C++ экспресс-курс. Лаптев В.В

681.3.068+800.
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32.973.26-018.1
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No 02429 24.07.00. 02.12.03.

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76 I. C++
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{ int i = 3;
const int ten = 10;
double v[ten] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } ;
cout Summa (v + i, ten i) endl; // v + i
/ / -
return 0;
1
, ,
.
C++ ,
. ,
, , -
:
cout Surma (v, 10000) endl; //
, , -
" ".
.
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. ( 3.3) -
112 _ \. _ ^
. , -
-1.
I: ...........
. 3.3.
.................................................... _ .......... . .......................... , ......... .............................. ; ..
int FindNumber (double Number, double array [], int n)

{ for {int i = 0; i < n; ++i) if [arrayti] == Number) return i;
return -1;
, -
. (. 3.2),
"" -
, :
double pi = 3.141592653;
int k = FindNurnber (pi, v + 3, n 3) ;
- ,
:
. , -
, 3,4.
| 3.4. -
const int n = 10;

double Summa (double (&array)[nj)
( double s = 0 ;
for (int i - 0; i < n; ++i) s += arrayti];
return s;
- ,
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typedef .
:
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3. 113
. -
. -
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typedef double DoubleArray[10];
DoubleArray a;
Suim-a :
double Surnma (DoubleArray &a) // 3.4
-
3.4. -
-
.

DoubleArray Summa(DoubleArray Sa)
"".
:
double Summa(DoubleArray a)
"" C++. -
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double Summa(DoubleArray &a) (//, . .};
double Summa(DoubleArray a) (//. . .);
. -
" " " -
", . . .
cout Summa(v) endl; //
cout Summa(v + 2 ) endl; //
//
cout Summa(v + 5) endl; // 5
//
: ,
. ,
/. ^ C++
. . . -
, , -
, .
,
. , -
, 3.5,
.
; 3.5.
template < typename T >

void Copy (const T a [ ] , b [ ] , int n)
{ for (int i = 0; i < n; --i) b[i] = a[i]; }

Borland C++ 3.1,
typename class.

, . ,

, .
. -
, . const
, . -
: int double.
int main ()
( int i;
int v[10] = {0};
int w[10] - { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout v[i] ' '; //
cout endl;
Copyfw, v, 10); // w -> v
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout v[i] ' ';
cout endl;
double vl[10] -= {0};
double wl[10] = { 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.1 };
for (i = 0; i < 10; --i) cout vl[i] ' ';
cout endl;
Copytwl, vl, 10); // wl -> vl
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout vl[i] ' ';
cout endl;
return 0;
3. 115
:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 // v int
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 1 0 // v < - w
0000000000 // vl double
1.1 2.1 3.1 4 5 7 8 9 10.1 // vl <- wl
, const,
.
, -
, & -
- .
, -
, ,
2 ( 3.6).
j 3.6. 2
template < typename T >

void Mult 2 ( array [], int n)
{ for (int i = 0; i < n; -t-+i) array[i] *= 2; }
, -
.
"
".
, , .
, , , -
: " ".
void Divide (double array [], int n, double m)
{ for {int i = 0; i < n; ++i) array[i] /= m; }
"" . , -

double w[10] = { 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.1 };
Divide (w, 10, 2};
Divide (w, 10, 3) ;
Divide (w, 10, 7.543);
, -
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Divide (w, 10, w[5] ) ;
, , . -
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116 _[. C++
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begin end -
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3. 117
. 3.7.
int BinarySearch(const int a[], int begin, int end, int v)

[ while (begin <= end)
{ int m = (begin + end) / 2; //
if (v == a[m]) return m;
if (v < a[m]) end = m 1; // " "
else begin = m + 1; // " "
}
return -1; / /
, -
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-
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begin = 0;
end = begin + (n 1);
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template < typename T>

void SortArray(T a[], int n)
i for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
{ min = a [ i} ;
118 I. C++
for (int j = i + 1, k = i; j < n;

if (a[j] < min) { min = a [ j ] ; k - j; }
a[k] = a [ i ) ; //
a[i] = min; //
min, k- -
, .

double wl[10] = { 9, 8, 7, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 10.1 };
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout wl[i] ' ';
cout endl;
SortArray(wl, 10);
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout wl[i] ' ';
cout endl;
:
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10.1 / /
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.1 / /
. ,
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template < typename T>

int SortArrayfT a[], int first, int last)
{ if ((last <= first) I I (first < 0} I I (last <= 0)) return -1
for (int i = first; i < last - 1; --i)
( min = a[i];
3.
for (int j = i -i- I, k = i; j < last; ++j )

if ( a [ j ] < min) { min = a [ j ] ; k = j ; }
a[k] = a[i];
a [ i ] = min;
return 0;
, . -

int w[10] - ( 10, 2, 3, S, 8, 6, 5, 7, 4, 1};
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout w[ij ' ';
-
cout endl;
SortArray(w, 0, 10);
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout w[i] ' ';
cout endl;
:
10 2 3 9 8 6 5 7 4 1 //
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 //
.
.

C++ ,
. -
. -
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. typedef:
typedef float array [10]; // array - 10 float
array m [ 1 0 ] ; // 10 float [10]
-
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, :
int [3] [3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 2, 3 } };
3- ,
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{ 2, , }, .
120 I. C++
:
[ 0 ] , [1], [ 2 ] . ,
. . 3.1 , .
] AM] A [2]
0^ 0 |
|0][0] [0][1] [0][2] |1][0] [1][1] [1][2] [2][0] A[2]|1J A [2] [2]
. 3.1. [ 3 ] [3]

A[i] [j], , .
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. , -
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,
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3. _ 121

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Borland C++ 3.1.
, char. -
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char.
:
char s [ ] = "";
,
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char s [ ] = { ' 1 , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , ' 1 , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' };
, , "" ,
char ( ) ""
.
7 , -
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,
:
char Days [] [11] = { "", "", "", "",
"", "", ""
1;
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3.10.
! 3.10.
int main ( )
{ unsigned int day, rn;
int month [12] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
122 I. C++
char Days [] [11] = { "", "", "", "",

"", "", ""
};
begin:
cout " (1-12): ";
cin m;
if ((1 > m) || (m > 12)) goto begin; //
ram: cout " : ";
cin day;
if ({1 > day) I I (day > month [m])) goto mm; //
for (int i = 0, s = 0; i < m - 1; ++i)
s += month [i]; //
+= day; //
int weekDay = (s + 2) % 7; //
cout Days [weekDay] endl;
return 0;
Borland C++ 3.1 -

:
, -
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. - ,
. ,
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int main ( )
( cout sizeof ("") endl;
cout sizeof ("") endl;
return 0;
12 8 ,
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Visual C++ 6 ,
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char Days[][12] = {"", "", "", "",
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unsigned int Length (const char s[]) //

// '/
{ int L = 0;
while (s[L++]); //
return (L - 1) ;
1
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124 !.
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int atoi (const char number[])

( int n = 0, //
sign = 1; //
int i - 0;
if (number[i] == ' + ' ) ++i;
if (number[i] == ' - ' ) { sign = -1; ++i; }
while (i < Length(number))
{ n = n * 10 + (number[i] - ' 0 ' ) ; ++i; }
n *= sign; // ""
return n;
j
.
n = n * 10 4- (number[i] - ' ' } ;
. (number - ' 1 ) , ,
. . , -
. , , number 5472.
n , n
5. :
n = 5 * 10 + 4 = 54;
:
n = 54 * 10 + 7 = 547;
, , -
:
n = 547 * 10 + 24 = 5472;
sign . -
:
char s [ ] = "-5427";
int a -= a t o i ( s ) ;
int b = a t o i { " 3 4 5 6 " ) ;
, .
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atoi, atoi atof, stdlib.h.

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int CopyStr(const char source[], char dest[]J

( if (Length(source) < Length(dest)) return -1;
for (int i = 0; i < Length(source); ++i) destfi] = source[i];
return 0;
1
:
char s[80] = (0}; // ""
int = CopyStr(" ", );
:
char ss[80] = ""; // ""
char dd[] = " ";
int = CopyStr(dd, ss) ;
""
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for (i = 0; i < 80; ++i) cout (int) s [ i ] ' ';
cout endl;
for (i - 0; i < 80; ++i) cout (int} ss[i] ' ';
ccut endl;
, . . , ,
.

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cout Days[weekDay] endl;
126 I. C++
C++ , -
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char s[] = "";
COut s endl;
,
char s [ ] = { ' 1 , ' ' , ' 1 , ' ' , '', ' 1 , ' 1 , ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , '' };
. ,
sizeof. -
-:
cout s i z e o f ( s ) endl;
,
.
int main()
{ char b = 'a';
char s[] = { 'a', 'b1, 'c'f 'd', 'e1, 'f };
int d = 10101;
cout sizeof (s), endl;
cout s endl;
1
Borland C++ 3.1 :
6
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Length (. 3.11).
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:
3. 127
char s[10] = "!";

cout sizeof(s) endl; // 10
cout Length(s) endl; // 7
, cout , -
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:
cin s;
, , -
:
char s [80];
. :
înclude <iostreara.h>
int main()
{ char sd[80];
cin sd;
cout sd endl;
return 0;
}
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.

for (int i = 0; i < 80; ++i) cout sd[i];
, "".
,
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struct Date { unsigned int year, month, day; };
128 I. C++
, 3.14.
j 3.14.
enum Month
{ jan = 1, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, j u l , aug, sep, oct, nov, dec };
struct Date
.
unsigned int year;
Month month; // .
unsigned int day;

Month Visual C++ 6
"" ,
: fatal error ciooi: INTERNAL COMPILER ERROR, -
. , Month
,
oct dec. Month,
(Get oct_),
"" . -
, .
. , " ",
Date, , .

Date , :
Date today; //
Date dl = { 2003, feb, 22 }; //
Date d = { 2000, jan }; //
Date d2 = dl; //
Date d3(d2); //
. , -
, .
C++ -
, .
:
Date z = { z.year = 2004, z.month - feb, z.day - 28 };
,

.
3. 129
,
struct Old { int a; float b; char ch; };
Old z = { z.b = 2.5, z.ch-'O 1 };
2 ( 2.5 0.5), -
48 ( '0'), ch .
, -
, :
struct ( unsigned int year, month, day; ) dl = { 2C03, feb, 22 );
-
Date, , -
.
"-
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di, di.year, di.month,
di.day. , ,
:
dl - today;
, :
cout " ( ):";
cin di.year dl.month di.day;
:
cout di.year '-' dl.month '-' di.day;

C++ , -
,
. -
, . -
. -
3.15.
struct Old { int a; float b; };

Old g(01d p) //
5 . ! 264
130 t. C++
{ p.a = 6;
p.b - 7; //
return p; //
}
int main(void) //
{ Old = { 1, 2 }, x; //
x = g(y); //
= g fy) ; //
old ,
old
. x = g(y) . =
. = 7; , -
.
,
.
-
, . .
.
3.16.
! 3,16.
struct Old { int a; float b;};

Old g(01d 6p) //
{ p.a = p.b + 6;
p.b = p. a + 7 ;
return p;
int main(void)
{ Old = { 1, 2 }, x;
x = g(yX; //
}
- g f y ) ,
.
const
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3.17,
.
3. 131
3117.
struct Old { int a; float b;};

Old g(const Old &p) //
( Old r; //
. = . + 6;
. *= . + 7;
return r;
)
int main(void)
{ Old = { 1, 2 ), x;
x = g(y); //
- giy); //
, -
. -
:
Old g(01d p ( 1, 2 })
- .
-
, :
Old g(Old p = t)

Old g(01d p ( t ) )
, .

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3.18).
3.18. -
struct Old //
{ int a; float b; };
Old = { 1, 2 }, x; //
Old q(01d p); //
Old g(01d p = g(y)} //
132 I.
( - - 6;
. = 7; //
return ; //
void main(void)
{ = g(); //
cout " =" . ";" y.b endl;
cout "x =" x.a ";" x.b endl;
= g(y); //
cout " =" . ";" y.b endl;
}
-
.
( ).
:

, ,
. , -
struct Complex { double re, im; };
struct Rational { unsigned long num/ denum; ];
:
struct Point { double x, ; };
" ", -
. .
"" :
template <class T>
struct Pair { first; T second; };
-, -
3.19.
3. 133
; 3.19. -
template <class Tl, class T2>

struct Pair
( Tl first; T2 second; };
,
.
,
, . . main
. -
, . -
, , ,
.
:
Pair <double, double> a; //
Pair <double, double> t = { 1, 2 }; //
Pair <double, double> r = t; //
Pair <double, double> d{t); //
Pair <int, double> p = ( 1.1, 2 };
Visual C++ 6 -
.
,
:
Pair <double, double> t = { 1, 2 };
Pair <int, double> k = t;
, , .
,
, , Date.
:
Pair <Date, double> rr;
typedef.
typedef Pair <double r double> ddPair;
typedef Pair <int, double> idPair;
-
. '
Windows, -
.
134 I. C++

:
, -
-
. , 10 -
. :
struct Number {double number[10]; Date date; );
,

:
Number N = { { 1.1, 2 . 2 , 3.3, 4 . 4 , 5.5, 6 . 6 , 7.7, 8.8, 9.9, 0},
{ 2003, feb, 2 } };
100 ,
:
Number NN[100];
, , .
-
. , :
NN[0].numberfO] - 1.2;
NN[0].numberfl] = 3.4;
// . . .
NN[0].number[9] = 5.7;
NN[0].date.year = 2003;
NN[0].date.month = feb;
NN[0].date.day = 22;
,
.
:
-
struct Array { double a[10]; };
Array a = { (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,0 } }; //
//
Array b = ;
Array ;
= ;
-
:
Array = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 }; //
3. 135
-
, .
, , -
,
. ,
-
. :
struct Person { char fio[30]; Date BirthDay; };
:
Person * { "", ( 1955, 12, 21 } };
:
Person w [ 2 ] = { { "", {1955, 12, 21 } },
( "", { 1975, 10, 12 } }
};
, ,
.
person :
Person mans[100];
BithDay mans
:
raans[5].BirthDay.year = 2003;
mans[5].BirthDay.month = feb;
mans[5].BirthDay.day = 22;
,
-:
mans[5].fio = ""; //
.
, . .
.
:
string.h, string,
,
Person .
,
.
. -
.
136 /. C++
. -
(. 3.2) (
3.20).
'!" "!">!!' ,-.... ............... .-.-, ,; |
; 3.20.
; ,_.. , , ..*.., ." -* "...."* ,...,.,.. ,._*^; . ,.,:,.,.,,, .,";.......^~.~, ...L,*.-!
double Average(double array[], int n)

{ return Summa(array, n) / n; }
N Number
:
double a = Average(N.number, 10);
,
, " "
. , ,
. ,
. -,
- -
.
- , . . Java.
,
, .
3.21.
| 3.21.
struct Number
{ double number [10];
Date date;
double Average (void) { return Summa (number, 10) / 10; }
Number, -
. ,
:
cout N. Average () endl;
,
. .
, -
, .
inline-,
3. 137
, .
- , ,
, .
::.
double Number :: Average(void) 1 return Summa(number, 10) / 10; }
: -
, . , -

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,
.
, , ,
. -
, -
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enum, , , -
. -
3.22.
3.22.
struct Number
{ enum { k = 10 };
double number[k];
Date date;
1;
double Number :: Average(void) { return Summa (number, k) / k; }
( ) -
,
static int k;

int Number :: k = 10;
.
:
static const int k 10;
- :
const int Number :: k;
138 I. C++

, Visual C++ 6, Borland C++ 5
.
Borland C++ Builder 6.
, .
: Number
10 . , -
, ,
10 , 12,
7. -
. .
-
, 3.23.
template <int n>

struct Number
{ double number [n] ;
Date date;
double Average (void) { return Summa (number, n) / n; }
.
"" , 3.24,
:
3.24. ""
.'. : ', :.. .-. ;,...
template <int n>
struct Number
{ double number[n];
Date date;
double Average(void);
);
template < int n >
double Number <n> :: Average(void) ( return Summa (number, n) / n; }
, template ,
.
, , .
:
3. 139
Number<12>N = { { 1.1, 2,2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 9.9, 0 },
{ 2003, feb_, 2 } };
cout N.Average() endl; // 12
Number<10>M = { { 1.1, -2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 9.9, 0 },
{ 2003, _, 2 } };
cout M.Average endl; // 10
12 (-
2 ) 4.125.
10 4.5. , -
,
, " -
".
,
. "-
" , 3.25.
: 3.25.
!;..,..; : .-. ; .-... .'. :....,.,'. ;.-. .:,.;
template <int n = 10>

struct Number
{ double number[n];
Date date;
double Average(void) { return Summa(number, n) / n; )
1;
,
:
Nuniber<12>N = { { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4 . 4 , 5.5, 6.6, 7 . 7 , 8.8, 9.9, 0 },
( 2003, feb_, 2 } );
cout N.Average() endl; // 12
NumberOM = { { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 9.9, 0 },
{ 2003, feb_, 2 } };
cout M.Averaged endl; // 10
, . . .
, ,
.
, ,
.
. , Date
.
140 I. C++

- -
.
Visual C++6. ^
3.26.
: '. ' ' """"
I 3.26.
int main ()
( struct AAA { char ch; double b; };
struct BBB { double b; char ch; };
struct CCC { int b; char ch; };
struct DDD { double b; char ch;
void f(void) { cout "Hello!" endl; }
cout "AAA sizeof(AAA) endl;

cout "BBB siseof(BBB) endl;
cout "CCC sizeof(CCC) endl;
cout "DDD sizeof(DDD) endl;
return 0;
:
16
16
DDD 16

, , -
:
-
, .
16, . . double
8. 8 , . . int
4 ;

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Release
Minimize Size. Borland C++ Builder , Release
3. 14_1_
. Borland C++ 3.1

:
10
10
4
DDD 10

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land C++ 3.1 , char,
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char 2 ;

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\ 4.1.
template <class T>

SummafT *begin, T *end)
{ sum = 0;
if (begin < end) //
for {/begin < end; ++begin) sum += *begin;
return sum;
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int main()
{ int a = 5, b = 0; / / 1
int *pa; pa = &a; // 2
cout "a =" a endl; // 3
cout "*pa =" *pa ; endl; // 4
cout "pa =" pa endl; // 4 . 1
b - *pa - 3; // 5
cout "b =" b endl; //
if fa == *pa) *pa = b; / / 7
cout "*pa =" *pa endl; // 9
b = 6; pa = fib; // 10
cout "b = " b endl; // 11
cout "*pa =" *pa endl; // 12
return 0;
4. 147
:
= 5 // 3
* = 5 // 4
pa = Cx0066FDE8 // 4.1
b = 2 //
= 2 // 8
* =2 // 9
b = 6 // 11
* == // 12
= 2 // 13
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int *pa;
void *vpa = (void *)&a; // int* void*
pa - (int *)vpa; // void* int*
-
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int a = 6;
double *dp - (double *)&;
int *ip - (int *)dp;
, (. . 1), C++ -
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static_cast< i ran>()
reinterpret__cast<TMn> ()
, void * :
int = 6;
int *pa = &;
void *pointer = static_cast<void *>(sa);
pointer = reinterpret cast<void *>(pa);
4.^ 151
-
static_cast :
int = 6;
int *pa = &;
double *ddp = static_cast<double *>(); //
int *ip = static_cast<int *>(dp); //
double *dp = reinterpret_cast<double * > ( & a ) ; //
Visual C++ 6 2440 -

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4.3.
4.3.
int main()
{ cout sizeof(void *) endl;
cout sizeof(char *) endl;
cout sizeof(unsigned char *) endi;
cout sizeof(sort *) endl;
cout sizeof(unsigned short *) endl;
cout sizeof(int*) endi;
cout sizeof(unsigned int *) endl;
cout sizeof(long *) endl;
cout sizeof(unsigned long *) endl;
cout << sizeofffloat *) endl;
cout sizeof(double *) endl;
cout sizeof(long double *} endl;
return 0;
}
Visual C++ 6 Borland C++ Buil-

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cout * (i + + 1) endl;
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cout 2 - pi endl;
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[8].

