3/8/2017 Eddycurrentloss|ElectricalEngineeringAssignment

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Eddycurrentloss
HomeEddycurrentloss
2.EddyCurrentLosses:

Thetermeddycurrentsisappliedtothoseelectriccurrentswhichcirculatewithinamassofconducting
materialwhenthelatterissituatedinavaryingmagneticfield.Theconductingmaterialmaybe
consideredasconsistingoflargenumberofclosedconductingpaths,eachofwhichbehaveslikeashort
circuitedwinding.Thevaryingmagneticfieldinduceseddye.m.fs.intheseclosedelementalpathsgiving
risetoeddycurrents.Theseeddycurrentsproducelossinpowerresultinginheatingofmaterials.This
lossisofconsiderableimportanceasiteffectstheefficiencyandheatingofelectricalmachines.
Theeddycurrentsproduceamagneticfieldoftheirownwhichopposesthemainmagneticfield.Asthe
effectofeddycurrentsisnotuniformoverthecrosssectionofthematerial,thisresultsinaflux
distributionwhichisnotuniform,thefluxdensityintheouterportionsbeinggreaterthanthatatthe
centre.Thusthereisareductionineffectivecrosssection.Theeffectofeddycurrentsuponflux
distributionischieflyofimportanceintransformerswherethematerialotherwisewouldbeworkedata
uniformfluxdensity.
Themagneticmaterialsusedforvaryingmagneticfieldsarelaminated(madeupofthinsheetsinsulated
fromeachother)soastoreduceeddycurrentsandassociatedlosses,asbylaminating,theareaofpathof
eddycurrentsisreducedgivingrisetoalargevalueofresistance.

EddyCurrentLossinThinSheets:

Fig.28showsathinplateofthicknesstandwidthb,thicknessbeingconsiderablysmallerthanthewidth.Letus
supposethatthissheetcarriesaflux,B=Bmaxsint,

thefieldrunningparalleltotheaxisofthesheet.Eddycurrentswouldflowinthesheetintheelementalpathsa
showninFig.28.

Letusconsider1metreaxiallengthandalso1metrewidthofsheet.Takeanelementalpathofthicknessdxata
distancexfromtheaxis.Fluxenclosedby1metrelengthofthispath,

=B(fluxdensity)2x1(area)=2xB

=2xBsint

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Thethicknesstoflaminatedmaterialisofconsiderableimportanceasregardstoeddycurrentloss.Eqn.
(16)showsthateddycurrentlossesarereducedbyusingthinnerplatesandamaterialofhigherresistivity.

Eqn.(16)isderivedbyassumingthatmagneticfieldisuniformthroughoutandparalleltotheaxisand
alsothesheetsareverythin.Therefore,assuch,itshouldnotbeappliedtocaseswherefrequencyisabnormal,
thesheetsthickorthevariationoffluxdensityisnotsinusoidalwithtime.

Theeddycurrentlosscanbereducedinthefollowingways:

1.Ithasbeenfoundthatthislosscanbeminimisedbybuildinguptherequiredcrosssectionfortheflux
pathbystackingthinpiecesknownaslaminationsasshowninFig.29.Sincethee.m.fs.setupinthe
materialbythevaryingfluxareusuallyofsmallmagnitude,thenaturaloxideonthesurfaceofthesheet
ironorsteelfromwhichthelaminationsarepunchedwilleffectivelyinsulatethelaminationsfromone
another,andthuslimiteacheddycurrentpathtoasinglelamination.

2.Thislossmayalsobereducedbygrindingtheferromagneticmaterialtoapowderandmixingitwitha
binderthateffectivelyinsulatestheparticlesfromoneanother.Thismixtureisthenformedunderpressure
intothedesiredshapeandheattreated.Magneticcoresforuseincommunicationequipmentarefrequently
madebythisprocess.

Itmaybenotedthatironlosses(hysteresisandeddycurrentlosses)ifallowedtotakeplaceunchecked,
notonlyreducetheefficiencyofelectricalequipmentbutalsoraisethetemperatureofthecore.Hence
theselossesshouldbekeptassmallasiseconomicallypossible.

OtherFactorsAffectingCoreLoss

1.Rivetsandbolts.Laminationsmustbeheldtogether.Acommonmethodistouserivetsbolts,butthey
tendtoshortcircuitlaminationinsulation.Rivetsandboltsveryoftenformpartofaclosedmagneticloop
which,underA.C.operation,maycauseaseriouslossofelectricalenergy.
2.Burrs.Asdiesbecomeworn,theburrsthattheyformonpunchededgesoflaminationstockbecomelarger
andlarger.Thusburrsarenotalwaysremovedbydeburringoperation,andtheycutthroughsheet
insulationformingcontactsbetweenlaminationsandallowexcessiveeddycurrentstoflow.Theseare
commonlyreferredtoasintersheeteddycurrents.Machiningoperationsthatareperformedonstacked
laminations,suchasthegrindingofinductionmotorstatorsorbroachingofsolenoidfaces,oftensmear
thelaminationtogether,forminggoodconnectionsbetweensheets.Manyschemes,suchastreatingthe
faceswithacidoralkali,havebeentriedinanattempttoeatawaythemetalparticlesafterlaminations
havebeenassembledintoapparatus,butthisattemptedcureoftencausesothertroubles,suchasrusting.
Burningoftheburrswithaflamehasalsobeenattemptedwithvaryingsuccess
3.Pressure.Mechanicalstrainssetupinmagneticmaterialseitherfromcoldworkingduringrollingor
punchingordistortionduringfinalassemblyoperations,affectmagneticpropertiesinseveralways.The

