Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

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GEOGRAPHY 0460/01
Paper 1 Geographical themes For Examination from 2016
SPECIMEN PAPER
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Calculator
Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES

Write your answer to each question in the space provided.

If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question
number(s) must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions, each from a different section.

The Insert contains Photographs A, B and C for Question 2, Photograph D for Question 3 and Figs 8A and
8B for Question 5.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 28 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows population density in Mali (a country at a lower level of
development in Africa).

10 W 0 500 0 N
km

ALGERIA

20 N
100mm

MAURITANIA MALI

400mm Timbuktu

15 N
Nioro du Sahel
Mopti

Sgou
Kita San NIGER
Koulikoro
R

Bamako
iver

Bia BURKINA FASO N

ig e

r
1000m Sigasso NIGERIA
m
10 N
BENIN

SIERRA GUINEA
GHANA
LEONE IVORY COAST TOGO

LIBERIA

Key
100mm
annual precipitation
Population density (people per km2):
fewer than 1
Location of Mali
1.0 to 2
2.1 to 10
more than 10
Fig. 1

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(i) Which part of Mali has the lowest population density?

[1]

(ii) Describe two features of the location of areas where population density is over
10 people per square kilometre.

[2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why the population of Mali is unevenly distributed.

[3]

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows population statistics for Mali between 2000 and 2005.

year birth rate death rate net migration life expectancy

2000 49.23 19.10 0.37 46.66

2001 48.79 18.71 0.36 47.02

2002 48.37 18.32 0.35 47.39

2003 47.79 19.21 0.34 45.43

2004 47.29 19.12 0.33 45.28

2005 46.77 19.05 0.33 45.09

Fig. 2

(i) Calculate the population growth of Mali in 2005. You must show how you worked out
your answer.

[3]

(ii) Explain why birth rates are still high in countries at a lower level of development such as
Mali.

[4]

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(iii) Describe and suggest reasons for the changes in life expectancy in Mali between 2000
and 2005.

[5]

(c) Choose any example of international migration which you have studied and name the
countries between which people moved. Explain why many people made the decision to
migrate. You should refer both to pull and to push factors.

International migration chosen from to

[7]

[Total: 25 marks]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the location of the CBD and two modern shopping centres in
Sheffield, a city in the UK.

A61

30
ROTHERHAM

A6
N

Ri
ve
A6

rD

A6135
10

on
2
1
34

8
M1
33 M1
A57 30 32
A6
SHEFFIELD A5
7
31
25
A6

2
21

M1
A6

A6
A6

0 5 13
5
km
30
Key
motorway A road

31 motorway junction urban area

river CBD

Modern shopping centres:

1 Meadowhall
2 Crystal Peaks

Fig. 3

(i) What is meant by the initials CBD?

[1]

(ii) Meadowhall and Crystal Peaks are modern shopping centres. Identify one similarity and
one difference between their locations.

[2]

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(iii) Use evidence from Fig. 3 to suggest reasons for the location of Crystal Peaks shopping
centre.

[3]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows a hierarchy of settlements and services, and Photographs A, B
and C (Insert).

LARGE

Large
Cities railway station HIGH
Indoor shopping ORDER
centre
Theatres Museums
Large sports stadium SPHERE
Department stores OF INFLUENCE
Specialist shops
University
Hospital

Supermarkets Bus station

Towns Banks Travel agents MIDDLE
ORDER
Leisure centre Secondary school

Doctors surgery General store/Post office LOW

Villages Church Primary school ORDER

SMALL

Fig. 4

(i) Photographs A, B and C (Insert) were taken in three different types of settlement.
For each photograph, state whether it was taken in a city, a town or a village, judging by
the services shown.

[3]

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(ii) Use the information in Fig. 4 to explain what is meant by hierarchy of settlements and
services.

[4]

(iii) Explain why people travel further for some shops and services than for others.

[5]

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(c) The building of new housing, roads and services often results in urban sprawl.

Name an example of a town or city which you have studied where urban sprawl has taken
place. Describe its effects on people and the natural environment.

Name of town or city

[7]

[Total: 25 marks]

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TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 3

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 5A, which shows the location of the Mojave Desert, along with Fig. 5B, a graph
showing its climate.

NEVADA
UTAH

CALIFORNIA

Mojave
Desert

ARIZONA

Pacific
Ocean

0 250
km

Fig. 5A

Canada

USA

Area shown
by Fig. 5A

Mexico

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40

temperature (C)
30

20

10

40 0

35

30
precipitation (mm)

25

20

15

10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

months

Fig. 5B

(i) Estimate the total annual precipitation in the Mojave Desert.

[1]

(ii) What is the annual temperature range in the Mojave Desert? You must show how you
worked out your answer.

[2]

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(iii) Describe the location of the Mojave Desert.

[3]

(iv) Explain why tropical desert areas, such as the Mojave Desert, are hot and dry. You may
use labelled diagrams or sketch maps in your answer.

[4]

(b) Study Photograph D (Insert), which shows vegetation in part of the Mojave Desert.

(i) Describe the main features of the vegetation shown in Photograph D.

[3]

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(ii) Explain the effects of climate on the natural vegetation in tropical desert areas.

[5]

(c) Many areas of natural vegetation are at risk from deforestation. Name an area of tropical
rainforest which you have studied and explain the causes and effects of deforestation.