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void Swap(int *, int *b) //
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int i - 10;
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enum Type { Int, Long, UnsignedLong, Float, Double };

int NuirberToASCII (Type t, void *n, char buf fer [ ] )
f switch(t)
{ case Int: { int k ^ *(int *) n; // ""
buffer = _itoa(k, buffer,10); break; }
case Long: { long k = *{long *) n; // ""
buffer = _ltoa(k, buffer,10); break; }
case UnsignedLong:
{ unsigned long k = *(unsigned long *} n;
buffer = _ultoa(k, buffer,10); break; }
case Float: ( double k = *(float *) n; // ""
//
buffer = gcvt(k, 4, buffer); break;
156 _ I. C++
case Double: { double k = * (double *} n;
buffer = _gcvt(k, 16, b u f f e r ) ; break; }

default: cout "Wrong types" endl;
return -1;
}
return 0;
"" ,
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4.7.
int main(void)
{ int m = -123;
long ram = -321;
unsigned long mu = 1234567890;
float d - -123.4567e-9;
double dd = -123.45678901234;
char ch[50];
NumberToASCII(Int, &m, ch);
cout ch endl;
NumberToASCII(Long, &mm, ch);
cout ch endl;
NuriiberToASCII (UnsignedLong, smu, ch) ;
cout ch endl;
NumberToASCII(Float, &d, ch) ;
cout ch endl;
NumberToASCII{Double, &dd, ch);
cout ch endl;
return 0;
4 157
.
(- ):
int NumberToASCIKint n r char buffer[]);
int NumberToASCII(long n, char buffer[]);
int NumberToASCII(unsigned long n, char buffer[]);
int NumberToASCII(float n, char buffer []);
int NumberToASCII(double n, char buffer[j);
:
int NumberToASCII(int n, char buffer[])
{ buffer = _itoa(k, buffer, 10); }
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{ cout endl; }
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{ return "String of return"; }
158 t. C++
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char * Rus(char i n [ ] , char o u t [ ] )

{ if (CharToOem(in, out}} return out; else return 0; }
4. 159
,
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char * Rusfchar *in, char *out)
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char s[100] = " !";
cout Rus(s, s) endl;
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char s[100];
cout ' ! ! Kellc!", s) endl;
string.h
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char *strRlwr(char *s}

{ const int nA - 33; //
static const char RusB[nA] = "";
static const char RusM[nA] = "";
160 I. C++
int L = strlen ( s ) ;
for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i)
for (int j = 0; j < nA; ++j}
if (s[i]=RusB[j]J { s[i] = RusM[j]; break; }
strlwr(s);
return s;
strRupr strRlwr :
if (s[i] == RusM[j]} ( s[i] = R u s B t j l ; break; }
.
: RUSB RUSM -
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4.1.

char *strcat{char *dst, src dst.
const char *src)
strlen(src + dst)
char*strncat (char*dst, const char*src, -
size_t n) src dst.
strlen {dst! + .
char *strchr (const char *s, int ) s

const char *strrchr (const char *s,

int )
const char*strstr (const char*sl, s2 si
const char*s2)
int strcinp (const char *sl.
const char *s2) ( ).
si < s2, < 0.
si - 2, == 0.
si > s2, >
int stricmpfconst char *sl,
const char *s2)
int strncitp(const char*sl, ,
const char*s2, size__t n}
char *strcpy(char *dst, src dst
const char *)
4. 161
4.1 ()
char *strncpy(char *dst, src

const char *src, size t n) dfet
char *strlwr(char *s)
char *strupr(char *s\

s
Person (. . 3).

strcpy:
strcpy(mans[5].fio, "");

Borland . -
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cout Rus(strRlwr("!"), ss) endl;
,
char ss[100] = "!";
cout Rus(strRlur(ss), ss) endl;
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"", "", ""
};
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char s[3][10]
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char 413]

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void PrintArrayString(char * m [ ] , int n)

( for (i - 0; i < n; +4-1) cout Days[i] endl; J
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void PrintArrayString (char *m[]} //

{ for (i = 0; Daysfi]; --i) // ?
cout Days[i] endl;
int main (void)

{ char *s[] = //
{ "First", "Second", "Three", 0 } ; //
PrintArrayString (s) ; //
return 0;
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char *Duplicate (char *s)

{ char *ss = new char [strlen(s) + 1]; //
strcpy(ss, s) ; //
return ss; //
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166 I. C++
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4.14.
int f f f i n t m) ( return m; } //
int* f (int n, int *a)
( // -
return a;
int main (void)

{ int k - 3;
int *p = f(k, new int[ff(k)]); //
//
delete []p; //
return 0;
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cout : ;
cin ;
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for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) delete a[i];
delete []a;
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int main(void) //
{ int i, j , n;
cout " , , R ";
cin n;
//
float **a = new float*[n]; //
168 I. C++
for {j = 0; j < n; j++) a[j] = new float[n];

float **b = new float*[n]; //
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) [ = new float [n] ;
float **r = new float*[n]; // R
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) r[j] = new float[n];
//
for (i - 0; i < n; i++)
( for (j = 0; j < n; j-t-+') cin a[i][j]; cout endl; }
cout endl;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{ for (j = 0; j < n; j++) cin b[i][j]; cout endl; )
cout endl;
//
for (i
4 = 0 ; i < n; i++)
for (j =0; j < n; j++)
{ float s = 0; for (int k = 0; k < n; k++)
s += a[i] [k] * b[k] [j]; r[i] [j] = s; }
II
cout "" endl;
for (i =0; i < n; i++)
{ for (j = 0; j < n; j++) cout setw(6) r[i][j]; cout endl; }
for (i - 0; i < n; i++) delete a[i]; delete []a;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) delete b[i]; delete []b;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) delete r[il; delete []r;
return 0;
, -
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void PrintMatrix(int *m[], int n)
4. -/69

void PrintMatrix(int **m, int n)
:
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{ for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j+-t-) cout m [ i ] [ j ]; cout endl; }
.
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4.16,
.
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4.16.
struct Old { int a; float b; };

Old g(01d *p) // -
( p -> a = p -> b + 6; // "->"
(*). = -> + 7; // "."
return *p; // ,
}
void main(void)
{ Old - { . - 1, y.b = 2 ), ;
x = g(fiy); //
I
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= g(fiy) ;
, .

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struct Node { Car car__; Node *next; };
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Node *Cars; //
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Head
. 4.4.
:
Cars = new Node; //
Cars -> next = 0; // 2
Head = Tail = Cars; //
2 -> next.
4. 171
:
Cars - new Node; //
*
Cars -> next = 0; //
Tail -> next = Cars; // 3,
Tail = Cars; // 4,
4 , -
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:
Cars = Head; //
Head = Head -> next; //
delete Cars; //

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Head = Cars; //
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template <class T>

struct Node
{ info; //
first *Node;
second *Node;
};
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174 I. C++
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4.17, : " "

int *f(void)
{ int Lokal = 1; //
return SLokal; //
void main (void)

{ int a - 2;
int *p = sa/
cout "*p =" *p endl; // * = 2
p = f(};
cout "*p =" *p endl; // *p' = 1
*p = 3;
cout "*p =" *p endl; // *p = 3
a = *p;
cout "*p =" *p endl; // *p = 6684152
cout "a =" a endl; // a = 6684152

"".
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f "",
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void XI(void)
( int *p - new int[1000]; } //
void main (void)
{ XI (); } //
4. /75

xi, -
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void X l ( i n t *p) // -
{ = new int[1000]; } //
void_mainfvoid)
{ int *pp = 0; X I ( p p ) ; } //
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4.18.
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template <class T>

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{ for (; begin < end; ++begin] *begin = f(*begin); }
, ,
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int f2(int a) //
{ return (* = 2); }
double f3(double a} // +2
{ return ( += 2 } ; }
int main(void)
{ int a[10] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 7, 8, 9, 10 );
ForEach(a, a + 10, f 2 ) ;
for (int i - 0; i < 10; ++i) cout a [ i ] ' ';
cout endl;
double b[10] = f 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 };
ForEachfb, b + 10, f3) ;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout b [ i ] ' ';
cout endl;

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int main()
{ union { char ch; double b; };
union BBB { double b; char ch; };
union CCC { int b; char ch; };
union ODD { short b; char ch;
void f(void) { cout "Hello!" endl; }
} /"
cout "AAA" sizeof(AAA) endl;
cout "BBB" sizeof(BBB) endl;
cout "CCC" sizeof(CCC) endl;
cout "ODD" sizeof(ODD) endl;
return 0;
178 I. C++
:
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8
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struct CELL
{ char attrib; //
union //
{ char text[MAX + 1]; //
double value; //
struct //
f double fvalue; //
char formula[MAX + 1]; // -
} f;
} v;
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CELL A;
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main
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int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ if (argc ! = 2) //
{ cout " !" endl
return 1;
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cout "!" argv[l] endl;
// if (argv [argc] 0) cout " !" endl;
return 0;
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înclude <string>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{ string sO; // 00
string si = "11111111111111111111" // 01
string s3 ("98765432109876543210"); // 02
char cs4[] = "01234567890123456789"; // 03
string s2 (si);
cout "s2 =" s2 endl; // 04
string s4(cs4);
cout "s4 =" s4 endl; // 05
string s5(cs4, 15);
cout "s5 =" s5 endl; // 06
string s6(cs4, 15, 5);
cout "36 =" s6 endl; // 07
string s61(cs4, C54 + 4);
cout "s61 -" s61 endl; // 08
//string s7(s3, 15);
cout s7 endl; // 09
string s8 (s3, 15, 5};
cout "58 =" s8 endl; // 10
string s7(s3.begin(), s3.end());
cout "s7 =" s7 endl; // 11
string s71 (s3.begin(), s3.begin() + 6);
cout "s71 =" s71 endl; // 12
string s72(s3.begin(), 15);
cout "s72 =" s72 endl; // 13
string s73is3.end() 7, s3.end());
cout "s73 =" s73 endl;
string s74(s3.begin() + 6, s3.end() 7);
cout "s74=" s74 endl;
string s9(20, '-');
cout "s9 =" s9 endl; // 14
si = s3;
cout "si =" si endl; // 15
s2 += si;
186 _ ^ C++
cout "s2 ~" s2 endl; // 16

s3 = s3 + s9;
cout "s3 =" s3 endl; // 17
s4 += "abcdef";
cout "s4 =" s4 endl; // 18
1
54 += ' I ;
cout <<"s4 =" 54 endl; // 19
s4 = $4 + "abcdef";
cout "s4 =" s4 endl; // 20
S
4 = 54 + 2 1 ;
cout "s4 =" s4 endl; // 21
s5 = si [0] + s9;
cout "s5 =" 35 endl; // 22
cout "sT. begin () =" s7.begin() endl; // 23
cout "s7.begin() [2] =" s'7 .begin () [2] endl; // 24
cout "s7. begin () + 2 =" s 7. begin 0 + 2 endl; // 25
cout "si-length =" si. length (} endl; // 26
cout "si. size =" si. size () endl; // 27
int n;
cin n;
string aa(n, ' - ' ) ; // 28
return 0;
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using namespace std; //
string ss(string s) //
{ g[0] = 'V; //
return s; //
string sss (string &s) //

{ s[0] ^ 'v'; return s;
int main(void)
( string si =" , s2, s3;
s2 = ss (si); // si
cout si ' s2 endl; // 11111 vllll
s2 = sss fsl) ; // si
cout si ' s2 endl; // vllll vllll
return 0;
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190 I. C++
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char * Rus(const string sin, char out[])
{ if (CharToOem(in.c_str(), out)) return out; else return 0; }
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cout Rusfss, s) endl;
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5.5.
: 5.5. Rus.h
înclude <windows.h>
ttinclude <string>
char as[100]; //
char * Rus(const char in[], char out[]J
{ if (CharToOemi.in, out)) return out; else return 0; 1
char * Rus(const string Sin, char out )
{ if (CharToOsmfin.c str(), out)) return out; else return 0; }
5. 191
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string toNumeral(unsigned long Number, bool Thousands)
{ string units[] =
{ "", "", "", "", "",
"", "", " ", ""
192 I. C++
string tens[] =
{ "", "", "", "", "",
"", "", "", ""
1;
string hundreds[] =
{ "", "", "", "", "",
"", "", "", ""
,.
string secondten[] =
{ "", "", "", "", ",
"", "", "", ""
I:
string Women[2] = "", "" };
string result(""); -
typedef unsigned char byte
byte digits[3] = { 0 }; //
unsigned long n = Number;
digits[0] = n % 10; //
digits[1] = (n / 10} % 10; //
digits [2] = n / 100; //
if (digits[2] > 0) result += (hundreds[digits[2] - 1] + " ");
if (digits[1] > 0}
{ if ((digits [1] === 1) && (digits [0] != 0))
{ result += (secondten[digits [0] 1] -f " "); return result,
else result += (tens[digits[1] - 1] + " ");
if (digits[0] > 0)
{ if (((digits[0] > 2} && (digits[l] != 1) f [Thousands) }
result += (units [digits [0] - 1] " ") ;
else result += (Women[digits[0] - 1] + "
}
return result;
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int main ( }
{ unsigned long Number [] =
{ 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 45, 100,
101, 102, 109, 110, 118, 150, 870, 912, 999
int k = sizeof (Number) / sizeof (unsigned long) ;

char s[200] = { 0 };
for (int i - 0; i < k; ++i}
( CharToOemt toNumerai (Number [i] , true) . c__str ( } , s) ;
cout s endl;
}
return 0;
Number
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string Numeral(unsigned int Number)

{ string what_[3][3] = { { "", "", -"" },
( "", "", "" },
( "", "", "" } };
7 . 1264
194 I. C++
unsigned int t = Number;

unsigned int treads[3]; //
treads[0] - t % 1000;
treads[1] - t / 1000 % 1000;
treads [2] -= t / 1000000;
string result = "";
if (treads[2] > 0) { result += toNumeral(treads[2], false);
if (treads[2] / 10 % 10 =- 1) result += what_[0][2]; // 1
else
switch (treads[2] % 10)
{ case 0: case 5: case 6: case 1: case 8: case 9:
result +- what_[0][2]; break;
case 2: case 3: case 4: result += what_[0][1]; break;
case 1: result += what_[0][0]; break;
}
result +="';
)
if (treads[1] > 0) {result += toNumeral(treads[1], true);
if (treads[1] / 10 % 10 = 1) result += what_[l][2]; // 2
else switch (treads[1] % 10)
{ case 0: case 5: case 6:
case "7: case 8: case 9: result += what_Jl] [2]; break;
case 2: case 3: case 4: result += what_[l][1]; break;
case 1; result += what_Jl][0];break;
}
result += ' ';
}
result += toNumeral(treads[0], false);
if (treads[0] / 10 % 10 =* 1) result += what_[21[2]; // 3
else switch (treads[0] % 10)
{ case 0: case 5: case 6:
case 7: case 8: case 9; result += what_[2][2]; break;
case 2: case 3: case 4: result += what_[2][1]; break;
case 1: result += what_[2][0]; break;
1
result += ' ';
return result;
-
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vector <int> x(15, -1); // 3
vector <int> t(v.begin(), v.end()); // 4
int a[10] - { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
vector <int> w(a, a + 10); // 5
int n;
cout "Input n: ";
cin n;
vector <int> w(n, 1); // 6
tt = w; // 1 tt = w
for( i - 0; i < tt.sized; ++i) cout tt[i] ' '; // 8
cout endl;
t.assign{20, -1);
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double Average(const vector <double> &v)
{ double s = 0.0;
for (int i = 0, count = 0; i < v.sizeO; ++i)
s += v[i], ++count; /7
return s I count;
Average . ,
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tfinclude <Rua.h> , //
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f vector <double> u; double el;
while (cout Rus(" : ", ss), cin el)
u.push_back(el); // ""
cout Average(u) endl;
return 0;
i
.
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200 _ I, C++
list <double> u; // deque

while (cout Rus (" : ", out), cin el)
u.push__front (el) ; // ""
,
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( if (Iv.emptyO) return
(accumulate (v.beginO , v.end(), 0.0) / v.siaeO);
return 0;
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: vector, list deque,
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5.11.
:'- ; ;
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înclude <iostream>
tinclude <deque>
înclude <numeric>
tinclude <Rus.h> //
double Average(const deque <double> sv)
{ if (!v.empty())
return (accumulate (v.begin (), v,end(), 0.0) / v.sizeO);
else return 0;
]
int main()
{ deque <double> u; double el;
char out[100]; //
while (cout Rus(" : ", out), cin el)
u.push_back(el); // ""
cout Average!u) endl;
return 0,-
5. ^ 20?
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Question GetTest(const Question &Test, int n)
:
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i -= 0;
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;
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m -
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Question GetTest (const Question STes.t, int n)
{ time_t t; //
srand((unsigned) t i m e l & t ) ) ; //
Question ConcreteTest; // -
Set <int> s; //
202 _ I. C++
int i = 0;
while (i < n)
{ int k = randQ % Test.size(); //
set <int> :: iterator ik = s.find(k); //
if (ik == s.end()) //
{ s. insert (k) ; //
ConcreteTest.pu5h_back(Test [k] ) ; //
++i; .
i
i
return ConcreteTest ; // -
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, end . -
, .
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, :
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w.push_back( "") ;
\.__]("") ;
w . push_back ( "" ) ;
w.push_back ("") ,-
w.push_back("Maji") ;
w.push_back("raoHb") ;
w . push_back ( " " ) ;
w.push__back("aBrycT") ;
w.push_back("ceHTH6pb"} ;
w.push_back( "") ;
w,push_back{ "") ;
w.pu5h__back(" ") ;
:
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for (int mm = 0; mm < t t . s i z e O ; +4) cout Rus {tt [ton] , as) endl;
12 , :
5. 203
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row *m = new row(10, 2.1);
10
2.1. :
cout (*m)[i] endl;
:
cout m -> a t ( i ) endl;
.
, , ->:
row *mm = new row{10, 2); //
mm -> push_back(l); // 1
cout mm -> size () endl; // 1
cout mm -> capacity(} endl; // 2
vector <double> :: iterator k;
for (k = mm -> begin(); k < mm -> end(); ++k) cout setw{4) *k;
cout endl;
i (
11), 2
204 _ /. ++_
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înclude <iostream>
Itinclude <algorithm>
înclude <list>
înclude <cstdlib>
înclude <ctirae>
5. 205

ttinclude <Rus.h>
int main ( )
{ double muflQ];
time_t t; // 1
srand((unsigned) time(St)); // 2
for (i =0; i < 10; ++i) mu[i] = (rand() % 100); // 3
list <double> L(mu, mu + 10); // 4
list <double> :: iterator il; // 5
list <double> :: reverse_iterator ril; // 6
for (il = L.beginf); il != L.endO; +-H.1) cout *il ' ';
ccut endl;
for (ril = L.rbegin(); ril != L.rend{); -f+ril) cout *ril ' ';
cout endl;
return 0;
:
77 59 24 23 3 6 97 45 10 96
96 10 45 97 3 23 24 59 77
L. -
, , -
. mu, -
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begin ( } . -
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rend{).
-
. : -
, -
(. 5.1).
206 I. C++
()
begin() > > end()
i
i i
i i
rend() < < rbegin()

. 5.1.
.
[first, last)
, last -
-
last - 1. [first, last) first
last, -
. : -
.
, ,
:
(
cout *il '; cout *ril ' ';
. 4 ,
. ,
, , : ,
, . -
-. , -
.
. -,
.
, const (,
). -, STL 5
: (input), (output), (forward), -
(bidirectional) (random access). -
, -
.
,
. -
(i j ):
5. 207
1 =
i = j
i != j
, , -
. 5.2.
5.2.
= *i
*i -
= *i, *i =
= *i, *i = x, i, i
x = *i, *i = x, i, i , , list
i + n, i n, i += n, i -= n,
i < j, I > j, i <= j, i > j
, ,
: distance, ,
advance, i += n.
distance :
template <class Forwardlterator, class Distance>

void distance(Forwardlterator first, Forwardlterator last, Distance & n ) ;
n difference_type, -
last - first. , ,
unsigned int.

