Kahului, Maui 7 4.8 3
172 00-3353-813 Kahului, Maui 8 5 1
173 04-3874-81 Kahului, Maui 7.9 5 1
174 04-3874-82 Kahului, Maui 6.9 4 2
175 02-3634-81 Wailuku, Maui 121 2
176 02-3634-82 Wailuku, Maui 122 2
177 02-3634-83 Wailuku, Maui 122 4
178 02-3634-84 Wailuku, Maui 123 2
179 02-3634'85 Wailuku, Maui 137 2
180 02-3634-86 Wailuku, Maui 137 2
181 02-3634-87 Wailuku, Maui 127 5
182 02-3634-88 Wailuku, Maui 128 5
183 01-3488-81 Wailuku, Maui 99 2
184 01-3488-82 Wailuku, Maui 97.5
185 01-3488-83 Wailuku, Maui 96.5
96
Appendix A4
Boring Log Table of Proof of Concept Area
Layerl Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry

D Depth Depth USCS Description Density Counts Rank Content Density
sand wI silt &
o 14 SP gravel medium to loose 17 2 9 103
8 70 80 MH clayey Silt 6 2 38.8
dense, weakly
29 o 14 SPSM Sand wI silt cemented 55 5 4 111
30 o 15 SPSM sand wI silt dense, cemented 70 5 3 111
31 a 8 SP sand medium to loose 30 3 8 100
33 7 14 SP sand wi silt medium 64 5 1 121
34 a 6 8P sand medium to (oose 16 2 9 104
35 o 2 SM Silly Sand medium dense 2
Sand wi silt,
36 2 6 SP gravel, coral medium 15 14 100
medium dense to
79 6 20 8M silty sand loose 23 2 32 84
80 o 4 SP sand medium dense 15 10 95
medium dense to
81 4 14 8M silty sand loose 14 24 89
82 14 20 8M silty sand loose 4
loose to medium
83 o 5 8M silty sand dense 8 1 26 87
84 5 10 8M silty sand medium dense 25 2 24 105
loose to medium
85 10 20 8M silty sand dense 8
86 o 5 8M silty sand medium dense 15 1 27 95
loose to medium
91 o 2 8P sand medium dense 28 2 9 101
medium dense with
93 a 1 8M silty sand gravel 2
94 4 8P sand medium dense 24 2 19 85
loose to medium
loose to medium
98 o 3 8P sand medium dense 15 14 105
99 3 10 SM silty sand medium dense 19 2 26 103
100 a 3 SP sand medium dense 29 3 14 92
medium dense to
medium dense to
103 2 14 8P sand loose 21 2 22 96
104 a 2 8M silty sand medium dense 24 2 11 100
medium dense to
105 2 15 8P sand loose 18 2 28 97
115 o 13 8M silty sand medium dense 15 32 84
116 a 14 8M silty sand medium dense 13 29 93
97
Appendix 4 (continued)
Layerl Start End Slow Soil Moisture Dry

D Depth Depth uses Description Density counts Rank Content Density
217 o 12 SP sand medium dense 17 2 15 101
loose to medium
218 12 14 8M silty sand dense 8 1 35 88
dense to medium
221 o 17 SP sand dense 33 3 7 101
222 17 19 MH silty clay medium stiff 14 2 20 109
dense to medium
223 o 15 SP sand dense 55 5 8 105
224 a 18 SP sand dense 40 4 6 102
225 18 20 MH silty clay stiff 46 5 30 97
226 o 18 SP sand dense 35 3 5 105
227 18 20 MH silty clay medium stiff 13 2 24 97
228 a 1 8P sand medium dense 2
229 4 MH silty clay medium stiff 14 2 30 96
230 4 8 we basalt medium dense 14 2 40 81
231 8 13 we basalt medium dense 40 4 43 77
232 o 4 ML clayey si It stiff 50 5 19 91
233 4 8 ML sandy silt medium stiff 13 2 13 86
234 8 13 ML sandy silt medium stiff 2
235 a 2 ML clayey silt stiff 47 5 15 100
236 2 8 SM silty sand medium dense 11 1 6 104
237 8 15 CL silty clay medium stiff 12 2 46 74
238 o 4 ML clayey silt stiff 18 3 18 97
239 4 7 ML clayey silt stiff, cobbles 30 3 18 97
253 o 16 Mt clayey silt soft a 2 68 60
254 16 19 GM silty gravel medium dense 52 5 22 101
255 19 25 8M silty sand loose 2 1
256 25 30 ML clayey silt medium stiff 18 3 42 88
highly weathered dense to medium
257 30 32 WH basalt hard 5
slightly weathered
258 32 54 WS basalt hard 1000 5
259 a 13 GM silty gravel medium dense 89 5 26 98
261 23 38 ML clayey silt stiff 38 4 41 86
WM- moderately to slightfy