Name of area of tropical rainforest

[7]

[Total: 25 marks]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 6, a map showing the drainage basin of the River Lee in the south of the UK.

Luton

Y
Stevenage
R. LE E

Welwyn E
AN
Garden
R. BE
City

Hatfield

R. R I B

Ware H
Hertford S
R. A
Hoddesdon Bishops
Cheshunt R. S Stortford
TO
R T
E
. LE Sawbridgeworth
R
Harlow
Enfield Waltham
Abbey

Greater
Epping
London Key

rivers
X built up
areas
0 15 30 watershed
km

Fig. 6

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(i) Name a tributary of the River Lee.

[1]

(ii) Give two reasons why the amount of water in the river is greater at X than Y.

[2]

(iii) Suggest three likely differences between the shape of the river valley at X and at Y.

[3]

(iv) Explain how the River Lee might bring both benefits and problems for people who live in
Hertford.

[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 7, a diagram showing a waterfall and gorge.

direction of flow river

former position
of waterfall
hard rock
(limestone)
boulders
from rockfall

soft rock

original
plunge pool
debris washed
downstream

Fig. 7

(i) The river is eroding by hydraulic action, corrasion (abrasion) and corrosion.
Define each of these terms.

Hydraulic action

Corrasion (abrasion)

Corrosion

[3]

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(ii) Explain how the waterfall and gorge shown in Fig. 7 have been formed.

[5]

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(c) Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. You should include fully labelled diagram(s).

[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 8A (Insert), which shows information about the physical geography of New
Zealand, along with Fig. 8B (Insert), which shows information about pastoral farming in New
Zealand.

(i) What is meant by pastoral farming?

[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 8B (Insert), identify a region:

A where more dairy cattle are kept per square kilometre than beef cattle;

[1]

B which is one of the most important sheep farming regions in New Zealand.

[1]

(iii) Use evidence from Fig. 8B (Insert) to identify differences in farming between Taranaki
and Hawkes Bay.

[3]

(iv) Suggest reasons why more cattle are kept on North Island than on South Island.

[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the location of meat processing factories in New Zealand.

Key
N
main cities
Meat processing factories
sheep (lamb)
cattle (beef)

Auckland

Napier

Wellington

Christchurch

Dunedin

Invercargill 0 250
km

Fig. 9

(i) Describe the distribution of meat processing factories in New Zealand.

[3]

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(ii) Suggest reasons for the distribution of meat processing factories in New Zealand.

[5]

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(c) Economic development may cause problems for the natural environment.

For an area you have studied explain how the environment is at risk from economic
development.

Name of area

[7]

[Total: 25 marks]

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TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 6

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6 (a) Study Fig. 10, a scatter graph which shows the relationship between GDP and the
percentage of population with access to safe water in ten countries.

GDP is an indicator of the wealth of a country.

20 000

19 000 Portugal

18 000

17 000

16 000

15 000

14 000

13 000 Argentina

12 000
Malaysia

11 000
GDP
per 10 000
capita
(US$) 9 000

8 000 Romania Thailand

7 000
China
6 000

5 000
Guatemala
4 000 Morocco

3 000
Bolivia
2 000

1 000
Ethiopia
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
population with access to safe water
(%)

Fig. 10

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(i) Which country has a GDP per capita of US$8 200 and 62% of its population has access
to safe water?

[1]

(ii) What is the general relationship shown by Fig. 10 between GDP per capita and the
percentage of population with access to safe water? Use examples and figures to
illustrate your answer.

[2]

(iii) Suggest three reasons why there is better access to reliable supplies of safe water in
some countries than there is in others.

[3]

(iv) Explain how providing reliable supplies of clean water in countries at lower levels of
development improves the quality of life of the people.

[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 11, which is an article from a website about drought in Portugal. Portugal is a
country at a high level of development in Europe.

Drought threatens water supply for 10 percent of Portuguese

Portugal is suffering its worst drought in decades. The country received an average of
542 millimetres of precipitation in 2004, compared with an average annual precipitation of
930 millimetres between 1961 and 1990.

The dry weather, which has harmed crops and caused livestock to starve, continued into
2005, with the country experiencing precipitation levels which were less than 20% of
normal levels in January.

The regions most at risk are those in the centre and south of the country, which rely
mostly on wells instead of dams for their water.

In January the Environment Minister threatened to ration water in the southern province of
Algarve, if the region did not receive enough rain by the end of the year.

Tourism industry officials had condemned talk of water rationing, arguing it could frighten
visitors away from the Algarve, the nations main tourist centre.

Environmentalists estimate Portugal wastes some three billion litres of water each year.

Fig. 11

(i) Use evidence from Fig. 11 to suggest three reasons why people are short of water in
some regions of Portugal.

[3]

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(ii) Describe methods which could be used to reduce water shortages.

[5]

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(c) Name an area which you have studied where the tourist industry is important.

Explain why the tourist industry has grown up in the area. You should refer in detail to the
areas physical and human attractions.

Name of area

[7]

[Total: 25 marks]

Copyright Acknowledgements

Question 2 Photograph A S. Sibley UCLES

Question 2 Photograph B S. Sibley UCLES
Question 2 Photograph C S. Sibley UCLES
Question 2 Photograph D S. Sibley UCLES
Question 6 Figure 11 www.terradaily.com 7 September 2006

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been
included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UCLES 2013 0460/01/SP/16