(reverse) . ,
, , .
:
back_insert_iterator back_inserter
( );
front_insert_iterator front_
inserter ( );
insert_iterator inserter (
).
208 ____^ I. C++
:
template <class Container>
back__insert_iterator<Container> back_inserter(Containers x)
template <class Container>

front_insert_iterator<Container> front_inserter(Containers x)
.
:
template <class Container, class Iterator>
insert_iterator<Container> inserter(Containers x, Iterator i);

, , .
. ,
, .
,
. -
:
vector<int> v(a, +10);
list<int> L;
copy (v. begin () , v.endO, inserter{L, L.begin()));
L , -
:
(V.begin(), V . e n d ( ) , front_inserter(L));
, -
/, . -
Borland C++ Builder 6 -
:
ostream_iterator<int, char> out(cout, " "};
copy(vl.begin(),vl.end{},out);
out,
.
-
, .
cout , .
, -
:
fill n(ostream iterator<int,char>(cout," "), 3, 5);
5. 209
.
fill_n(ostream_iterator<char,char>(cout, ' - ' ) , 30, ' - ' ) ;
"" 60 .
Borland C++ Builder 6 ( -
5.14), . -
, -
.
| 5.14.
înclude <iterator> //
înclude <numeric>
ttinclude <deque>
înclude <iostream>
int main()
( int arr[4] = { 3, 4, 1, 3 };
int total = 0;
deque <int> d(arr + 0, arr + 4);
//
copy (d.beginO, d.end(} 1,
ostream__iterator <int, char> (cout, " + "));
cout *(d.end() - 1) " = "
accumulate (d.beginO , d.end(}, total) endl;
return 0;
}
(
) ( -
).
:
;
end();
, ,
.
:
#include <iterator>

:
G ,
;
210 I. C++
, , -
, ;
;
, , ,
"" .
,
. , - sort,
, sort. -
: -, -
, -
, ; -,
.
, -
(. 5.3).
5.3.
find
find_first_of -

find end

find if , -

search

search n n-

count -

count if -
,
equal
lower__bound -

upper_bound -

5. 211
5.3 ()
binary_search -

equal range -
,

sort
partial_sort
merge
.
. -
, 5.15.
I 5.15.
înclude <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <list>
înclude <cstdlib>
înclude <ctime>
înclude <Rus.h>
int main()
( double elem; int i; const int nn = 20; double mu[nn];
//
time_t t; srand ((unsigned) time(St));
for (i - 0; i < nn; ++i) mu[i] = (rand() % 1000);
list <double> u(mu, mu + nn); //
list <ciouble> : : iterator iu; //
//
for (iu = u.beginO; iu != u.end{); ++iu) cout *iu ' ';
cout endl;
elem = *min_element(u.begin(), u.end(j); // 1
cout elem endl;
cout *max_element(u.begin(), u.end()) endl; // 2
cout *min__elernent (mu, mu + nn) endl; // 3
return 0;
i
212 /. C++

mu, , -
. 1 2 -
. -
, -
, 3.
, . . .
, .
-
, :
. 5.15 :
*min__element (u.begin ( ) , u . e n d ( ) } = 400;
*max_element (mu, mu + rm) = 200;
400,
200.
, . ,
C++ -- -
. , . 7.
,
. , -
,
. ,
, ,
( 5.16). ,
.
5.16.
bool i s P r i m e f i n t number) //
{ number = abs(number); //
// 0 1
if (number == 0 | | number == I) return false;
int divisor; // ,
for (divisor = number / 2; number%divisor != 0; divisor);
return divisor == 1; // 1,
}
int main()
{ list<int> L; //
list<int> :: iterator pL; //
// 20 40
for (int i = 20; i <= 4 0 ; +4-i) L.push b a c k ( i ) ;
5. _ 273
for (pL = L. begin (); pL != L.endO; -f+pL) cout setw(3) *pL;

cout endl;
pL find(L. begin () , L.endO, 31); /* 31 */
/* <4 31 */
reverse (pL, L.end() ) ;
for (pL = L. begin (); pL != L.endO; ++pL) cout setw(3) *pL;
cout endl; .
list<int> :: iterator pos;
pos = find_if (L. begin (} , L.endO isPrime) ; //
if (pos != L.endO) cout *pos " " endl;
else cout " " endl; //
//
cout count_if {L. begin 0 , L.endO, isPrime) endl;
L.sortO; //
for (pL = L. begin 0; pL != L,end(); ++pL) cout setw(3) *pL;
cout endl;
return 0;
, ,
20 40. -
:
cout setw(3) *pL;
,
L 3 .
, :
#include <iomanip>
,
.
31 ""
, 31. :
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
:
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31
, 5.13,
. -
reverse,
.
214 I. C++
- isPrime, .
= find_if(L.begin() , L . e n d { ) , isPrime);
. -
23. , -
L.endo . -
find_if .
find_if -
, , -
, ,
() . , . . -
, :
* f i n d _ i f ( L . b e g i n ( ) , L . e n d ( ) , isPrime} = 0;
.

count_if.
cout count_if (L.begin ( ) , L . e n d O , isPrime) endl;
,
.
STL.

, . -
, -
.
, sort -
, .
.
. ,
( -
5.17).
1 5.17,
double mu[10], nu[10];

time_t t; srand((unsigned) time(&t));
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) mu[i] = (rand() % 100);
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout mu[i] ' '; cout endl;
for (i - 0; i < 10; ++i) nu[i] - (rand() % 100);
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout setw(3) nu[i]; cout endl;
5. 215
sort(rnu, mu + 10); //
sort(nu, nu + 10); //
double ru[20];
merge(mu, mu + 10, nu, nu + 10, ru); // 4
for (i = 0; i < 20; -h+i) cout setw(3) ru[i]; cout endl;
, , .
( 2 )
( 4). -
:
56 5 83 12 33 39 63 37 91 83 //
27 0 0 83 97 0 16 0 37 67 // nu
5 12 16 27 33 37 37 39 56 67 68 83 83 83 91 97 // ru
sort , , -
(), -
. -
. ,
, , " ",
, .

! 5,17 ru. -
mu nu.
.
, unique:
unique(ru, ru-+ 20);
for (i =0; i < 20; ++i) cout setw(3) ru[i]; cout endl;
,
:
6 23 34 36 43 58 59 73 73 78 80 83 89 90 91
23 34 36 43 56 59 73 78 80 83 89 90 91 80 83 89 90 91
.
ru , -
unique. -
:
vector<double> V(ru, ru + 20);
unique(V.begin{), V.end());
for (i = 0; i < V.sized; ++i) cout setw(3) V[i]; cout endl;
216 I. C++
, ,
, .
remove -
: "" remove, remove__copy, -
remove_if remove_copy__if.
, unique, -
. -
erase, . -
v:
vector<double> V(ru, ru + 20};
remove(ru, ru + 20, 0) ;
for (i = 0; i < 20; ++i) cout setw(3) ru[i]; cout endl;
vector<double> :: iterator pos = remove_if{V.begin(), V.endl), isPrime);
for (i = 0; i < V.size{); --i) cout setw(3) V[i]; cout endl;
V.erase (pos, V.endO ) ;
for (i = 0; i < V.size!); ++i) cout setw(3) V[i]; cout endl;
ru :
1 14 15 26 33 37 38 47 61 62 65 68 69 85
remove :
7 14 15 26 33 37 38 47 61 62 65 68 69 85 61 62 65 68 69 85
, , ,
"" .
remove . v remove_if
:
14 15 26 33 38 62 65 68 69 85 65 68 69 85

. erase -
, :
14 15 26 33 38 62 65 68 69 85
, unique, remove, copy, reverse, -

, .
STL .
. 5.4.
5.4. ,

,
copy_backward ,
5. 217
5.4 ()

fill
f ill_n
generate
generate_n
remove ""
remove_if "" ,
replace
replace_if ,
transform -

unique ""
unique_copy ""

reverse
reverse_copy
,
, -
( ) . ,
. -
:
STL *, -
. -
"" . -
. 5.5
, .
5.5.
plus<T> +
minus<T> -
, .
218 I. C++
5.5 ()
multiplies<T> x *
divide s<T> x /
modulus <T> x %
negate<T> - X
equal__to<T> ==
not_equal_to<T> !=
greater<T> >
less<T> <
great er_equal<T> >=
less equal <T> <=
logical and &&
logical or X | I
logical not !
. -
:
. -
:
bool compare(int x, int ) { return x > ; }
v :
. sort (V.begin () , V . e n d f ) , compare) ;
, . .
greater<T>.
:
sort(V.begin f ) , V . e n d ( ) , greater<int>());
, -
:
înclude <functional>
. -
accumulate -
(. 5.11). -
rnasa5L 219
, , , ,
:
vector<double> v; // -
double = accumulate (v.begin () , v.endO, 1.0, multiplies<double> {) ) ;
,
. , -
, STL ,
generate. ,
:
double f ( ) { return ( r a n d f ) % 100); }
:
double mu[10], nu[10]; time_j: t; srand((unsigned) time(St));
generate(mu, mu + 10, f) ;
transform,
, -
. ,
: ,
, ,
. -
:
trans-form(mu, mu + 10, mu, negate<double>());
fill(, + 10, 1); //
transform(mu, mu + 10, nu, nu, plus<double>());
mu (
transform), ,
( transform), -
. transform . -
, nu 2:
double f2(double a) { return *2; }
transform(nu, nu + 10, nu, 2);
, -
(- !) .
, -
:
double ff(double a, double b) { return a*2-b;}
fill(nu, nu + 10, 1); //
transformfmu, mu + 10, nu, nu, ff);
220 /. C++
mu :
30 91 94 92 66 54 56 56 31 95
:
59 181 187 163 131 107 111 111 61 189
: -
, . -
- !
6
C++

,
. , ,
. -
.
, .
/,
. / ,
. , /
,
. ,
, -
.
/ -
- -. ,
, ,
, UNIX. -
, / -
. stdio ( -
/) C++. -,
/-
. , -
. -
^ . ,
.
C++ -
/ iostream. ,
/ C++. stdio
222 I. C++
, iostream
.
,
, .
" " .
. ,
[29] / Visual C++ 6,
. .
[37, . 705]: " , , -
". -
[37] Borland C++ Builder 6
Visual C++ 6 STLport 4.5.3.
C++
/ C++ , / .
,
: , .
.
, , . -
string. -
. -
. <iostream> / -
:
cin ; ;
cout ; ;
clog ; ;
-=- ; .
cout "" ,
clog .
, cout:
" !" endl;
cleg " I" endl;
"" "-
" . - ,
cout , clog, - -
"" cout,
clog.
-
, . . [37,
6. C++ 223
. 671] ; ", -
, ...
". , , -
. -
cin -
(, int double ,
). -

cout.
(
, 3.12).

. ,
31 12.78.
:
int ;
double b;
cin b;
:
31<enter>
12.78<enter>
:
31<npo6en>12.?8<enter>
, <Enter>.
:
cn a;
cin b;
,
, <Enter> ,
, .
-
, , :
31rl2.78<enter>
31 , . -
, -
, . ,
. -
224 /^ C++
- , ,
. -
, , . [37, . 681],
( 6.1).
6.1.
int read__double (vector <double> sv)

( int i = 0; while (i < v. sized && cin v[i] ) i++; return i; }
,
( 6.2).
I 6.2.
int read_double (vector <double> &v)

{ istream__iterator<double>is (cin) ; //
istreara_iterator<double>eof ; //
copyfis, eof, backînserter (v) ) ;
return v.sizeO ;
copy : -
,
. eof ""
"end of file" . , -
, dd. ,
<Ctrl>+<Z>, <Enter>. -
, 5 ,
:
1<>2<>3<>4<>5<><^1>+<2><^>
, <Enter>.
,
- ,
. :
<><><>
:
int a;
char ch;
double b; -1
6. C++ 225

3112.78
:
cin ch ;
( . . ), -
ch.
<Enter>. -
:
char ch;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cin ch;
<Enter> , ,
. 10- -
-, <Enter>
10 . ,
:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; +->-i) { cin >> ch; cout ch; }
: -
-, -
, ( <>)
, .
(
, )
, . , ,
, -
, , ,
( )
.
, .
/ . 6.1.
/ :
-
/;
_
3 .
.
,
.

. 3 , -
.
8 . 1204
I, C++
. 6.1. /
string. -
, -
.
.

/ -: read, get
getiine. read . -
, , , -
. - get. -
. 1 ,

.
char s[100] - { 0 } ;
, .
:
cin.get(s, 1001;
, , <Enter>,
' \ ' , -
6. C++ 227
. -
( ), '\'
. ignore. ,
s :
cin.get(s, 100);
cin.ignore{);
' \ ,
, * ; ' .
cin.get(s, 100, ' ; ' ) ;
cin.ignore();

,
<Enter>. , get . -
getiine get,
- ,
ignore . -
getiine :
cin.getiine(sr 100);
cin.getiine(s, 100, ';');
,
. ,
.
string getiine, -
:
string s;
getline(cin, s); //

, , . . -
cin, , , ,
. , ,
.

,
, -
. "" . -
( )
: ,
, .
228 I. C++

. ,
. -
.
! ,
.
, .
, -
,
. -
:
;
;
(/);
;
.
.
,
" " . -

- , .
,
.

""
.
,
, . , .
- . -
, -
.
Windows, ,

C++. , -
.
C++ -.
,
6. C++ 229
- . string .
:
>, <, :, ", |;
,
;
, .
file, -
, FILE, File.
, , -
. , -
"". ( ) .
. , -
. Windows
MAX PATH.

Borland C++ 3.1 ( )
. 8 . MSDOS
Windows 3.1. Windows (95, 98, 2000, .)
8 .
A Z ( a z) .
.
-. Windows
\ ( backslash). C++
\\. , -
/.
. "." () ".." ()
.

.
C++ ,
API
Windows. API Windows,
Microsoft ,
API.
Windows XP, Windows NT, -
API Windows NT. -
, GetcurrentDirectory (
6.3).
230 I. C++
( 6.3.
DWORD GetCurrentDirectory (
DWORD nBufferLength //
LPTSTR IpBuffer //
:
nBufferLength , -
;
IpBuffer , .
,
-, IpBuffer. -
. , .
, (
6.4). -
,
Rus.h (. 5.4).
; >'- ; ;
6.4.
înclude <iostream>
înclude <Rus.h>
int main ( )
( char pp[MAX_PATH] ; long cc - MAX_PATH;
DWORD t = GetCurrentDirectory (cc, pp) ;
cout Rus (pp, pp} endl;
return 0 ;
, windows. h
C++ (_)
(DWORD), Windows.
,
SetcurrentDirectory, -
6.5.
| 6.5. SetCurrentDirectory
BOOL SetcurrentDirectory(
LPCTSTR IpPathName //
6. C++ 231
ippathName
.
( 6.6),
,
, .
) 6.6.
tinclude <io5tream>
tinclude <Rus.h>
int mainO
{ char pp[MAX_PATH], tt [MAX_PATH] ;
long cc - MAX_PATH;
DWORD t = GetCurrentDirectory (cc, pp) ; //
cout Rusfpp, tt) endl; //
SetCurrentDirectory ("a: ") ; //
t = GetCurrentDirectory {cc, tt) ; //
cout Rusftt, tt) endl;
SetCurrentDirectory (pp) ; //
t = GetCurrentDirectory (cc, pp) ; //
cout Rus(pp, pp) endl;
" ",
.
,
tt. ,
SetCurrentDirectory .
, .
,
: ,
C++. .
, "" ,
, 10 :
" C++?"
" C++?"
" "
" "
232 I. C++
" "
" "
" "
" "
" C++?"
" "
question.txt, -
tests :.
. , -
. -
, , ( 6.7).
6.7.
înclude <fstream> // 1
ffinclude <iostream>
înclude <string>
int main()
( ofstream tof'c:\\tests\\question.txt"); //
if (!to.is_open()) // 2
{ cout "Error! Not openfile. "endl; return 1; }
string s;
while(getline(cin, s) ) // <Ctrl>+<Z>
{ to 5 endl; } / / 1
to.closed ; // 3
return 0;
, 1
fstream.
, . :
ofstream to(":\\tests\\question.txt");
to, -
. ,
. 2
is_open , .
, .
, . . .
, .
, . -
6. C++ 233
. ,
:
:/tests/question.txt
( ),
. .
(, , ),
, "". ,
:
ofstream to; .
to.open(":\\tests\\question.txt");
, -
-
. ,
, , -
. -
.
: -
(, ), (-
, ). -
. , ,
.
. -
, get line". ,
, <Ctrl>+<Z>.
, -
cout:

to s endl;
endl ,

.
. , -
, 6.8.
6.8.
înclude <fstream>
#include <iostream>
înclude <string>
int m a i n ( )
234 _ ___ _ I. C++
{ ifstream from("c:/tests/question. txt") ; // 1

if ( ! from.is_ppen() ) { cout "Error! Not openfile." endl; return 1;
}
while (getline (from, s) ) cout s endl; // 2
return 0;
1 from,
, (. 6.7)
. , . .
.
: ,
, :
SetCurrentDirectory (": /tests/"} ;
ifstream from ("question. txt") ;
2 . -
-
(. 6.7), ,
, . -
, <Ctrt>+<Z>.
, - .