262 38 49 WS weathered basalt hard 1000 5
263 a 3 8M silty sand dense 85 5 11 100
loose to medium
265 13 14 8M silty sand dense 4
98
Layerl Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry

D Depth Depth uses Description Density Counts Rank Content Density
269 a 4 SM silty sand dense 46 4 8 91
medium dense to
270 4 14 SM silty sand dense 19 2 20 95
dense with basaltic

275 8 13 8M silty sand gravel and cobbles 76 5 18 116
276 13 15 8M silty sand medium dense 11
medium dense to
282 21 32 8P sand dense 41 4 20 95
283 32 42 ML clayey silt medium stiff to stiff 26 3 43 83

284 42 52 WS weathered basalt hard 1000 5
medium dense,
356 o 3 SP sand cobble 65 5 10 106
357 3 13 SP sand medium dense 24 2 25 100
361 a 3 8P sand dense 30 3 7 103
362 3 12 SP sand dense 8 1 11 94
364 a 12 SP sand dense 32 3 7 100
366 a 12 SP sand dense 49 4 5 98
367 12 16 ML dayey silt stiff 9 2 49 78
medium dense to
369 a 5 SP sand dense 20 2 6 100
370 5 12 SP sand dense 50 5 8 95
99
layer! Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry


medium dense to
372 o 12 8P sand dense 14 1 13 98
374 o 10 SP sand dense 25 2 8 103
medium dense to
375 o 9 SM sand dense 13 13 102
376 o 6 SP sand dense 34 3 5 98
378 o 3 ML clayey silt stiff 73 5 10 112
381 o 7 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff 14 2 29 94
382 7 15 ML~CL silty clay medium stiff 25 3 31 91
384 10 19 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff 11 2 42 79
387 o 13 ML~CL silty clay medium stiff 24 3 20 97
389 o 8 ML~CL silty clay medium stiff 29 3 28 96
390 8 9 ML-CL silty clay medium stiff 14 2 27 93

392 10 11 CL silty clay medium stiff 14 2
396 o 4 CL silty clay medium stiff to stiff 18 3 39 88

398 10 14 WH weathered rock dense 13 2
399 o 4 CL silty clay medium stiff 13 2 35 81
400 4 8 ML clayey silt firm 5 2 50 74
402 10 13 WH weathered rock dense 50 5
100
Boring Log Table of Proof of Concept 'Area
Layert Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry

0 Depth Depth uses Description Density Counts Rank Content Density
406 0 4 GM silty gravel dense 86 5 6 105
411 3 9 ML clayey sift medium stiff 14 2 25 95
416 3 9 ML clayey silt stiff to medium stiff 18 3 38 84

418 0 3 SM silty sand 2
419 3 8 ML clayey silt stiff to medium stiff 3

420 8 10 WM basalt 5
medium dense to
421 0 13 SP sand dense 33 3 7 99
423 0 14 SP sand dense 40 4 6 98
425 19 20 ML clayey silt firm 6 2
medium dense to
428 0 19 SP sand dense, with silt 36 4 12 100
medium dense to
dense (cobbles and
429 0 19 SM silty sand boulders) 10
medium dense to
dense (cobbles and
430 0 20 SM silty sand. boulders) 13
medium dense and

dense (cobbles and
431 0 17 SM silty sand boulders) 17 2
medium stiff
433 12 19 CL silty clay (boulder, cobble) 43 5 35 90
101
Laye~ Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry