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hysteresisandeddycurrentlossesaswellasthemagnetisingcurrentareincreased.Theincreased
hysteresislossduetopunchingdependsuponthematerial,itsthickness,andtheconfigurationofthe
grains.Thelossmaybeashighas300percentofthelossintheunpunchedsheet.Thestrainsproduced
bypunchingoperationsincreasesthelossprimarilyinthenarrowsectionnexttothepunchededge.The
percentincreaseinhysteresislossismuchlowerforhighfluxdensitiesthanforlowones.
4.Theeffectoftensiononsiliconsteelistoincreasethepermeabilityuntilhighfluxdensitiesarereached.
Theeffectofcompression,however,ismuchmoremarkedthanthatoftensionandreducesthe
permeabilityconsiderably.

Totalironlosses

Totalironlossisthesumofhysteresisandeddycurrentlossandisgivenbytherelation:

Thetotalironlosscanbecalculatedwiththeaidofaboveexpressionbutitgivesgoodresultsonlyinthecaseof
staticmachineryandnotinthecaseofdynamoelectricmachinery.Thereasonbeingthatthisexpressionis
applicablewhenthefieldissimplyalternating,butwhenthereversaloffluxareduetorotationalmagneticfield,
thelossesdonotfollowthesamelaws.Thereforeinpractice,ironlosscurvesareusedwhichrepresenttheloss
inwattperkgasafunctionoffluxdensity.

Example17.Calculatetheenergylostperhourinaspecimenofironsubjectedtomagnetisationat50c/s.The
specimenweighs50kgandthehysteresisloopisequivalentinareato250joulespercubicmetre.Densityof
ironis7500kg/m3.

Solution.Loss=250joules/m3/cycle.

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Example18.Thehysteresisloopofaspecimenofironhaving10kgmassisequivalentinareato250joules/m3
ofiron.Findthelossofenergyperhourattherateof50c/s.Assumethedensityofironas7500kg/m3.

Solution.Energyloss/m3/cycle=250joules

Densityofiron=7500kg/m3

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Example19.Thehysteresisloopforacertainmagneticmaterialisdrawntothefollowingscale:1cm=4AT/
cmand1cm=0.05Wb/m2.Theloopareais90cm2anddensityofgivenmaterial7800kg/m3.Calculatethe
hysteresislossinwatts/kgat50c/s.

Solution.Hysteresisloss=xy(areaofBHloop)joules/m3/cycle

Also1cm=4AT/cm=400AT/m

and1cm=0.05Wb/m2

i.e.,x=400

y=0.05

loss=4000.0590=1800joules/m3/cycle

Example20.Inacertaintransformer,thehysteresislossis300Wwhenthemaximumfluxdensityis0.9Wb/m2
andthefrequency50c/s.Whatwouldbethehysteresislossifthemaximumfluxdensitywereincreasedto1.1
Wb/m2andthefrequencyreducedto40c/s.Assumethehysteresislossoverthisrangetobeproportionalto

Solution.Weknowthat,

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Example21.Calculatetheenergylossperhourbyhysteresisin50kgironcorewhichissubjectedtoa
sinusoidalfluxalternatingat50c/s.Thehysteresisloopforthecorehasanareaof150cm2,whenplottedtoa
scaleof1cm=0.008Wb/m2,1cm=20AT/cm.

Solution.Here1cm=20AT/cm=2000AT/m

1cm=0.008Wb/m2

Areaofhysteresisloop=150cm2

Loss=xy(areaofB/Hloop)joules/m3/cycle

=20000.008150=2400joules/m3/cycle

Takingdensityofiron7500kg/m3,

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Example22.Calculatethelossperkginaspecimenofalloysteelforamaximumflux
densityof1.1Wb/m2andafrequencyof50Hz,using0.5mmthicksheets.Theresistivityofalloyresistivityof
alloysteelis30108m.Thedensityis7800kg/m3.Hysteresislossineachcycleis380Ws/m3.

Solution.Maximumfluxdensity,Bmax=1.1Wb/m2

Frequency=50Hz

Thicknessofsheet=0.5mm

Resistivityofalloysteel,=30108m

Density=7800kg/m3

Hysteresisloss/cycle=380Ws/m3

Totalironloss:

Eddycurrentlossisgivenby,

Example23.Aspecimenofcoldrolledgrainoriented0.3mmthickstampingshasaresistivityof4.8107
m.Thepublishedhysteresisloopisessentiallyrectangularinform,withacoerciveforce,of12AT/mforall

valuesofpeakfluxdensitiesupto1.6Wb/m2.Themanufacturerquotestheironlossinmaterialas1.2W/kg,
withasinusoidalfluxdensity1.0Wb/m2(peak)at100Hz.Calculatethelossinthematerialfromitsproperties
andcompareitwiththequotedvalue.Thedensityis7650kg/m3.

Solution.Thicknessofstamping=0.3mm

Resistivity,=4.8107m

Density=7650kg/m3
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Thematerialissubjectedtoapeakfluxdensityof1Wb/m2andthereforethevalueofcoerciveforceis12AT/m
foralldensities.Thehysteresisloopisthusarectanglewithsides21=2Wb/m2.

Losspercycle=areaofhysteresisloop=242=48Ws/m3

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