-
. / C++ ,
[37, . 683]:
bool good () const; //
bool eof () const; //
bool fail () const; //
bool bad{) const; //
ios_base :
typedef int iostate;
enum io_state ( goodbit = 0x00,
badbit = 0x01,
eofbit = 0x02,
failbit = 0x04
J;
, ,
, . . -
10.
6. C++ 235

good, : -
-
/.
. eof
.
<Ctrl>+<Z>. question.txt -
. getiine, ,
. , -
:
while { ! f r o m . e o f ( ) ) //
{ getiine (from, s) ; cout s encil; }
fail bad .
, .
bad fail: -
bad, fail; .
bad
fail, , .
bad, .
, , (). -
fail
clear ( ) :
if (stream, f a i l ( ) ) stream, clear ( ) ;

.
ios_base
iostate _M_iostate;
-
. :
iostate rdstate();
:
void setstate(iostate flag);

. -
(. . "" ) -
5 , .
:
236 /. C++

"1", "2", "5", "8 , "10"

"1", "2", "5", "3 , "7"
"al", "_bbb", "_5_", "8_d", "abcdefghlO"
"1.0", "lei", "1000000L", "10e-5f","-le-1"
"for", "const", "if", "switch", "cout"
"for", "main", "cout", "function", "procedure"
"cin", "cstream", "cout", "clog", "cerr"
"A", "L", "u", "F", "f"
"1", "3", "2", "4", "5"
"return", "goto", "continue", "break", "case"
: 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4.
.
,
.
. , , ,
.
. -
, . -
, $ @,
C++. -
getiine ( , string) -
. -
. , -
, , :
C++?
1@2@5@8@10@4

string. ,
:
, -
1 5. , . . -
. ,
( 6.9).
6.9.
înclude <fstream>
ttinclude <iostream>
înclude <Rus.h>
hool isRight(char digit)
g. C++ 237
{ return (('I' <= digit) && (digit <= '5')); }

int main ()
{ char ssflOOj; string s;
ofstream to ("c:/tests/question.txt");
if (!to.is_open())
{ cout Rus(" !", ss) endl; return 1; }
while {cout Rus(" !", ss)
endl, getline(cin, s))
{ to s endl;
variants: // ,
cout Rus(" (1@2@@4@5@):", ss);
getline(cin, s);
if (count (s .begin () , s.end() , ' @ '} != 5)
{ cout Rus(" 5 !",ss) endl;
goto variants;
if ( !isRight(s[s.size(} -1]))
{ cout Rus (" !", ss) ;
goto variants;
};
to s endl;
1
to. close () ;
return 0;
,
question.txt.
( ) -
. , -
variants, .
tests question.txt -
:
C++?
C++?
1@2@5@3@7@4

al@_bbb@_5_@ 8_d@ abcde f ghl 0 @ 4

l.O@leieiOOOOQOL@10e-5f@-le-l@3

for@const@if @switch@cout@5
235 _ I. C++

for@main@cout@function@procedure@2

cin@c5tream@cout@clogScerr@2

C++?
1@3@2@4@5@2

return@goto@continue@break@case@4

,
, -
.
: I .
,
: 5, 2;
5 , 3; 7
8 , 5 ,
. ,
:

; ;
=
< 5 ""
= 5 = 6 ""
= 7 = 8 ""
= 9 = 10 ""
,
. -
,
:
struct Questions
{ string question; //
string answer [5]; //
char right; //
STL, :
vector <Questions> Q;
6. C++ 239

, . . .
,
. answer
.
( 6.10), -
. ,
,
.
6.10.
void ReadQuestion(vector <Questicns> &Q)
{ Questions trnp;
char s [ 5 ] [ 3 0 ] ; //
ifstream f r o m ( " c : / t e s t s / q u e s t i o n . t x t " ] ;
while ( ! f r o m . e o f { ) )
{ getline(from, tmp.question); //
for (int i - 0; i < 5; ++i)
{ from.getline(s[i], 30, ' @ ' ) ; //
tmp.answer[i].assignfs[i]); //
}
from.getline(tmp.right, 2, r\n'); // A
Q.push_back(tmp); //
)
I
,
/, "" .
:
. . from ,
;
G
' \ ' (" "), getline.
right
Questions char right [2], . . ;
-
, . . -
.
)
-*
, / Visual C++ 6.
, . .
/ , -
"".
240 . I. C++
( -
6.11).
! .11, !
;.;, ,
int main ()
{ char ss[100}; //
vector <Questions> v;
ReadQuestion(v); //
unsigned int i = 0, summa = 0;
int j; char a[2];
while (i < v.size ()}
{ cout i + 1 ". " v[i].question endl;
for (j = 0; j < 5; ++j)
cout ' ' j+1 "}" v[i].answer[j] endl;
cout Rus (" :__", ss) ; cin. get line (a, 2, ' \n ') ;
if {a[0] == v[ij.right[0]) ++summa;
cout Rus (" = ", ss) summa;

cout Rus(" 10.", ss) endl;
if {surnma < 5) cout Rus [ "", ss) endl;
if (summa^S I I summa) cout Rus (", ss) endl
if (5==7 ! | surnma==8) cout Rus ("! ", ss) endl;
if (surraria==9 I I surrnia==10) cout Rus (" ! !", ss) endl;
return 0;
,
. ,
.
,
cout, -
.

.
,
. . -
, ,
, .
,
.
6. C++ 241
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
.
.
entii, 5.23
setw.
, ,
boolalpha. .
/
ios_base :
typedef int fratflags;
enum{
left = 0x0001, //
right - 0x0002, //
internal = 0x0004, // ,
dec = 0x0008, //
hex = 0x0010, //
oct = 0x0020, //
fixed = 0x0040, // dddd.dd
scientific = 0x0080, //
boolalpha = 0x0100, // true false
showbase = 0x0200, // oct hex
showpoint = 0x0400, //
showpos = 0x0800, // +
skipws - OxlOOO, // -
unitbuf = 0x2000, //
uppercase = 0x4000 // X
, :
adjustfield - left I right | internal //
basefield = dec [ hex | oct //
f l o a t f i e l d = scientific I fixed //
/.
ios_base :
fmtflags M fratflags; //
-
.
-:
242 10 C++
fmtflags flagst) const;

fmtflags flags{fmtflags flags);
fmt flags setf(fmt flags flag);
fmtflags setf{fmtflags flag, fmtflags mask);
void unsetf(fmtflags mask);
, :
streamsize precision{) const;
streamsize precision(streamsize newprecision);
:
streamsize width(} const;
streamsize width(streamsize newwidth);
, iomanip :
resetiosflags (ios_base: : fmtf lags mask) ;
setiosflags(ics_base::fmtflags flag);
setprecision(int n ) ;
setwtint n ) ;
basic_ios :
char_type f i l l { ) const;
char_type fill(char_type f i l l ) ;
- ( ).

. , -
. , -
-
, , 10 15. (. -
5.12). ,
.
, test.ini. -
: ,
.
() .
,
/ -
.
, , . , , -
! C++ _ 243
, "". ()
, -
,
. -
,
.

, .
-
. -
. -
. -
,
, . -
.
""
-. , ( -
)
:
1. -.
2. .
3. . .
4. -.
5. . -
. -
.
6. . .
7. . .
8. . .
,
:
-
, , -
, -
. . -. , ,
, -
:
244 _ /. C++
const int n = 5;
string mm[n]= { "0. ",
"1. ",
"2 . ",
"3. ",
"4. ",
, "", -
. ""
. C++
,
cout.
. ,
. :
25 \:
void ClearScreen (void)
{ cout "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\" flush; }
flush -
. (
6.12). - ,
.
. 6.2.
! 6.1 2, -
int Menu(vector<string>mm)
( ClearScreen () ; //
int k = -1; char ss[100]; string blank{29,' ');
for {int i = 0; i < ran. size () ; ++i)
cout Rus (blank + mm[i] , ss) endl;
cout endl endl flush;
cout Rus (blank + " :_", ss) ;
cin k;
return k;
1
-
29 . ,
6.13. -
.
6. C++ 245
. 6.2.
6.13. -
int main()
{ const int n = 5;
string mm[n]= { "0. ",
"i. ",
"2. ",
"3. ",
"4. ",
vector<string>vMenu(ram, mm + n); int k

while(k)
( k = Menu(vMenu);
switch(k)
{ case 0: break; /I
case 1: testing!); break; //
case 2: setOptions(); break; // -
case 3: writeQuestions(); break; //
case 1: lookQuestions(); break; //
246 _ _ __ I. C++
default: cout " !"
return 0;
J
, . , -
.
. -
, , :
void setOptions { cout "setOptions ( ) ; " endl; }
.
()
(. 6.9) "-
" .
question.txt, , . -
, , -
. . - -
: , -
, /
.
, C++
, . -
.
, ,
. ,
question.txt -
(. 6.9) -
:
of stream to (": /tests/question. txt", ios_base: :app) ;
.
ios__base /,
. -
, . .
[37, . 705] "" -
. ,
C++ Builder 6 ios_base -
( 6.14).
6. C++ 247
| 6.14.
typedef int openmode;

enum openjnode ( app = 0x01,
binary = 0x02,
in = 0x04,
out OxOS,
trunc = 0x10,
ate - 0x20
"", , -
, :
in .
if stream;
out . -
ofstream;
. -
ofstream, fstream;
trunc . , -
; -
ofstream;
ate .
, , -
;
binary .
. , -
. , ios.h Visual C++ -
iostream.h Borland C++ 5 :
CJ nocreate -- , ,
;
ncrepiace , ; -
, .
. -
binary.
.

, , -
:
248 I. C++
D , -
"new line" ( ), /
C++ * \ ' ;

( atoi . 3.12);
.
, , .
, , /
.
,
. , , ,
sizeof(int) .
, -
. , 1 1 ,
55 555 5 . -
( ). ,
, 1000
. , -
.
: fstream, ifstream, ofstream -
/ . -
, -
. read/write char *. -
,
. , long:
from , to .
6.15.
' 6.15. /
long a;
from.read((char *)&a, sizeof(long)>;
to.write((char *)&a, sizeof(long));
C++:
to.write(reinterpret_cast<char *> (&), sizeof(long));
from.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&a), sizeof(long));
. -
, Date :
to.write(reinterpret_cast<char *> (&), sizeof(Date));
from.read(reinterpret cast<char *>{&a), sizeof(Date));
6. C++ 249
1000
, - ,
.
, .
6.16.
! 6.16. 1000
U...;.; :' ;<.-. ; .- ,
int main ()
( of stream toBinf "c: /tests/number. bin", ios :: binary) ;
time_t t; srandf (unsigned) time(St) ) ;
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
{ int t = rand f ) ;
toBin, write (reinterpret_cast<char *> (&t) , sizeof (int) ) ;
I
toBin. closet) ;
of stream toTxt {"c: /tests /number. txt") ;
srand{ (unsigned) time (&t) ) ;
for (i - 0; i < 1000; ++i) tcTxt randf) endl;
toTxt. close () ;
return 0;
"" ,
, , number.bin
4000 ( * 4). number.txt
.
, , Notepad. -

.

/ . , -
,
. number.bin, , , -
, .
k- k * sizeof ( ) .
/
, . ()
. / -
, -
.
istream -:
pos type t e l l g f ) ;
250 I. _++
ostream, :
pos_type t e l l p f ) ;
,
seekg{pos_type)H seekp(pos_type) ,
. ( ):
s e e k ( o f f s , pos)
pos ,
ios_base :
static const seekdir beg, //
cur, //
end; //
, ' offs.
,
, , . -
, : -
, sizeof ( ) -
.
-

. , -
, ,
.
[41, 45].
,
, . -
:
1
1
, '
:
A
ch - const;
-
. , , 0x55, -
010101, ,
10101010.
6. C++ 251
,
6.17. -

.
6.17.
char Code(char ch) { ch A = OxAA; return ch; }

char Decode(char ch) { ch = OxAA; return ch; }
-
:
char Code(char ch)
{ char L = ch & OxfO; char R = ch & OxOf; return ( (L 4}|(R 4)); }
char Decode{char ch)
{ char L = ch & OxfO; char R = ch & OxOf; return ((L 4) j (R 4)); )
,
. .
.
. ,
, . . .
, -
. /
read/write get/put. -
. . ""
. ,
, . .
.
#. -
. , .
, -
, -
(
), . ,
6.18.
6.18.
void writeString(ofstream to, const string &s)

{ fortunsigned int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) to.put(Code(s[i])); }
void WriteQuestions(void)
{ char ss [100],- string s;
252 /^
ofstream to(":/tests/question.bin", ios_base::app|ios_base::binary);

if (!to) { cout Rus(" !", ss) endi; return; }
while(cout Rus(" !", ss) endl, getlinefcin, s))
{ writeString{to, s);
variants:
cout Rus (" (12@@4@5@: ", ss) ;
getline(cinr s);
if (ccunr (s.begin(),s.end(), '@'} 1=5)
( cout Rus{" 5 !", ss) endl;
goto variants;
};
if (lisRight(s[s.size() -1]))
{ cout <:< RusC'Bbi !", ss)
endl;
goto variants;
};
writeStringfto, s) ;
)
to. close ();
, -
.
: ? -

(. 6.8). -
-:
char Code(char ch) { return ch; }
, .
"" . ,
,
. ,
. .
.
6.19.
16.19.
void ReadQuestion(vector <Questions> &Q)

{ Questions tmp; char ch; string s;
ifstream from("c:/tests/question.bin");
if ( ! f r o m ) cout "Error! Not openfile." endl;
6. C++ 253
from. get (ch) ; //
while ( ! frcm.eof 1) }
{ f rom.putback (ch) ; //
5 = "";
while (ch = from. get f)) //
{ ch = Decode (ch) ; //
if (ch == '#') break; // ?
s += ch; //
};
trap. quest ion=s ; //
for (int i - 0; i < 5; ++i] //
{ s = "";
while (ch = from, get ())
{ ch = Decode (ch) ; //
if (ch == '(?') break; // ?
s += ch; //
tmp. answer [i] = s; //
ch = from. get () ; //
ch = Decode (ch) ; //
tmp. right = ch; //
Q.push^back (trap) ; //
from. get (ch) ; //
: -
, ?
eofbit:
, -
. , eofbit -
- .
,
, .
, -
, . . .
,
, .
, get,
. ,
:
254 I. C++
while (from.get(ch)) //
{ s = ""; s += Decode(ch); //
while (from.get(ch)) //
( ch = Decode(ch); if (ch == '#') break; s += ch; };
tmp.question = s;
for tint i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{ 3 - "";
while (from, get(ch)) //
{ ch = Decode[ch); if {ch == '@') break; s += ch; )
tmp.answer[i] = s;.
}
from, get (ch) ; // ^
tmp.right = Decode(ch);
Q.push_back(tmp);
}
, .
.

, -
6.20. :
. -
,
. ,
1015 . -
, , 10 .
; 6.20.
void writelnteger (of stream^ to, const, int &n)

{ to.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&n) , sizeof ( i n t ) ) ; }
int readlnteger(ofstreams from)
{ int n; from, read (reinterpret__cast<char*> ( & n ) , sizeof {int) ) ; return n; }
void setOptionsO
{ ofstream f ( " c : / t e s t s / t e s t . i n i " , i o s _ b a s e : i b i n a r y ) ;
cout " :_";
int n;
cin n;
if (n < 10) { cout " < 10." endl;
cout " 10." endl;
n = 10;
6. C++ _ _ 255
writelnteger (f , n) ;
}
int getOptions (void)
j ifstream f ("c: /tests/test . ini", ios_base: :binary) ;
int n = readlnteger (f } ; return n;
setoptions -
-, getOptions .
. -
10 , , . -
-
.
.
-
( 6.21).
6.21.
void What(int n, int summa)

{ char ss[100]f
cout Rus(" = ", ss) summa;
cout Rus(" ", ss) n endl;
if (summa <= n*0.5) cout Rus(",ss};
if ((n*0.5 < surma) SS (summa <= n*0.7))
cout Rus("", ss);
if ((r.*0.7 < summa) SS (summa < n=*0.9})
cout Rus("!", ss);
if (n*0.9 < summa) cout Rus("!!!", ss) endl endl;
}
( 6.22).
6.22.
void testing!)
{ char 55 [100]; vector <Questions> v;
ReadQuestion(v); //
int k = getOptions () ; /'/
vector <Questions> w; //
w = GetTest(v, k); //
unsigned int i = 0, summa = 0; int j; char a;
while(i < v.sizef))
{ cout i + 1 "." v[i].question endl;
256 I. C++
for (j = 0; j < 5,
cout ' ' j + 1 ")" v[i] .answer [j] endl;
cout Rus ( " :_", ) ;
cin a;
if (a == v [ i ] . right) ++suirms; ++i;
}
W h a t f k , surratia) ; //
getch(); // ,

, (. 5.12).
. typedef -
, :
typedef vector<Qaestions> Question;
, . -
: ,
, -
. . ,
,
"" (# @).
6.23.
6.23,
void lookQuestions ( )
{ vector <Questions> v; ReadQuestion (v) ;
ClearScreen ( ) ; //
vector<Questions>: : iterator i;
for(i = v. begin {}; i < v.endO; ++i)
{ cout i -> question endl endl endl; // 2
cout Rus (" <0-, 1->? ", as);
int a = 0; cin a; if (a) v.erase(i);
}
ofstream to("c: /tests/question. bin", ios_base: : binary) ;
for (int m = 0; m < v.size(); ++m)
f spring s = v [m] .question+ ' # ' ; writeString (to, s) ;
for (int k = 0; k < 5; f+k)
{ s = v[m] .answer [k] + '@'; writeString (to, s) ; }
s = v[m] . right; writeString (to, s) ;
I
to. close ( )
.
6. C++ 257

[371, , -
. , -
/ . ,
, . -
/ :
istringstream; //
ostringstream; //
stringstream; //
sstream.
, -
. , -
6.24, .
j 6.24.
struct Complex { double re, im; };

string toString (const Complex &c)
( ostringstream os;
os '<' setprecision(3) re(c) ' + '
setprecision(3! im(c) ' i> ' ;
return os.str (} ;
/
, " C++".
93. 1264
7
C++ ,
. :
, , , .
C++
: "" , -
, . ,
(, Basic), C++ -
.
""
, , -
. C++ .

(. . 8).
, C++ , -
. -
. , .
, , :
, , ? , -
. -
:
int& fffint k)
{ int d; . . . return d; }
,
. Visual C++ 6 "" -
, :
260 I. C++
warning C41"?2: returning address of local variable or temporary

, -
, .
( 7.1), , -
, .
[ 7.1. ,
int n = 2; //
int& f f ( i n t k} // ,
( return k; } // ,
int f ( i n t Si) // -
{ return i; }
int main(void)
{ ccut f ( f f ( n ) ) endl; // -
int g = 5;
cout f ( g ) endl;
return 0;
"" 6684064, , , -
. , , 5.
? , , :
inns ff (int& k ) ;
G .
,
, -
. -
:
ints f f t i n t k )
{ static int a; . . . return d; }
"" Visual C++ 6.

, -
"" f.
, -
"" . ,
7.2.
7. 261
\ 7.2. ""
doubles max(double &, double y )

| return (x>y ? x : y ) ; }
, :
double k = max(a r b) ;
,
, :
double = 5, b = 6, = 7;
max(, b} = 10;
, .
, :
if ( > ) = 10; else b - 10.
, :
max(max(a, b ) , ) = 10;
max (max (a, b) = 10, ) = 0;

( ) . -
,
, 7, ( ) .
. ,
.
, -
. "" ,
, 7.3.
7.3. ""
int& nin(int ri, int d [ ] )

( int im = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) im = d[im] < d [ i ] ? im : i;
return d[im] ;
1
, -
.
:
int [] = { 10, 20, 40, 5, , 1, 8, 9, 50, 12 };
int m = Mmin(10, x ) ;
262 I. C++
m 5
Mntin. , -
. :
Mmin(10, ) = 0;
, 5, .
""
. 5 , , ,
.
. . ,
, -
7.4.
I 7.4. ""
double* max(double *x, doable *y)

{ return (*x > *? : ); }
:
double = 5, b = 6;
*(&, sb} = 10;

. -
, . Mmin
:
int* Mrain(int n, int d[])
{ int im = 0;
f o r t i n t i = 1; i < n; i++) im = d[im] < d [ i j ? im : i;
return ud[im];
I
:
int [] = { 10, 20, 40, 5, 6 1, 8, 9, 50, 60 };
int rn = *Mmin(10, x j ;
*iin(10, x) = 0;
, ,
: -
, , ?
Visual C++ 6
7. 263
, (
7.5).
7.5. ""
; ,'....". .' : .'..;,.-.....' '. ;
double* max(double fix, double &y)

{ return (x > y? 5x: &y); }
doubles max(double *x, double *y)
( return (* > *y? *x: *y); )
, -. -

& &. :
cour *max(a, b) endl;
*max(a, b) - 20;
max (, -
, -
.
, -,
Visual C++ 6 :
error C2440: 'return' : cannot convert from 'double *' to 'double &'
'return': 'double *' 'double &'
:
cout max(sa, Sb) endl;
max(Sa, &b) = 10;
, C++ "-
". , , const
. 7.6.
7.6. ""
const doubled max(double &x, double &y)

{ return (H > y? x: y ) ; }

:
error C2166: 1-value specifies const object
1-value
264 I. C++
, , const, -
, ,
, .
double * const rr.ax (double *, double * y j
( return (*x > *y? x: y ) ; )
. -
- double.
*max{&a, &b) = 10;
, ,
.