SP-
sp-
SP- loose to medium
medium dense to
SP-
dense to medium
dense to medium
446 o 4 MH clayey silt medium stiff 17 3 23 95
SP-
SP-
S~-
449 3 9 8M silty sand loose 6 35 91
SP-
SP-
SP-
453 54 59 WH weathered rock dense 41 4 52 74
454 59 64 WH weathered rock medium hard 1000 5
medium dense to
463 4 10 ML sandy silt firm to soft 16 2 36 89
466 5 20 SP sand dense 67 5 3 107
467 o 4 SP sand dense 27 3 9 98
468 4 19 SP sand dense 71 5 6 101
102
layerl Start End Blow Soil Moisture Dry

469 0 20 SP sand dense 54 5 7 104
470 0 SP sand medium dense 2
471 1 19 SP sand dense 59 5 5 103
473 3 24 SP sand dense 57 5 5 106
474 0 1 SP sand medium dense 2
475 1 25 SP sand dense 70 5 7 106
476 0 15 SP sand dense 86 5 5 107
477 0 14 SP sand dense 89 5 3 104
478 0 SM silty sand medium dense 2
479 3 SP sand dense 60 5 4 102
481 5 15 SP sand dense 68 5 3 102
482 0 SM silty sand loose
483 4 SP sand medium dense 18 2 7 100
484 4 14 SP sand dense 51 5 5 101
486 15 SP sand dense 72 5 5 103
103
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Development of A GIS Based Model For Mapping Potential Liquifaction Susceptibility Zones

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Development of A GIS Based Model For Mapping Potential Liquifaction Susceptibility Zones

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j'

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE

First, I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Peter G.

throughout the project.

daughter, Vanessa. Their support, encouragement and patience throughout my study

have been paramount to my success.

consequences of an earthquake both in relation to existing facilities as well as in the

planning and location of new structures. Advances in computer-based Geographic

liquefaction potential hazards caused by large earthquakes emphasizes integration of

The goal is to delineate and classify the areas susceptible to earthquake-induced

liquefaction. This goal is accomplished by: (1) incorporating or developing digital

mitigate the effects of liquefaction.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 3 LIQUEFACTION .................................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER 5 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER 6 PREPARATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP ............................................................... 15

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ ;................... 75

The potential for liquefaction depends on both the susceptibility of a deposit to

A preliminary study was undertaken in 1991 to identify the liquefaction hazard of

Appropriate mitigation, preparedness and emergency response plans can be

1.2 Target Audience

2.1 Scope of Work

2.2 Goals and Objectives _

3.1 Liquefaction Background

A soil's ability to liquefy depends on certain characteristics and its environment.

3.2 Liquefaction Mapping Programs

Earth Consultants International in conjunction with the California Division of

Figure 1 GIS Methodology

4.1 Staged Approach

4.1.1 First Stage

4.1.2 Second Stage

4.1.3 Third Stage

4.2 Geographic Information System Approach

4.2.1 Layers/Spatial Data

Topographical Maps - Graphically displays the boundaries of the islands,

Borehole locations - Graphically displays the borehole locations

Alluvial deposits - Graphically displays the boundaries of alluvial fans with

4.2.2 Attribute Data

Borehole - depth of water table, type of soil, borehole log data

Alluvial deposits - matrix characteristics, area, depth, and age

4.3 Final Product

5.1 Types of Data

5.2 Methods of Collection

5.3 Sources of Data

6.1 Geologyl Soils

Figure 2 NRCS Soil Survey (State of Hawaii Soil Survey, NRCS,1972)

Deset.x1On .Q.P.!.iont J Aepoltsl Non-TechRepods I

Figure 4 Soil Data Viewer Window

Once the map is placed in the ArcView workspace, it needs to be converted to a

Figure 7 Percent Clay, Maui Soils

Figure 8 Maui 1st Cut Susceptible Soils

Figure 9 Soils Queried with TMK

Figure 10 USGS Minus Rock

Figure 11 USGS Alluvial Soils

u SOS..Jl'lI IlL~luvJI ""

Figure 12 USGS vs. NRCSITMK Potentially Susceptible Areas

Figure 13 USGS Soil Survey Map

Figure 15 Hawaii Soil Minus Rock

6.2 Well Water Level Data

Figure 17 Well Locations on Maui

Figure 18 Well locations in Areas of Interest