C++ -
. , -
. , -
, -
.
-
:
int f ( . -
. -
,
, , , , .
-
.
-
. . -
, . -
, . - -
, , -
, , , "" .
, ,
, -
. :
int f |int k . . . )
, ,,
.
7. 265
, -
: ,
, -
.
-- C++
. , -
, , ,
, -
- .
,
. :
;
"" ;
.
, -
.
, -
. ,
,
. , -
-
, .
, -
: , , -
.
.
:
;
,
.
-
"" , -
: .
. 7.7.
1 7.7. ( )
double f(double n, . . . ) //
{ double *p = &; //
double sum = 0, count = 0;
while <*p) //
266 /. C++
{ sum += (*); //
++; //
count++; //
return ((sum) ?sum/count:0}; //
:
double = f (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4 . 0 , 0 . 0 ) ;
2.5. -
,
f d , 2, , 0) (
), ( -
) .
, -
, , . -
, .
. :
double ffint n, ...) //
{ int *p = &; // - ""
double sum = 0, count = n;
for (;; (double*)--) // int* -> double*
sum += (*p);
return ((sum)?sum/count:0);
:
double f(int n, ...) //
{ double *p = (double *)&n; //
for (;n;p++) //
sum += (*p) ;
return ((sura) ?sum/count:0) /
}
,
, . -
double-, sizeofunt;
"" .
8 (sizeof (double)),
. , ""
, double *.
?. _ 267
,
. -
7.8.
| 7,8. ()
double f ( i n t n, . . . ) //
{ int *p = &;
++; / / ( "" double)
double *pp = (double *)p; //
for (;n ;pp++} // 8
sum += (*pp) ;
return ( ( sum) ?sum/count : 0) ;
++
double. 8 -
:
double * = (double *}p;
++
sizeof (double) 8 , .
.
-
. -
,
. , -
. -
( ):
double f (double- &n, . . . )
:
double m[] = { 1.0, 2 . 0 , 3 . 0 , 4 . 0 , 0 . 0 f;
cout f ( m [ 0 ] , m [ l ] , m [ 2 ] , m [ 3 ] , m [ 4 ] ) endl;
2 . 5.
-+
. -
,
- "". , -
, (. 7.8) ( -
-) * double, -
. "" ,
268 I. C++
"" .
, ,
, -
Intel 4 . ""
union. , ,
7.9.
I 7.9. - ()
double f(int n, ...)

( int *p = &n; // ""
P++; // "" -
union Pointer
{ double **; double *kp; }; // ""
Pointer A;
A.kp = (double *); // ""
for (;n;A.pp++) //
sum += (**A.pp); //
return f(sum]?sum/count:0);
union undefined behaviour

( ), , (,
Intel) . -
.
, "" -
- "" ,
sizeof (double), 8 , sizeof (double*),
4 . -
. :
cout f ( 2 , & a , fib) endl;
(
- )
. -
"" ,
7.10, "" -
.
7,10. - ( )
double f(double "a, . . . )

{ double **p = &; // -
?. 269

while (*p != 0) // NULL
{ sum += (**) ; /V
count++; ++; // ""
}
return ( ( s u m ) ? s u m / c o u n t : 0 } ;
:
f ( & a , ub, 0 )
: -*- -
, . -
, .
, -
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//
while (*) { len += strlen(*cp); -+; }
char *s = new char[len + 1]; //
s[0] = 0 // ""
//
= &sl; // 1-
270 I. ^++
while (*cp)
{ strcatfs, *cp); // ( )
++; //
return s;
:
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()
double f(int n, double a, ...)

{ va list p; //
va^start (p, n) ; //
while (n )
( sum +- va_arg(p, double); //
count ++;
)
va_end(p); // ""
return ( (sum) ?sum/count: 0) ;
,
7.13.
7.13. ( )
double f(double a, ...)

{ va list p; //
va_start(p, a); //
double k = a; //
do { sum += k; count++; }
while (k = va__arg(p, double)); // ,
va_end(p); // ""
return ((sum)? sum/count: 0);
272 I. C++
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long Fact (int k)

{ long f; int i;
for (f = 1, i = 1; i < k; i++) f *= i;
return f;
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long Fact f i n t k)
{ if (k = 0! return 1;
return ( k * Fact(k 1 ) ) ; //
,
, 7.16.
7.16.
long Fibo(int k)
{ if ({k = 2) I | (k = 1)} return 1;
return (Fibo(k - 1) + Fibo(k 2}); //
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{ // 1 < k <
// k-ro
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1
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274 I. C++
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cout s; //
if ( ! f . e o f ( ) ) //
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int main (void)

( ifstream f ("recurs. cpp") ;
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{ if (k > 0) return (k * Fact(k - 1)); //
else return 1;
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bool Palindrom (string s)

{ int end = s. length 0-1;
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else return false;
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{ if (b = e) return -1; //
int = ( + e) / 2; //
if ( [] == k) return c;
else if (a[c] > k) = BinarySearch(a, b, c, k); //
else if (a[c] < k} - BinarySearch(a, c+1, e, k); //
}
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int m = (left + right) / 2; //
int x = min(a, l e f t , m ) ; //
int = miri(a, m+1, right); //
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. min {0, 7)
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\7^ 283
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......... min(8, 9)
.......... min(9, 9)
......... min(8f 9}
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284 I. C++
min(6, 9)
min(5, 9)
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286 _ I. C++
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7. 287
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visit (p) ; //
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-> left, name); //
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7.30.
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{ if (p = NULL) return 0;
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unsigned long -
.
( 7.31).
I 7.31.
typedef unsigned long ul;

ul h(link p)
{ if (p == 0) return 0; //
ul x - h(p -> Left); //
ul = h(p -> Right); //
7. __ 289
if ( > ) return +1; // +1

else return y+1; // +1
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720, 10!,
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double Fact(double k = Fact(4))
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290 I. C++
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int n = 5;
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296 . -
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+ zero one two three four five six seven eight nine
zero zero one two three four five six seven eight nine
one one two three four five six seven eight nine zero
two two three four five six seven eight nine zero one
three three four five six seven eight nine zero one two
(our four five six seven eight nine zero one two three
five five six seven eight nine zero one two three four
six six seven eight nine zero one two three four five
seven seven eight nine zero one two three four five six
eight eight nine zero one two three four five six seven
nine nine zero one two three four five six seven eight
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8. 297
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{ Decade A = seven, = six;
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"five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine"
out s [a] ;
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struct Rational { ULONG num, denim; };
ULONG gcd(ULONG x, ULONG y)
{ if (y 0) return x; return g c d f y , x % y ) ; }
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{ ULONG t = {{c.num > c.denum) ? gcd{c.num, c.denum)
: gcd(c.denum, c . n u m ) ) ;
c.num /=t; c.denum /=t; //
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RationalS operator+=(Rational &a, const Rational Sb)

{ a.num = a.num*b.denum + b.num*a.denum; //
302 It. -
a.denum = a.denum*b.denum; //
reduce() ; //
return ;
Decade,
,
. .
""
( 8. ).
: ? ,...--..-.-....,. ...
I 8.11. ""
Rational operator+(Rational a, Rational b)

{ Rational t = a; t += b; reduce(t); return t; }
(-
8.12).
| 8.12. /
//
ostreamfi. operator (ostreamS t, Rational a)
{ return ( t ' ( ' a . num ' / ' a . denum ' ) ' ) ; }
//
istreams operator (istream& t, Rationals a)
{ t a. num; t a.denum; reduce(a); return t; }
,
.
:
void main (void)
{ Rational A, B, ; //
A. num = 1;
A.denum = 2;
. num = 1 ;
B. denum = 3;
= + ; //
cout endl; //
( 7 / 6 ) . , -
. , C++
- .
8. 303
, ,
:
void main (void)
{ Rational d[5], ;
cout " 5 : num denum <enter>" er.dl;
for {int i - 0; i < 5; i++) cin d[i]; //
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) coat d[i] endl //
= d[0] + d[l] + d[2] + d[3] + d[4J; //
cout endl;
-
.
, . -
<Enter>:
1 i
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
-
, .
:
(1/D
(1/D
(1/D
(1/1)
(1/1)
(5/1)
,
. . -
( 8.13) -
.
8.13.
Rational operator*(Rational a, Rational b)

{ Rational ;
.num = a.num*b.num; //
.denum = a.derium*b.denurn; //
reduce(); //
return ; //
*
304 II, -

unsigned long ( 8.14). .
$:: ": ;''. ;
;
: " -. 8.14.
. . i- -i Rational - -unsigned
"S" long
,:
,.,..,.,,.....
Rational operator* (Rational a, const ULONG &b)

{ Rational c;
c.nura = a.num*b;
. denurn - a . denum;
reduce ( ) ; / /
return ; //
)
Rational operator* (const ULONG &a. Rational b)
{ Rational c;
c.nura = a*b.num;
c. denum = b. denum;
reduce ( ) ; / /
return ; //

, "" . -
:
int main {void}
{ Rational A, B, ; //
cout " : <Enter>";
cin A;
cout " : <Enter>";
cin B;
cout A * 3 endl;
cout 5 * endl;
ULONG d = 8;
cout * d endl;
cout .d * A endl;
return 0;
\
= (1/2) = (1/4) :
8. ; 305
-
. ,
.
Decade -
.
+= ,
( 8.15).
.15. Rational
int
Rational& operator+=(Rational &, const ULONG &b)

{ a.num = a.num + b; reduce(a); return a; )
, ,
+= 2. 2 += -
C++, . -
(-
8.16).
8.16.
Rational operator*-*- (Rational &)

{ += 1; reduce(a); return a; }
Rational operator-t-t-(Rational &a, int)
( Rational t = a; a += 1; reduce(a); return t; }
,
, :
cout ++ endl;
cout ++ endl;
cout A endl;
( 2 / 3 ) , :
(5/3)
(5/3)
(8/3)
, , > (-
). 8.17. , -
, . "", -
.
.
30g II. -
\ 8.17. >
;
!...., , "... , .1...... ......... ...... , .
bool operator>{Rational a, Rational b)

{ return (a.num*b.denum > b.num*a.denum); }

. Person. -
,
string:
struct Person { string fio; Date BirthDay; };
, .
Person = {"", ( 1955, 12, 21 ) };
Visual C++ 6 -
. , ,
. C++ -
, -
. , ,
. .
, -
. , -
:
.
Person, -
fio .
:
Person{char s [ ] )
:
Person(char *s)
( 8.18),
| ' ...;, ..; , .,... ..,
: 8.18.
struct Person
( string fio;
Date BirthDay;
Person(char *s)
8. 307
, , ,
.
Person :
Person (" !");
:
Person = " !";
:
Person = Person(" !");
() , -
.
, -
.
" ": ,

Person t;
. , ,
.
, - -
:
;
, ;
.
, C++.
, C++ " "
. -
, .
1. . , -
, .
2. . -
. Person
c h a r t ] .
3. . -
.
- .
, , .
, -
BirthDay. -
8.19.
8. 309
. , -
:
Person(const char *s, unsigned int y, Month m, unsigned int d)
{ fio = s; BirthDay.year = y; BirthDay.month = m; BirthDay.day = d; }
, -
:
Date. , ,
Month , . .
. -
, typedef.
, -
. . ,
.
Date ( 8.20).
. 8.20. Date
typedef unsigned int UI;-

struct Date
{ enum Month
{ jan_=l, feb_, mar_, apr_, rnay_, jun_,
jul_, aug_, sep_, oct__, nov_, dec_
UI year; Month month; UI day; //

Date(){} //
Date(const Date &d) //
{ year = d.year; month = d.month; day = d.day; }
//
Date (const UI y, const Month m, const UI d)
{ year = y; month = m; day = d; }
//
Date(const UI y, const UI m, const UI d)
{ if ((0 < m) && (m < 13}) { year - y; month = Month(m); day = d; } }
};
:
1.
, .
2.
. ,
Month . ,
310 II. -
.
C++ .
,
"" ,
. "" :
Date::Date(const , const Month m, const UI d)
{ year = y; month = m; day = d; }
Date::Date(const UI y, const UI mr const UI d)
{ if ( (0 < m) &S (m < 13)) { year = y; month = Month(m) ; day = d; } }
,
. :
, -
; , .
:
Date A; //
Date = (2001, Date::feb_, 22}; /I
Date (2002, Date::feb_, 22); //
Date G(20Q3, 2, 22}; // 4-
Date D(B};. //
Date F = ; //
Date H = Date(2005, Date::feb_, 22); //
Date E = Date(2007r 7, 29); // 4-
Month , -
.
Person:
Person U(" ", Date{1986, Date::jul_, 2 9 ) ) ;
,
Date, .
-
. C++
*. Rational (
8.21).
! 8.21. Rational
typedef unsigned long ULOHG

struct Rational
' He , -
.
8. 311
{ ULONG num, denura;

Rational () { nurr. = 0; denum = 1; ) //
Rational(ULONG n) / /
( num = n; denum = 1; }
Rational(ULONG n, ULONG d) //
( if (d != 0) { num = n; denum = d; } }
Rational(const Rational Sr) //
{ num = r.num; denum = r.denum; }
8.22.
8.22.
struct Rational
{ ULONG num,, denum;
Rational(} :num(0) , denum(l) ( }
Rational(ULONG n) :num(n), denum(1){ }
Rational(ULONG n, ULONG d) : num(n) , denumi(d != 0)?d:denum) { }
Rational (const Rational &r) : r.umfr.num) , denumfr.denum) ( }
, . , -
(. 8.22)
, . -
, ;
Rational(ULONG n, ULONG d):num(n), denum(init{d)) { }
, , :
ULONG init (ULONG ) { return ( != 0) ?y:denurr.) ) ; }
,
, -
-
.
. , , -
.
-.

-
- ( 8.23).
312 II. -
\ 8.23.
struct Old { int a; float b; //

Oldfint x, float ) //
{ = x; b = ; }
};
Old g{01d p) //
( return p; }
void main(void)
{ Old x = g(01d(l, 2 . 0 ) ) ; } //
.
.
,
.
8.24.
: 8.24.
struct Old ( int a; float b;

Old(int x, float ) //
{ a = x; b = y; }
Old g(01d *p) //

{ p->a = p->b+6; // "->"
(*).b = p->a+7; // "."
return *p; // ,
void main(void)
{ Old x = g(new Old(l, 2.0)}; } //

,
. -
. Person:
Person B = Person(" !");
:
const char * > Person
(, 8.13 8.14), ,
,
8. - 313
. -

. -

, (
8.25).
| 8.25.
struct Rational
{ ULONG num, denum;
Rational (ULONG n - 0, ULONG d = 1)
{ if (d != 0) { num = n; denum = d; } }
. ,

. -
:
long -> Rational
:
Rational = 3;
-
,
. -
== . , -
bool, :
bool opera tor== (Rational a. Rational b)
{ return (a.num*b.denum == b. num* a. denum) ; }
-
.
, =
-
.
-
:
Rational > long
C++
:
operator long () { return ( num/ denum) ; }
314 _ II. -^^
-. -

Rational :
int main (void)
{ Rational mm = 11; // inr. -> long > Rational
cout ram endl; // (11/1)
long i = mm; // Rational -> long
cout i endl; // 11
return 0;
, i ,
Rational.
long. -
.
:
Rational f (Rational a)
{ return a; }
long f f (Rational a)
{ return a; } i
:
Rational zz - f (13) ;
long k = f f (zz) ;
13
Rational , zz /1).
-
, k 13.
, . -
Rational -> long, , -
.
long -> Rational C++ -
explicit.
:
explicit Rational (ULONG n = , ULONG d = 1)

, . -
:
Rational ram = Rational (11) ;
Rational zz = f (Rational (13) );
Rational, .
8, _ 315
double
. , -
, .
double, 8.26.
I ......... ; ............................................................... "- ................ "" ......... ; ....... - .............................................................................. - ............ ; ...... - ............................
j 8.26. - double
struct Double
{ double t;
Double (double a = 0.0): t(a) { }
operator doubled { return t; )

double. , ,
:
double operator^ (const Double &a, int b)
( double t = a; // double <- Double
if fb = 0) return 1; // int -> double
else if (t == 0} return 0; // int -> double
else if !b == 1)- return a; // Double -> double
else if {b < G) { t = 1/t; b =- b; } //
double p = 1 ;
for (int i = 1; ! (i > b) ; i++) p *= t; //
return p; '
, :
int main (void)
{ Double d = 0;
cout double (d"-2) endl;
cout double(dnO) endl;
d = 2;
cout double (dÔ) endl;
cout double{dAl) endl;
cout double (dn-2) endl;
cout double (d"3) endl;
return 0,-
. -, -
d -
: int -> double double -> Double.
316 11^ -
-, ,
, .
-, double -
,
Double.
, ""
. , -
Java, --
.

Rational -
. ,
"" . -
. +=,
.
, ""
, , . . .
gcd reduce .
reduce "" , a gcd (
8.27).
! 8.27. Rational
void Rational::reduce 0
{ ULOHG t = ( (num > denum) ? gcd (rium, denum) :gcd (denum, num) ) ;
num /=t; denum /=t,-
.
}
{if (y = 0) return x; else return gcd(y, x%y); }
reduce , . . -
. gcd
,
.
+=.
+= (. 8.10) Rational. ,
;
Rational^ operator+=(Rational &a, const Rational &b)
,
:
8. 317
error C2804: binary 'operator +=' has too many parameters

' +='
, , . -
, .
- -
. - "-
", . , -
:
_.__ ()
_ -
. t
Rational, . -
- :
Rational t = 2;
t.operator+=(3)
t . ,
-
.operator.
, .
- , this!
,
-
: *, ->.
, +=
. :
Rationale operator+=(const Rational sb)
.
. , . .
. , .
, (. 8.10)
+= ( 8.28).
: 8.28. -
Rational^ Rational::operator+=(const Rational &b)

{ num = num*b.denum + b.num*denum; derium = denum*b. denurn;
(*this).reduce(); //
return (*this); //
318 II. -
. reduce -
:
this -> reduce();
(*this), this, . . , -
( "" 7.5).
. +=, C++, -
. -
,
:
Rational t, z.;
int it, iz;
t = 2, z = 3; t -1-= z +*= 2; // t = (1, 1 ) , z = (5, 1)
it = 2 , iz = 3; it += iz += 2; //
t - 2, z = 3; t+=(z += 2 } ; // t = ( 7 , 1), z = < 5 , 1)
it = 2 , iz = 3; it+=(iz += 2 ) ; //
t = 2, z = 3; (t += z}+=2; II t - (7, 1 ) , z = (3, 1)
it - 2, iz = 3; (it += iz)+=2; //' it = 7, iz = 3
, "" , "",
.
,
,
. = +=.
8.29.
! 8.29.
Rationale Rational::operator=(Rational b)
( rium = b.num; denum = b.denum; ' return *this; }
:
// t = 7, z = 3
// it = 7, iz = 3
. -
. C++ . ,
, , -
. , ,
, . . [37] -
Date (. 8.20) , , -
1 ( 8.30).
8. 319
; 8.30. ,
Dates AddYear (int n) { year += n; return *this; }
Dates AddMonth (int n) { month = Month(month + n); return *this;}
Dates AddDay (int nj ( day += n; return *this;}
, . -

Date d ( 2 2 , 02, 2003};
:
cout d . A d d Y e a r ( l ) . A d d M o n t h ( l ) . A d d D a y ( l ) endl;
:
23 3 2004
Rational. -
. , -
. :
Rational Rational::operator++()
{ return (*this += 1); }
, ,
. , -
:
Rational Rational::operator++(int)
{ Rational t = *this; -this += 1; return t; }
, -
"" . -
, , :
int main(void)
{ Rational z = 2;
cout ++z endl; // (3/1)
cout z++ endl; // (3/1)
cout z endl; // (4/1)
-
-= .
?
""
-.
. 8.31.
320 It. -
8.31. -
.,.* ,*..,. .. - , ' ;,'."...,,. .,...., 1 -,.,
Rational operator+(int b)
{ Rational t = *this; return (t += b); }

Rational t = 2;
cout t + 3 endl; // {5, 1)
cout 3 + t endl; // 5
, ,
! -
:
cout t,operator+(3) endl;
cout 3.operator+(t) endl;

, Visual C++ 6
. , -
3 Rational. -
,
long. , -
.
Rational, :
cout Rational(3+tJ endl; // (5, 1)
:
cout Rational(3)+t endl; // (5, 1)
, -
.
, "" Decade (. 8.5),
Rational, . C++
.
, , , -
Rational ( , -
) -
:
Rational t = 2, z = 3;
cout t + z endl; // (5, 1)
cout z + t endl; // (5, 1)
. -
-.
8. 321

(. 8.12). -
: . -
, , , -
. ,
( 8.32).
8.32.
ostream& operator (ostream& t)

{ return (t ' ( ' num ' / ' denum ' ) ' ) ; }
. -
R: ,
R.operator (cout) ;
:
Rcout;
, -
! , . -
, "" -
-.
, . -
/ -
.
, -
8.33.
8.33. Rational
typedef unsigned long ULONG;

struct Rational
{ ULONG num, denum;
Rational (ULONG n - 0,- ULONG d - l):num(n), denum(d) { reduced,- }
Rational^ operator+=(const Rational &b);
Rationale operator^(Rational b);
Rational operator++();
Rational operator++(int);
operator long() { return num/denum; }
ULONG gcd{ULONG x, ULONG y]
( if |y == 0) return x; return gcd(y, x%y) ; }
void reduce();
1! . 1264
II. -
void Rational : : reduce f )

{ ULONG t = ( (num. > denum) ? gcdfnum, denum) :gcd (denum, num));
num /=t; denura /-t;
Rational*; Rational: :operator+= (const Rational &b)

{ num = num*b. denum + b,num*denum;
denum = denum*b. denum;
(*this) .reduce () ;
return *this;
J
Rational^ Rational: :operator= (Rational b!
{ num = b.num; denura = b. denura; return *this; }
Rational Rational :: operator++ ()
{ return (*this +=1); }
Rational Rational: :operator++(int)
{ Rational t = *this; *this += 1; return t; }
// -------------- -----------------
Rational operator* (Rational a, Rational b)
{ Rational c;
c.num = a.num*b.num;
c. denura = a.denum*b.denum;
c. reduce (} ;
return c;
}
Rational operator+ (Rational a, Rational b)
( Rational t = a; return (t += b) ; }
bool operator == (Rational a, Rational b)
{ bool t = (a.num*b.denum != b.nura*a. denum) ; return (!t); }
ostreams operator(ostream& t, Rational d)
( (t '(' d.NumO '/' d. Denum () ')'); return t; }
istreams operator (istreamu t, RationalS a)
( t a.n a.d; return t; }

,
. , -
C++ .
:
class _
{ };
5. 323
,
. :
C++ "" ? ,
8.32 struct class
:
int main()
( Rational = 1, = 2; cout endl; return 0; }
. -
2248 :
' R a t i o n a l : : R a t i o n a l ' : cannot access private member declared in class
, , -
" " Rational. ! ,
.
. "" ,
, -
. ,
. -
,
.
public , private .
Rational,
. , -
, Rational.
. -
-
. "" -
, . . " "
Rational. \
,
public, Rational
( 8.34).
8.34. Rational
struct Rational
{ Rational(ULONG n = 0, ULONG d = 1):num(n), denum(d) { reduce(}; }
Rationals operator+=(Rational &b);
Rational^ operator=(Rational b);
Rational operator-- tint);
324 II. -
operator long() { return num/denum; )

private:
ULOMG num, denum;
{ if (y == 0) return x; return gcdfy, x%y); }
void reduce();
Rational 8.35.
I 8. 35. Rational
class Rational
{ public :
Rational (ULONG n - 0, ULONG d = l ) : n u n ( n ) , denum (d) { r e d u c e d ; }
Rational^ operator+= (Rational &b) ;
Rational*; cperator= (Rational b) ;
Rational cperator++ ( ) ;
Rational operator++ (int) ;
operator l c n g ( ) { return num/denum; }
private:
ULONG num, denum;
ULONG gcd (ULONG x, ULONG y)
{ if {y == 0) return x; return gcd(y, x%y) ; }
void reduce ( ) ;
, public private,
, , .
. , , -
, . -
.
,
, . -
. :
int main{)
{ Rational = 1, = 2; cour A + endl; return 0; }
, -
- .
: .
,
. . , , -
8. 325
, ,
"". "" - - ,
. -
"", 8.36.
friend.
8.36. Rational, 2

class Rational
( public:
Rational (ULONG n = 0, ULONG d = l):num(n), denum(d) { reduced; I
Rational.5 operator+= (Rational sb) ;
RationalS operator^(Rational b) ;
Rational operator++(int) ;
operator long ) 1 return num/denum; }
friend bool operator (Rational a. Rational b) ;
friend ostreami. operator (ostrearnS t, Rational r) ;
friend istreamS operator (istreamfi t f Rational& a) ;
friend Rational operator*(Rational a. Rational b);
friend Rational operator+(Rational a. Rational b);
private:
ULONG num, denum;
( if (y == 0) return x; else return gcd(y, x%y); }
void reduce();
. , ,
. " " [37].
, .
9
-
-
. , STL
C++.
. "
" .
.

; , -
.
.

, Pascal
. C++ " "
. -
,
,
,
.
, -
, ()
.

, -
.
328 II. -
array. , ,
. -
:
array (const int left, const int right);
,
. ; -
array. -.
array, -
. STL -
, :
. -
-.
. , -
, 0, 1 . ,
67 .
.
[], , .
[]
, .
.
, -
. -
. , -
, ,
.
, . .
, . , STL,
- assign,
, ,
(, )
.
, ,
.
, : -
, ,
.
-
. ,
: ,
,
.
9. 329
, -
. -
, .
- ( ) ,
! . , :
-.; II
,
, . ,
- -
, .
. -
(,
) , .
double. 9.1.
9.1.
class array
{ public:
typedsf unsigned int UINT;
array(UINT size = 10, double k = 0.0);
arraytint 1, int r, double k = 0.0);
array(const array &a) ;
arrayfconst array sa, int 1, int r) ;
arraytconst double * const begin, const double * const end);
-array () ;
doubles operator[](int index);
arrays operator=(const array &a);
arrays assign(const array Sa, int left, int right);
arrays assignfconst double *begin, const double *end);
arrays operator+=(const double sa);
arrays operator-=(const double Sa) ;
arrays operator*^[const double Sa) ;
arrays operator/^(const double sa);
int Left()const; //
int Right()const; //
QINT size()const; //
doubles max value();

doubles min_jvalue () ;
double summa () ;
double product!); //
void operator-{); //
double* find(double a); //
friend array operator+(const array&a, const array sb);
330 . -
friend array operator*{const array&a, const array &b);

friend double product_inner (const array&a, const array &b);
friend ostreamS operator (ostreamS to, const array Sa);
friend istreamS operator (istreamS to, array &a);
private: double* data; //
double dummy; //
int left, right; //
UINT size array; //
typedef ,
UINT unsigned int.
min, max ,
. find_yaiue
, , .

.
, data. -
, .
, -
.
. .
, -
- Destroy (),
delete[].
deleted: . C++
, -
. , .
, ,
~ (). ,
.
. ,
, delete. -
.
-
. 9.2.
| 9.2.
array::array(const double * const begin, const double * const end)

{ if (begin < end)
9. _ 337
i size_array = (end begin) ; //

left = 0; right = size__array 1; //
data = new double [5ize_arrayj ;
copy(begin, end, data) ;
array: : array (const array &a, int 1, ir.t r)

{ if ( (1 < r) ss (a. left <= 1) && (r <= a. right))
{ left = 1; right = r; size_array = (right - left) + 1;
data = new double [size__array] ;
copy(a.data + (1 - a. l e f t ) ,
a . data + (1 a. l e f t ) + size_array, data) ;
array: :~array{) { delete [] data; data =0; }
,
.
, inline-
. : -
(. 8.36)? -
, " ".
,
, . .
[37], " ".
, . .
delete . -
, - -
. , , -
.
-
array :
double [] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9 };
array A; // "" double [10]
array B(a, a + (sizeof (a) /sizeof (double) }); //
array D(a +3, + 7); //
array C(-2, +5); //
array F(-5, +5, 2.2); //
array G(B); //
array X(F,0,5); // array
array Z(20); //
array W(10u, -1.0); //
332 _ II. -

( 10), ( -
, -).
.
"" .
-
.
, .

(, ).
,
, . 10. -
,
. -
9.3.
! 9.3.
S ...................... .. ............... .. .......................................... . .................................... ....................................... .... ............. i.i --- i.;,_., .i,.; ..............................
doubles array: : operator [] (int index)

{ if (left <= index && index <= right} return data[i] ;
else return dummy;
, , ,
-

. , -
"" ( -
).

-
.
,
. "" ,
, . , . -
data
. = . data
A. d a t a ! :
B.size_array, -
, . ,
= ( ) ,
9. 333
(
9.4) .
- 9.4.
arrays a r r a y : :operator= (const array st)

( if { t h i s != fit) //
{ double *new_data = new double [t . size_array] ;
c o p y i t . d a t a , t.data + t.size_array, new_data) ;
delete[] data; //
data = new_data; //
left = t . l e f t ;
right = t. right;
size__array = t . size__array;
}
return *this;
|35J:
-,
swap , -
. 9.5.
9.5.
void Swap (array sother)

{ swapfdata, other. d a t a ) ;
swap (left, other. l e f t ) ;
swap(right, other. right) ;
swap(size__array, other. size_array) ;
}
arrays array: :operator= (const array & t )
( array t e r n p ( t ) ; Swap(temp); return *this; }
. -
:
, .
assign (
9.6).
| 9.6. assign
arrays array: rassign (const array St, int 1, int r)

{ array tempft, 1, r) ;
334 II. -
Swap(temp);
return *this;
}
arrays array::assign(const double *begin, const double *end)
{ array temp(begin, end);
Swap(temp);
return *this;
i
, -
.
, .
9.7. .
i 9.7. - array
void array: :operator~ ( )

{ sort (data, data + size_array) ; }
doubles array: :min_value (}
{ return *min_element (data, data + size_array) ;
double *array: : find_value (double v)
{ double *i = find (data, data + size_array, v) ;
if (I != data + size_array) return i;
else return 0;
- "". -
, -
. ,
9.8, :
, .
| 9.8. ""
array operator* (const array &a, const array &b)

{ if (a. s i z e ! ) == b . s i z e O )
{ array z ( a . size () ) ;
for (int i - 0; i < a . s i z e O f ++i) z [ i ] = a[i] * b [ i ] ;
return z;
}
else return a;
: -
, . . -
9. 335
BOB. , -
9.9.
.,
double array: : operator [] (int index) const

{ if {left <= index &S index <= right)
return data [index];
else return dummy;

, , z
, -
.
STL
9,10.
9.10.
ostreams operator (ostreams to, const array &a)

{ ostream_iterator<double, char> out (to, " ");
copy(a.data, a. data + a. size_array, out);
return to;
}
double product__inner (const array &a, const array &b}
( if (a. sized == b.sizeO)
( double z = innerjproduct (a. data, a.data+a.size_array, b.data, 0.0);
return z ;
,
, -
: , ?
. 11.
""
Matrix, -
. -
. -
(. . 4).
336 II -
. -
, ,
array ,
.
( 9.11).
.11, Matrix
class Matrix
{ public:
Matrix (int n = l r int m = 1, double k = 0.0); //
-Matrix (); //
//
private:
double **data; //
int n; int ; //
};
//
Matrix: :Matrix (int n, int m, double k):n(n), m(m)
{ int i, j;
data = new double* [n];
for (i = 0; i < n; -t-t-i) data ] = new double [m] ;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i>
for (j =0; j < n; ++ j } data[i] [ j ] = k; //
}
//
Matrix : : ~Matrix ( )
( for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i} delete [] data[ij;
delete [] data;
:
1. . -
array. array
Matrix.
2. ,
: m [ i , j]
.
"": array -
"" Matrix:
friend class array;
9. 337
"" , , -
. Matrix -
, friend.
; ) .
:
doubles operator!)(int i r int j) { return data[i][j]; )
double operator!)(int i, int j) const { return data[i][j]; }

array -
.
J
, , -
.

Matrix A(10, 12];
:
A ( i , j) = 12;
double a - ( 0 , 0 ) ;
-
[49]. :
struct Index { int , ; Index(int x, int ):(), !){} };
:
doubles operator[](Index i) ( return data[i.x][i.]; }
,
.
:
A[Index(0, 1) ] = 123;
, -
.
-
C++, - -
A I I H J ] . ,
array. 9.12
Matrix .
338 II. -
; 9.12. Matrix array
class Matrix
( public:
Matrix(int n = 1, int m = 1, double k = 0 . 0 ) ;
-Matrix();
arrays operator[](int i) { return data[i]; }
private:
array *data;
int n;
Matrix::Matrix(int n, int m, double k):n(n}

{ data = new array[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; -f+i)
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) datafi][j] = k;
1
Matrix::-Matrix(}{ delete[] data; }
!
, .
Matrix ( ) -
, array. ,
"" [ ], -
"" :
int main ()
( Matrix A(10, 10);
for {int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) A [ i ] [ i ] = 1;
for (i - 0; i < 10; ++i)
{ for (int j = 0; j < 10; ++j) cout A [ i ] [ j ] ' '; cout endl; }
A [ 0 ] [ 1 ] = 123;
for ;i - 0; i < 10; ++i) cout A[0][i] ' '; cout endi;
return 0;
1

, ( !).
:
array ; // "" double[10]
Matrix M(1G, 10);
- ,
:
[9. . _ 339
// i-
// j-
array.
array
Matrix, array .
: înclude. -
array Array. cpp
, Matrix. -
Matrix :
înclude; "Array. cpp"
. "" "-
" .

,
, -
. , -
. :
struct tt ( string fio; unsigned long tel; };
:
tt[100000] ;
. ,
. STL -
, -
. -
, . -
, .
, :
tt& operator [] (const string &s)
( for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i)
if ( t t [ i ] . f i o == s) return tt[i];
-
- . , -
, -
, , -
340 II. -
,
.

array, , -
, .
,
(. . 4), , -
. -
, .
] ,
.

. , -
, ,
, ,
, .
, . -
, ()
. , -
.
,
. ,
. , -
, .
:
struct Node
( item; Node *next; Node *prev; };

Node, :
Nodeiconst & ) : i t e m ( { ) ) {}

.
STL (STL ) -
"" , -
. ,
, .
9. 341
"", -
"" . "" -
. .
, -
Node. , , -
Deque. Node -
Deque, "" Node.
, 9.13.
I 9.13.
template <class T>

class Deque
{ private:
class Node
{ friend class Deque;
Node(const & a ) : i t e m ( T ( a ) ) ( }
Node{){ }
-Node(){ }
item;
Node *next; //
Node *prev; //
};
Deques operator= (const Deque s.) ; //
Deque(const Deque 5 ] ; //
Node "Head; // ""
Node *Tail; // ""
long count; //
const dummy; //
public:
Deque():dummy((0))
{ Head = Tail = new Node; Tail -> next = Tail -> prev=0; count - 0; }
Deque(const T& a)
{ Head = Tail = new Node; Tail -> next = Tail -> prev=0;
push__front (a) ;
count = 1;
}
-Deque();
bool isEmpty!) const { bool t = (Head == Tail); return t; )
long size() ccnst { return count; }
const T frontt) const
{ if (lisEmptyt)) return Head -> item; else return dummy; }
const T back() const
342 //. -
{ if ( ! isErnpty ( ) ) return Tail -> prev -> item; else return dummy; }
void push_front(const &a) ;
void push_back(const & ) ;
void pop_front() ;
void pop_back();
void Print();
:
Deque dummy,
: front
back, . , -
, ;
-
Deque.
;
"" .
( ^
Deque Borland C++ Builder 6 Visual C++ 7.
Visual C++ 6, Node -
.
.
, .
, . -
, :
teraplate<class T>
Deque<T>: : -Deque ()
( Node *delete_Node = Head;
for (Node *p = Head; p != T a i l ; )
{ p = p -> next; delete deleteJSTode; delete_Node = p; }
delete delete_Node;
}
"" ( -
9.14).
| 9.14. ""
template<class T>
void Deque<T>:.:push_front (const T &a)
1 Node * = new Node { ) ;
9. _ 343
-> next = Head;

-> . prev = 0;
Head -> prev = ;
Head = ;
++count;
1
template<class T>
void Deque<T>: :pop_front ()
{ if (lisEmptyO)
{ Node *p = Head;
Head - Head -> next;
Head -> prev = 0;
count;
delete p;
Deque. -
"" ,
.
""
, : "" ""
(. . 4). [1],
, -
: .
, : -
. -
. ,
.
, ,
"" , . -
:
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;
.
"-
" '( , smart pointers).
"" , , .
: -
.
9.15.
344 II. -
1
" " '
! 9.15. ""
template <class T>

class SmartPtr
{ public:
explicit SmartPtr (T* p) : pointer(p){}
SmartPtr(const SmartPtr &rhs);
-SmartPtr{);
SmartPtrs operator^(const SmartPtr &rhs);
operator* () const
return ^pointer;
T* operator-;-() const
return pointer;
private:
T -pointer;
, ""
. explicit, -
"-
".
, ,
.
, -
"" , :
SmartPtr<double> ip(C);
, 9.16,
.
I 9.16. ""
template<class T>
SmartPtr<T>::-SmartPtr()
{ if (!pointer) delete pointer; }
-
. ,
-,
9. _ __ _ 345
. *
, ->
( 9.17).
| 9. 17.
& operator* {) const

{ if (Ipointer} return ^pointer;
else return dummy;
}
T* operator->() const
{ if f Ipointer) return pointer;
else return sdummy; /
"" -
, "
:
if ( ! i p ) ...
. 9.18.
| 9.18.
bool operator! () const

{ return pointer = = 0 ; }
. -
" " .
, -
(destructive copy), -
STL.
auto_ptr
STL "" ,
auto_ptr. [24] . , ,
, -
( 9.19).
: ....... "" .................... V, ......... -"" ..... * ....... ,.,. .............................. - .......... ..,.,-.,... .................. ..... .^
\ 9. 19. auto_ptr
template <class T>

auto_ptr<T>: : auto_ptr (auto_ptr<T> &rhs)
346 II. -
{ pointer = rhs.pointer; //
rhs.pointer = 0; //
}
template <class T>
auto_ptr<T>& autojptr<T>: :operator= (auto_jptr<T> srhs).
{ if (this != &rhs)
( delete pointer; //
pointer = rhs.pointer; //
rhs.pointer = 0; //
}
return *this;
1
auto_ptr<T>::~auto_ptr()
i delete pointer; }
, -
. ,
. ,
. , -
"" -
.
.
[35|,
:
void f {)
( auto__ptr<T> p_t ( new T ) ; }
"", . .
auto_ptr, .
. ,
. -
, -
. auto_ptr
.
:
auto_ptr<T> f{)
{ return auto_ptr<T> pt ( new T); }
, "" ,
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-
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10
,
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348 II. -
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throw 13; / 7 2
throw s [ i ] ; /7 3 .
- , -
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, :
throw 2*i f c value;
, ,
string s [ 2 3 4 ] ;
- -
. -
, -
.
--
, :
10. . 349
class ZeroArgument)};
ZeroArgument ex;
if (x > 0) double = l o g ( x ) ;
else throw ex;
, - -
:
throw new ZeroArgument{);
, , . . -
"".
( ^
- .
-
, -
.

try, -
"-" catch,
. try
,
:
try ( /* */ }
try
catch. "-" :
catch (__) { /* * / }
_ , -
, :
( ) // 1
{} // 2
(...) // 3
, -
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. -
. ,
350 . - ^
.
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( ),
.
try ,
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catch. try -
, "-
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terminate.
catch -
throw .,
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, -
. try...catch ,
try, catch:
try { // ,
try ( //
>
catchf...){ }
}
catch { //
try { //
}
catch{...){ }

-
. -
. , -
, , 1754. ,
, 1754, .
. -
-
10.1.
10. 351
10.1.
double f ( i n t k)
(try //
{ if (k > 1754) throw " > 1754!";
if (k < 0) throw " < '!";
if (k == 0) return 1;
else return k * f(k 1);
}
catch(const char *s) //
( cout ss endl; }
, .
cout f(5555) endl;
:
> 1754 !
.
Visual C++ 6 "-
" , "-
" I.#INF. , -
throw
. ? -
, -
. "-" , -
.
, -
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catch , .
. ""
main .
,
, . -
: , -
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10.2.
! 10.2.
double f l ( i n t k)
{ if (k > 1754) throw " > 1754!";
352 //. -
if (k < ) throw " < ! " ;

if (k = 0) return 1;
else return k * f ( k 1);
int m a i n ( )
{ try 1 cout f (55555) endl; }
catch (const char 's)
{ cout ss endl; }
return 0;
}
,
.

-
. -
. ,
, -
. "-"
. , -
, -
.
-
. -
, .

( 10.3).
! 10.3.
struct ErrorTriangle
{ unsigned int a, b, c;
const char *message;
ErrorTriangle(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int z,
const char *s): a(x), b(y), c[z), message(s) (}
double triangle{unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int z)

{ if {(x == 0) | I (y == 0) |[ (z 0))
throw new ErrorTriangle(x, y, z, " !");
if ((x + > z) (*& (x + z > y) && (y + z > x} )
{ double p = (x + + z)/2;
10. _ 353
return sqrt ( * ( - ) * ( - ] * ( - z) ) ;
}
else throw new ErrorTriangle(x, , z, "He !");
.
, -
. , -
. -
. , throw
-, . -

catch . -
10.4.
10.4. catch
int ma in ()
{ try { cout triangle(1, 1, 1) endl; )
catch {ErrorTriangle *e) //
{ cout e -> message ' ';
cout e -> a ';' e -> b ';' e -> endl;
return 0;
I

.
, -
.
, , :
void f l ( v o i d ) throw(const char *s, string;;
void f 2 ( v o i d ) throw IZeroDevide);
- ,
- zeroDevide.
:
void f I ( v o i d ) t h r o w ( ) ;
, .
,
.
12 . 1264
354 //. -
,
, -
. ,
, -
. ,
.
,
unexpected ( ) , terminate , , , -
abort!). .
, -
:
void F(void) //
unexpected ( ) :
set_unexpected(my_uriexpected);
terminated :
set_terminate (my__terminated) ;
-
.
uncaugirc_exfception(), -
true, , -
. -
.
,
, -

.
(. . 9) .
( array). -
-
, -
, .
, -
. :
class bad_Index {}; //
class bad_Range 1); //
class bad_Size {};

,
10. 355
, ,
oducthinner.
array, , -
, . -
10.5.
10.5. array
array::array(UINT size, double k)

( if (size > 0)
{ l e f t = 0;
right = size 1;
si?,e_array = size;
data = new double[size_array];
fill_ri (data, size_array, k) ;
1
else throw new bad_Size;
'
array::array(int 1, int r, double k)
{ if (1 < r)
{ size_array = (r 1} + 1;
left = 1;
right = r;
data = hew double[size_array];
fill_n(data, size_array, k);
}
else throw new bad_Range;
}
array::array(const array &a, int 1, int r)
{ if ((1 < r) ss (a.left <= 1) && (r <= a.right})
{ left = 1;
right = r;
size_array = (right left) + 1;
data = new double[size_array];
copy(a.data + (1 a.left),
a.data + (1 a.left) + size_array, data};
1
else throw new bad__Range;
}
doubles array::operator[](int index}
{ if (left <= index SS index <= right) return data[index];
else throw new badIndex;
356 _ II. -
double array: :operator[] (int index) const

( if (left <= index && index <= right) return data [index];
else throw new bad_Index;
double product_inner (const array &a, const array &b)

{ if ( a . s i z e ( ) == b . s i z e ( ) )
{ double z = inner jproduct (a. data, a. data + a. size_array,
b.data, 0 . 0 ) ;
return z;
}
else throw new array: :bad_Size;
}
array operator* (const array &a, const array &b)
{ if (a. sized b.size()]
( array z (a. size () ) ;
for (int i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i) z [i] = a[i] * b[i];
return z;
}
else throw new array: :bad_Size;
, , "" -
-, -
- array. ,
assign!) , . . -
.
bad_index, , :
double [] = { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
array (, + (sizeof(a) / sizeof (double) } ) ;
array G(B) ;
double aa;
int index = G.sizeO;
try { aa = product_inner (B, G) ;
mm: cout G [index] endl; // 1,
1
catch (array : :bad_Index *e)
{ cout "Index out of range!" endl;
index = 0;
goto mm;
1

array. ,
10. 357^
. 1 -
bad_index ( try -
), ,
0, try
. -
, , catch.
( }
Borland C++Builder 6
try, .
, , -
-
. -
, . -
, . -
.
, , -
(, ) .
.
, :
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;
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catch, -
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,
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C++ , -
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, . . ,
. -
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. --
.
, 11, -
.
358 II. -
array
: bad_Range, bad_lndex bad_Size. -
.
array. -
. , ;
array_exception, /:
class array_exception {}; //
class bad__Range: public array_exceptioii { } ; // -
class bad__Index: public array_exception { } ; // -
class bad_Size : public array_exception { } ; // -
,
10.6.
10.6.
class exception { / / . . . };
class logic_error : public exception { / / . . . };
class domain_error : public logic_error ( / / . . . };
class invalid_argument : public logic_error { / / . . . };
class length_error : public logic_error { / / . . . } ;
class out_of_range : public logic__error { / / . . . | ;
class runtime_error : public exception { / / . . . } ;
class range_error : public runtime_error { / / . . . };
class overflow_error : public runtime_error { II...}
class underflow_error : public runtirr,e__error { / / . . . } ;
class bad_cast : public exception { //... };
class bad__alloc : public exception { / / . . . };
class bad_tipeid : public exception { II... } ;
class bad_exception : public exception ( II... } ;
class i s s _ b a s e : : f a i l u r e : public exception { II... };
.

. -
, exception. -
:
#include <stdexcept>
, try "--
" catch.
catch : ( try)
, .
catch .
10. 359
:
bad_aiicc, new
;
bad_cast bad_typeid, RTTI
(Run-Time Type Information! . . //);
runtime_error, - -
.
- what ,

Borland C++ Builder 6. 10.7.
! 10.7. what
înclude <stciexcept>
înclude <string>
void f ( ! f throw runtime_error("a runtime e r r o r " ) ; }
int main (}
{ string s;
try { s.replaceddd, 1, 1, ' c ' ) ; }
catch (const exceptions, e)
{ cout "Got an exception: " e.whatO endl; }
try { f () ; }
catch {const exceptions e)
{ cout "Got an exception: " e.whatO endl; }
return 0;
\
:
Got an exception: basic__string
Got an exception: a runtime error
-
replace ,
runtime_error f.
catch;
, -
- -
. -
. 11.
11
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362 II. -
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. 11.1 -
.
11.1.
-

struct class
public public private

protected public private
private
public public public public
protected public protected protected
private public
public protected protected protected
protected protected protected protected
private protected
11. 363
11.1 ()

struct class
public private private private
protected private private private
private private
, ,
, . .
public, -
. , -
protected , private
.

. -
.
"":
- "" -, .
. [23] , "
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: " ".
, Derived ()
Base (), ,
Derived Base. ! -
, , .
- ,
. Windows,
, .
, , ,
Derived. - ,
11.1, .
11.1- ""
class Clock { . . . ) ; //
class Alarm: public Clock {...}; //
void settime{Clock &c, time t); //
364 . -
void setalarm (Alarm &a, time t ) ; //

Clock C; // -
Alarm A; // -
settimefC, t ) ; //
settime (A, t ) ; // -
setalarm(A r t ) ; //
setalarm(C, t ) ; // :
, -
.
-
: -
, .
Base 11.2.
11.2.
class Base
( public:
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>'
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Point2D{double x, double y): x(x), y(y) {}
Point2D(const Point2D fit): x(t.x), y(t.y) (}
void Print() const { cout '<' x ',' >'
double getx() const { return x; }
double getyO const { return y; }
private:
double x, y;
366 It. -
f
class Point3D: public Point2D
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Point3D(double x, double y, double z) : Point2D(x, y) , z ( z ) U
double g e t z ( ) const ( return z; }
private:
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i,
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Jf. 367
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368 !!. -
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{ public: Derived!) { cout " D e r i v e d f ) " endl; }
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11. 369
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1;
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void Print()const { cout a ';'; }
private:
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{ public:
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void Print()const { cout b ';'; }
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pb = new Base{2); // ->
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11. 373
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pb -> Print ; // : :Print (}
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376 II. -
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char ;
float X;
// type_info::operator^()
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cout " X ." endl;
else cout " X ." endl;
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cout " " typeid(A).name(] ":"
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pA - a;
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void fl(void) {...}; //
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11. 379
( f(); // 1
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extern int x; //
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{ cout endl; }
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std::cout "pi = " pi std::endl;
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namespace ( // namespace
float pi = 10.0001F; // pi
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*
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/***
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*
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12. 359
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double f(double) // ""

{ cout 'f endl; return 0; }
int main(void)
{ double f*p[3])(double); //
[0] = sin;
[1] = cos; //
[2] = f; //
cout [0](1) endl; // sin(l.O)
cout p[l](1) endl; // cos(1.0)
cout [2](1) endl; // f(1.0)
return 0;
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12. 391
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function t (int);
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{ return strcmp (static_cast<const User*> (m) ->name,
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12. 393
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float f(float x) //
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double epsilon = 10e-5)
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f (),
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{ for (int i = 0;i < k; i++) b[i] *= 2; }
void F(double a[], int n, void (*f){double m[], int n)...)
{ typedef void (*pf) (double rn[], int n) ;
double **pp = (double **)f; // ""
while (*pp != NULL) // NULL
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12. 395
{ double V [ 1 0 j ;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) V [ i ] = i;
for (i = 0 ; i < 10; ++i) cout V [ i ] ' ';
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void f 2 (double b[], int k) //
{ for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) b[i] *= 2; }
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void ff (double a [ ] , int n, typeFunc tp [ ] , . . . }

{ //
typedef void (*pfl) (double r n [ ] , int n, int k) ;
typedef void (*pf2) (double m [ ] , int n} ;
va_list p; //
va_start(p, tp) ; //
for (int i = 0; tp[i] ; i++) // !=
{ switch ( t p [ i ] )
{ case typel: // 1
{ p f l pp = va_arg(p, p f l ) ; //
pp (a, n, 3) ; //
break;
case type2: // 2
12. _ 397
( pf2 = va arg(p, p f 2 ) ; //

(, ) ; //
break;
va_end(p) ; // ""
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:
typeFunc tp[3] = { typel, type2, end } ; //
:
ff(V, 10, tp, f l , f2); //
NULL , . . -
.
int main (void)
( double V[10]; //
for (int i - 0; i < 10; ++i)
V[i] = i; //
for (i =0; i < 10; ++i)
cout V[i] ' '; //
cout endl;
typeFunc tp[3] = ( typel, type2, end } ; //
ff(V, 10, tp, "fl, f2); //
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
cout V[i] ' '; // -
cout endl;
return 0;
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( string s = "il23456789"; //
enum States //
{ Start,
NextLetter, //
Error, //
Finish
1;
States x = Start; //
int i = 0;
while((x != Finish) && (x != Error)) //
{ switch(x) //
{ case Start:
if (isLetter(s[i]JJ{ i++; x = NextLetter; }
else x = Error;
break;
case NextLetter:
if (isNextLetter(s[ij)) { i++; x - NextLetter; }
else x = Finish;
break;
case Error:
cout s " !" end!;
break;
400 _ //. -
cout s endl;
return 0;
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I 12.6.
fp Finish(const char ch)

{ return (fp)NULL; } //
fp Error(const char ch)
{ cout ch " !" endl;
return (fp)NULL; //
}
fp NextLetter(const char ch)
{ if (isNextLetter(ch)} return (fp)NextLetter;
else return (fp)Finish;
fp Start(const char ch)

{ if (isLetter(ch)) return (fp)NextLetter;
else return (fp)Error;
12. _ 401
int main (void)

{ string s ="112345.";
States x = Start; //
int i = 0;
while (x != NULL}
( x = ( S t a t e s ) x ( s [i++] ) ; } //
cout s endl;
return 0;
:
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bool operator() (int number) const
{ number = abs(number);
if (number == 0 I | number == 1) return false;
int divisor;
for (divisor = number/2; number%divisor != 0; divisor);
return divisor == 1;
}
- :
list<int> L;
list<int>::iterator pos; //
// 20 40
for (int i - 20; i <= 40; ++i) L.push_back(i);
pos = find_if (L.beginO, L.endO, isPrimeO); //
if (pos != L . e n d O ) cout *pos " " endl;
else cout " " endl;
//
cout count__if (L.beginO, L . e n d O , isPrimeO) endl;
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class Person (
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string name; //
Date date; //
Address address; //
int dep; //
int children; //
bool sex; //
:
vector<Person> V(100) ;
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404 II. -
12.8. lessthan
template <class type_elem>

class lessthan (
public:
less (type_elem v) ; v_(v) {} //
bool operator!) ( type_elem v)
{ return v < v_; }
private:
type_elera v_;
(equaisto ,
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vector <Person> filter{vector <Person> &v, lessthan<T>(x));
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template <class type_eleni, typename Comp = equalsto<type_elem> >

class Compares
{ public:
Compares(const type_elem& v a l ) : v _ ( v a l ) { }
bcol operator!) ( type_elem val) { return Comp(val); }
private:
type_elem v_;
I;
2. 405
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template <class , class Cornp >
vector<Person> filter (const vector<Person> &w, Compares<T, Comp>(x))
:
vector<Person> {10);
bb = filter(bb, Compares<int>(3));
:
bb - filter{, Compares<Date, lessthen<Date> >(Date(22, 02, 1953)));

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binary_function. " ",
. -
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#include <functional>
template <class Arg, class Result>
struct unary_function {
typeclef Arg argument_type;
typedef Result result__type;
};
template <class Argl, class Arg2, class Result>
struct binary_function {
typedef Argl first__argument_type;
typedef Arg2 second argument type;
i
typedef Result result_type;
};
template <class _Tp>
struct equal_to : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp, bool>
{ bool operator()(const _Tp& x, const _Tp& y! const f return x == y; }
1;
struct plus : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp>
{ _Tp operator () (const _Tp& x, const _Tp& y) const { return x + y; }
406 _ . -

struct negate : public unary__function<_Tp,_Tp>
{__Tp operator ( ) (const _Tp x) const { return -x; }
};
struct logical_and : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool>
{ bool operator (} (const _JTp& x, const _?& y) const { return x && y; }
};
struct logical_not : public unary__function<_Tp, bool>
{ bool operator () (const _Tp& x) const ( return ! _ x; }
);
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template<class Arg>
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{ public:
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{ Arg a = 1;
for (Arg i = 2; i <= arg; i++) a *= i;
return a;
-, . -
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int init[7] - { 1, 2, 3, 4, "5, , 7 };
deque<int> d(init, init + 7) ; // -
vector<int> v(7); // -
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{ public:
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private:
Singleton(); //
Singleton(const Singleton &sg) ;
Singletons operator^(const Singleton &sg) ; //
-Singleton ); //
static Singleton * instance^;
};
Singleton * Singleton::instance_= 0; //
Singleton * Singleton::Instance!)
{ if (instance^ == 0) instance_ = new Sigleton();
return instance ;
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template <class T>

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explicit Queue'); //
bool empty() const = 0;
const front!) const = 0;
const backf) const = 0;
void push_back(const &) =0;
void pop_front() = 0;
I;
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double pow2(const int n)
{ double n2 = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < n+1; ++i) n2 *= 2;
return n2;
12. 411
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cout pow2(0) endl;
cout pow2(10) endl;
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tfifndef POW2_HPP
#define POW2_HPP
// 2 N
ternplate<int N>
class Pow2 {
public: enuiti { result = 2 * Pow2<N-l>: : result };
};
//
templateo
class Pow2<0> {
public: enum { result = _ 1 };
};
ttendif // POW2_HPP
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#include "pow2.hpp" //
int main ()
{ std::cout "Pow2<10>:iresult = " Pow2<10>::result '\n'; }
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template<int , int N>

class Pow {
public: enum { result = * PovKK, N-l>::result 1;
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template<int K>
class Pow<K, 0> {
public: enum { result = 1 };
"" () :
cout "Pow<3, 0>::result = " Pcw<3, 0>::result '\n';
cout "Pow<5, 3>::result = " Pow<5, 3>::result '\n';
:
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template <typenaine T>
inline product (int dim, T* , * )
{ result = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i)
result += a[i] * b[i];
return result;
}
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int main()
( double a [ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 };
double b [ 3 ] - { 5, 6, 7 };
cout "product(3, a, b) = " product(3, a, b) endl;
cout '"product (3, a, a) = " product(3, a, a) endl;
}
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a[0]*b[0] + a[l]*b[l] + [2]*[2]
12.16.
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//
template <int DIM, typename T>
class Product {
public:
static result (* , * b) {
return *a * *b + Product<DIM~l, T>::result(a+1, b+1);
//
template <typename >
class DotProduct<l, T> {
public:
static result (* , * b) ( return *a * *b; }
};
// "" Product
template <int DIM, typename T>
inline product (* , * b)
{ return Product<DIM, T>::result(, ; }
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cout "product<3>(a, b) = " product<3>(a, b) endl;
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typedef unsigned int UINT;
typedef long LONG;
typedef unsigned long DWORD;
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typedef float FLOAT;
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typedef char *PSZ;
13. Windows . 419
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ftdefine UNICODE // Unicode

#define JJNICODE
ttinclude <windows.h>
înclude <tchar.h> //
#include <conio.h>
înclude <iostream.h> //
//
BOOL PrintMsg(HANDLE hOut, LPCTSTR pMsg);
BOOL PrintStrings(HANDLE hOut, ...);
int main(char argc, char ** _targv)

{ int k; //
HANDLE hStdOut; // ""
//
hStdOut = CreateFile(_T("CONOUT$"), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL,
QPEN__ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL) ;
SetConsoleMode(hStdOut, //
ENAELE_WRAP_AT_EOL_OUTPUT I ENABLE_PROCESSED_OUTPUT);
TCHAR* pr = _T(" : "); //
PrintMsg(hStdOut, pr); //
cin k; //
13. Windows _ 423
//
PrintMsg(hStdOut, CharUpper(_T (" : \") ) ) ;
//
TCHAR s t r l [ 3 ] ; _ i t o t ( k , strl, 10); s t r l [ 2 ] = 0;
for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i++l //
{ TCHAR str2[3]; _itot(i, str2, 10); s t r 2 [ 2 ] = 0;
int d = k * i; //
TCHAR s t r 3 [ 3 ] ; _itot(d, str3, 10); s t r 3 [ 2 ] = 0;
TCHAR *st = new TCHAR [25]; //
for (int j = 0; j < 25; ++ j ) //
at[i] - _ T ( " \ 0 " ) ;
//
st = wcscatfst, str2);
st = wcscatfst, _T("*"));
st = wcscat{st, strl);
st = wcscatfst, T("="));

st = wcscat(st, str3) ;
st = wcscatfst, _T("\n"));
PrintMsgfhStdOut, st) ; //
)
getch ( ) ; //
return 0;
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BOOL PrintStrings(HANDLE hCut, . . . )

{ DWORD MsgLen, Count;
LPCTSTR pMsg;
va_list pMsgList;
va_start(pMsgList,hOut);
while ((pMsg = va_arg(pMsgList, LPCTSTR)) != NULL)
{ MsgLen = Istrlen(pMsg);
if (!WriteConsole(hOut, pMsg, MsgLen, sCount, MULL)) return FALSE;
)
return TRUE;
};
BOOL PrintMsg(HANDLE hOut, LPCTSTR pMsg)
( return PrintStrings(hOut, pMsg, NULL); }
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13.3.
int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hi, // "" ()

HINSTANCE hP, // "" ()
LPSTR IpszCmdLine, //
int nCmdLine) //
{ MSG msg; //
HWND hwnd; // ""
static char szClassName [] = "FirstPrograrn"; //
//
if (IRegClass(hi, WndProc, szClassName)| return FALSE;
//
hwnd = CreateWindow(
szClassName, //
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CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, //
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, //
, //
hi, // ""
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if (Ihwnd) return FALSE; //
ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL) //
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //
while(GetMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0) //
{ TranslateMessage(Smsg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
return msg.wParam;
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13. Windows 427
13.4.
BOOL RegClass(HINSTANCE hlnst, WNDPROC WndProc, LPCTSTR szName)

( WNDCLASS we; //
we. style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; //
wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; // ,
we. IpszMenuName = NULL; // ,
we. IpszClassName = szName; //
we. hlnstance = hlnst; // ""
//
wc.hlcon = LoadIcori(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
//
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject (LTGRAY_BRUSH) ; //
wc.cbClsExtra = we. cbWndExtra = 0;
return (RegisterClass (fiwc) != 0) ; //
.
we. style = CS_HREDRAW I CS_VREDRAW;
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HWND hwnd, // ""
UINT msg, //
WPARAM wParam, //
LPARAM IParam) //
[ switch(msg)
{ case WM_CREATE: //
MessageBox(hwnd, " WM_CREATS", //
"!", //
MB_OK|MB_ICONWARNING); // <!>
return 0;
case WM_LBUTTONDOWN //
MessageBox(hwnd, " WM_LBUTTONDOWN ", "!",
MB_OK.|MB_ICOtIINFORMATIOH) ; // <i>
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY: //
MessageBox(hwnd, " WM_DESTROY ", "!",
MB_OK|MB_ICONQUESTION); // '<?>
PostQuitMessage(0); // WM_QUIT
13. Windows 429
return 0;
//
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, msg, wParam, IPararn)
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tfdefine IDM_MULT_2 1002
#define IDM_EXIT 1003
ttdefine IDM_ABOUT 1004
,
.
"": "" -
, "" :
static HMENU hMenu, hFirstMenu, hAbout;
, (, "")
,
.

WM_CREATE,
(. .5) , 13.6.
| 13.6.
hMenu = CreateMenu(); //
hFirstMenu = CreatePopupMenu(}; //
AppendMenu(hFirstMenu, MF^STRING, IDM_MOLT_1, " no-");
AppendMenu (hFirstMenu, MF_3TRINGr IDM__MULT_2, " ") ;
AppendMenu (hFirstMenu, MF__SEPARATOR, 0, NULL); // -
AppendMenu(hFirstMenu, MF_STRING, IDM_EXIT, "");
//
AppendMenu (hMenu, MF__POPUP, (UINT) hFirstMenu, "");
hAbout = CreatePopupMenu(); //
AppendMenu(hAbout, MF_STRING, IDM_ABOUT, " ");
//
AppendMenu(hMenu, MF_POPUP, (UINT)hAbout, "?");
SetMenulhwnd, hMenu); //
DrawMenuBar(hwnd); //
13. Windows 433
, , "" -
, Windows.

, -
WM_CREATE . ,
,
Createwindow.
. -
"". . -
, , -
. ( ) -
, .
13-7.
1 13.7.
struct OneButton {
long style; //
char 'text; //
const int NH = 11;

OneButton flags[NN] = //
{ BS_CHECKBOX, "x 1", BS_CHECKBOX, "x 2",
BS_CHECKBOX, "x 3", ES_CHECKBOX, "x 4",
BS_CHECKBOX, "x 5", BS_CHECKBOX, "x 6",
BS^CHECKBOX, "x 7", BS_CHECKBOX, "x 8",
BS__CHECKBOX, "x 9", BS_CHECKBOX, "xlO",
BS_CHECKBOX, "Bee"
};
OneButton GroupFlags = { BS_GROUPBOX, " " };
OneButton button = { BS_PUSHBUTTON, "" };
,
GroupFlags. -:
ttdefine ID_ALL 4010
, ,
40004009. , -
-"":
static HWND hGroupFlags;
static HWND hflags[NN];
434 III Windows
, -
:
. . -
:
HOC hdc; // -
TEXTMETRIC tm; //
hdc = GetDC(hwnd); // ""
//
SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)};
GetTextMetrics(hdc, stm); //
cxChar = tm.traAveCharWidth; //
cyChar = tm.tmHeight; //
ex = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
//
= tm.tmHeight + tm.tmExternalLeading;
//
SetBkColor(hdc, GetSysColor(COLOR_BTNFACE));
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc); //
, ,
( 13.8). ,
.
; 13.8.
; '....: '. ', .' : ': .:::: ."...!
//
hGxoupFlags = CreateWindow)
"button", GroupFlags.text,
WS_CHILDIWS_VISIBLEIGroupFlags.style,
cxChar, cyChar,
21 * cxChar, 7 * cyChar + 5,
hwnd, 0, hlnst, NULL);
//
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth + 5;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight * 2;
for (i = 0; i < NN/2; i++)
hflags[i] = CreateWindow(
"button", flags[i].text,
WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|flags[i].style,
cxChar, cyChar + tm.tmHeight*!,
60, cyChar/2f
hwnd, () (4000 + i), hlnst, NULL);
13. Windows 435
II
cxChar = tra.tmAveGharWidth + 85;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight * 2;
for (i = 5; i < NN; i++)
hflagsfi] =? CreateWindow(
"button", flags[i].text,
WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|flags[i].style,
cxChar, cyChar + tm.tmHeight*(i - 5),
60, cyChar/2,
hwnd,(HMENU)(4000 + i), hlnst, NULL);
//
static HWND hLabel;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight;
hLabel = CreateWindow(
.
"static",. " ",
WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE,
cxChar, cyChar,
160, cyChar + tm.tmHeight/2,
hwnd,0,hlnst,NULL);
//
static HWND hButton;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight*6 -f 5;
hButton = CreateWindow(
"button", button.text,
WS_CHILD[WS_VISIBLE|button.style,
cxChar, cyChar,
160, 2 * tm.tmHeight,
hwnd,(HMENU)ID BUTTON, hlnst, NULL);
, .
"" -
"" .
( static). 1 -
- ID_BUTTON:
tdefine ID_BUTTQN 2000
: -
, - -"":
const char *szList[10] - "", "", "",
"", "", "",
"", " ", "", ""
436 III. Windows
tfdefine ID_LISTBOX 3000

static HWND hListBox;
-
:
cxChar = trrutmAveCharWidth + 160;
cyChar 2 * tin. tmHeight;
hListBox = CreateWindow(
"listbox", NULL,
WS_CHILD!WS_VISIBLSIWS_VSCROLL|LBS_NGTIFY|WS_BORDER,
cxChar, cyChar,
160, 5 * tm.tmHeight,
hwnd,(HMENU)ID_LISTBOX,hInst,NULL);
for {i = C; i < 10; ++i] //
SendMessage(hListBox, LB_ADDSTRIKG, 0, (LPARAM) szList[i]);
:
SendMessage(hListBox, LB_SETCURSEL,0,0);
WM^CREATE
:
return 0;

(. 13.5) -
wM__coiAMD. , -
. ""
-,
-. -
wParam.
.
13.9.
13.9.
WM_COMMAND:
switch(LOWORD(wParam)i
{ case IDM_EXIT: //
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, OL) ;
return 0;
case IDM_MULT_1: // no-
SendMessage(hflags[10], BM SETCHECK, FALSE, OL) ;
13. Windows 437
for (i = 0; i < 1C;

( SendMessage(hfIags[i], BM_SETCHECK, FALSE, OL);
EnableWindow(hflags[i], TRUE};
m2[i] = result[i] = 0;
return 0;
case ID__ALL: // ""
case IDM_MULT_2: //
// ?
if (!SendMessage(hflags[10], BM_GETCHECK, 0, OL))
{ SendMessage(hflags[10], BM_SETCKECK, TRUE, OL) ;
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) .//
{ SendMessage(hflags[i], BK_SETCHECK, TRUE, OL) ;
EnableWindow(hflags[i], FALSE); //
m2[i] = 1 + 1 ;
I

else
{ SendMessage(hflags[10], BM_SETCHECK, FALSE, OL!;
for {i = 0; i < 10; ++i) //
{ SendMessage(hflags[i], BM_SETCHECK, FALSE, OL) ;
EnableWindow(hflags[i TRUE); //
m2[i] = result[i] = 0, //
I
return 0;
case IDM_ABOUT: // " "
if(!IsWindow(hAbout)) //
hAbout = CreateWindowt
szClassAbout, " ",
WS_POPUPWIOW|WS_VISIBLE|WS_CAPTION,
CW__USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
strlen(" ") * ex * 1.5
hwnd, 0, hlnst, MULL);
return 0;
case ID_BUTTON: //
for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{ r e s u l t [ i ] = ml * m 2 [ i ] if(result[i]) All = true; }
if (All) //
{ if(!IsWindow(hMulti)) //
hMulti = CreateWindow(szClassMulti,
" ",
WS POPUPWINDOWIWS VISIBLEIWS CAPTION,
438 III. Windows
CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,
strlenf" ") * ex * 1.5, * 12,
hwnd, 0, hlnst, NULL);
}
else
MessageBox(
hwnd, " He !",
"",
MB__OK|MB_ICONERROR) ;
return 0;
case 4000:case 4001:case 4002: //
case 4Q03:case 4004:case 4005:
case 4006:case 4007:case 4008:case 4009:
i = LOWORD{wPararn) - 4000; m2[i] = i + 1;
if(!SendMessage(hflags[i], BM_GETCHECK, 0, OL))
SendMessage{hflags[i], BM_SETCHECK, TRUE, OL) ;
else
SendMessage(hflags[i], BM_3ETCHECK, FALSE, OL) ;
return 0;
case ID_LISTBGX: //
if(HIWORD(wParam) == LBN_SELCHANGE)
{ ml - SendMessage(hListBox, LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0) + 1; }
return 0;
J
, , -
, , -
, "". -
SendMessage, "",
- , -
. , :
SendMessage(hflags[10], BM_GETCHECK, O f OL)
:
SendMessage(hflags[ij, BM_SETCHECK, TRUE, OL) ;
EnableWindow{hflags[i], FALSE);
ID_ABOUT -
.
(popupwindow) . -
, . -
. "", -

:
13. Windows 439
if (IRegClass(hi, WndAbout, szClassAbout)) return FALSE;

if (IRegClass(hi, WndMulti, szClassMulti)) return FALSE;
.
WM_PAINT.
. , -
,
WinAPI, - Graphics Device Interface (GDI) -
. 13.10
.
i 13.10.
LRESULT CALLBACK WndAbout {

HWND hwnd,
UINT msg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM 1 Pa ram)
{ HOC hdc; //
PAINTSTRUCT pc; //
RECT rect; //
switch (msg)
f case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint {hwnd, spc) ;
GetClientRect (hwnd, firect) ;
SetBkColor{hdc, GetSysColor (CCLOR_BTNFACE) ) ;
DrawText (hdc, " \ n \
-1, &rect, DT__CENTER|DT_VCENTER) ;
EndPaint (hwnd, &pc) ;
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProcihwnd, msg, wParam, IParam) ;
BeginPaint ,
GetciientRect ,
, ,
SetBkColor.
DrawText,
, .
' \ ' . -
.
EndPaint ( ) .
. 13.5.
440 III. Windows
. 13.5.
, ,
. ,
. ,
13.11, WM_PAINT.
13.11.
LRESULT CALLBACK WndKulti (

HWND hwnd,
U INT ir.sg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM IParam)
{ HDC hdc; // -
PAINTSTRUCT pc; //
RECT rect;
char szString[200] = {0}; /'/
char szBuffer[20] = {0}; //
switch (msg)
f case WM_PAINT:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; --i) //
{ if <m2[i]l
{ . sprintf (szBuffer, "%2d x %2d = %2d\n" , m2[i], ml, result [i] );
strcat (szString, szBuffer) ;
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &pc) ;

GetClientRect (hwnd, Srect) ;
SetBkColor (hdc, GetSysColor [COLOR_BTNFACE) ) ;
DrawTexr(hGC, szString, -1, &rect, DT_CENTER| DT_VCENTER) ;
EndPaint (hwnd, &pc) ;
return 0 ;
return DefWindow?(hwnd, msg, wParam, IParam);
.
-
73. Windows 441
, / stdio.h.
"" .

, .
,
(. 13.6), (. 13.7).
[= F< \
1 X 7= 7
i
3x8 --*

2 7= 5 8
7 = 21 7 8 = 56
4 7-28 8 8 = 4
5 7 = 35 8 = 80
7 = 42
7 7 = 49
8 7 = 56
9 7 = 63
7 = 70
. 13.6. . 13.7.

,
, .
, -
Windows. WinAPI?
, WinAPI
. ,
. -
Windows,
, -
. , -
. , -
-
.
( ) -
:
we. hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_BTNFACE - 1) ;
, -
. "" , , .
.
" Windows 95"
"HelloWin", " ".
44g III. Windows
-, , -
. -,
. , "" "": -
, , .
-
.
"".
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"",
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14

. Windows
WinAPI -
. "" .
, Borland
, -
. Pascal Delphi, a
C++ C++ Biulder. -
- VCL (Visual Compo-
nent Library), , ,
. -
. -
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1
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)
. .
(<Ctrl>+<F9>) (<F9>) -
, "" ,
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.
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.
444 III. Windows
2
( )
.
(. 14.1).
Standard j Additional {. Win32 1 Susteml DatnAceea! DataCortiolH dbExwess] DataSnaol BDE 1-lLL
A 35
I l* ^j i* :~
. 14.1.
GroupBox ( -
, ) Button ()
Standard.
11 checkBox
(),
( ).
.
,
<Shift>. -
.
,
. 14.2.
. &i . -inui
.- GioupBoxV " : GroupBon2 "
:;
CheckBoxl CheckBox2 ' iCornboBuKl C

. . ~-5 ;
' CheckBox3 Check8ox4
-', CheckBon5 CheckBonG
1 CheckBox? CheckBoxB
! OieckBox9 CheckBoxlO
CheckBonll Bultonl
. 14.2.
. -
(Design Mode) Object Inspector,
, 14.3.

.
14. 445
Properties
AJigi albione
AlphaBlend .false
Alpha8tendVak255
S Anchors
AuioScrotl
AutoS'i
BiDiMode
BorderStyle
j Boide Width
j Caption
. 14.3. Object Inspector
-
. , ,
, . -
. , -
, , . -
, .
.
.
, caption (. )
. .
:
Font , ;
Align ;
TabOrder
<>;
Tabstop <>;
Hint , ;
G Enabled / ;
visible / ;
G Left, Top, width, Height -
.
, ,
(Name). , -
. , -
checkboxi , -
TCheckBOK* checkboxi.
446 III. Windows
Tag ( ).
,
, .
, -
. ,
Checked, true, , false,
.
ComboBox items. ,
. .
.
, Text itemindex,
() .
, .
, .
, . 14.4.
"*""""
|-1 '""'1 - "'
1
! 1 2 (;,; ( -
> '.
" 4
5* 6
7 8

,

| : '.
. 14.4.
. TMainMenu
,
. 14.5.
. -
:
?, .
:
-
;
;
.
14. 447
(Tl fm Main ->Main Menu!
AIM-F4
. 14.5.
, & caption
"". ,
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" " (
shortcut). Radioitem
().
(. . 14.5) : -
, . . -
: , -
-
, .
, /
/. -
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Events
Object Inspector, . 14.6.
onclick,
. , -
Object Inspector
.
- (. 14.7).
448 III. Windows
^-- ; î
:
|cb_all - _^J
Properties Events j
I Action JTJjt.
I OnClick cb_alOck
[ QnContextPopi
!
i OnDtsgDrap
i DnDtagOver
\ OnEndDQck

DnE ndDfag
: DnEnter
. ,; OnEnit
. OnKeyDown .
' OnKeyPress ^J
All shown
. 14.6. Object Inspector

,
.
Main.cpp
Main.cpp j ResA'cpp] About.cppj

ttJ Qjj Multiply Classes
ivoid fastceJJ. TfmHain: : c b l O C l i c k ( T O b j e c t ^Se.
. 14.7.
, ,
.
N2->Checked = !(cb_all->Checked);
H3->Checked = cb all->Checked;
14. 449
N2 , N3 .
onclick ,
,
cb_aii->checked.
, cb_aii, -
, checkBox
. " ", 14.1.
14.1. / (1)
if (cb_all->Checked! !
cbl->Checked = true;
cbl->Enabled = false;
cb2->Chec:<ed = true;
cb2->Enabled = false;
cb3->Checked = true;
cb4->Enabled = f a l s e ;
cblO->Checked = true;
cblO->Enabled = false;
}
else {
cbl->Enabled = true;
cb2->Enab!ed = true;
cb3->Enablea = true;
cb4->Enabled = true;
cb7->Enabled - true;
cblO->Enabled = true;
I
450 _ III. Windows
, 14.2.
'!. ..................... ................... ..... - ............. .......... - ........................................................................ ....... ...................... ...... . .......... ......... ; ............. ..............
I 14.2. / ( 2)
if (cb_all->Checked) {
for (int i 1; i < 11; i++) {
TCheckBox* cb_control =
(TCheckBox*) freMain->FindCornponent ("cb" + InrToStr (i) ) ;
cb_control->Checked = true;
cbcontrol->Enabled = false;
else {
for (int i = 1; i < 11; i++) {
TCheckBox* cb_control =
(TCheckBox"] FindComponent ("cb" + IntToStr ( i ] ) ;
cbcontrol->Enabled = true;
FindComponent ( )
. , -
TComponent* ( ). -
, , cbx, -
1 10.
,
-:
cb_all->Checked = false;

cb_all->Checked = true;
.
,
. 14.8.
4
. File { New j
New Form. , ""
Label . -
, . 14.9.
14. 451
' .*tt*l

'- 17 ::
5- . - 1> '
17 '-I- -P ;'.
17
. 14.8.

; ; ;
. -
! ','.-"-'.
" ".
', - -
"" .
Copyright - !iic,2t)Q3
01
. 14.9.
, h, cpp
( ) dfm (-). h- -
. ? -
:
fmAbout->ShowModal();
:
, .
closed.
.
5
: Grid
(, ) . . 14.10.
452 III. Windows
. 14.10.
, -
. h- .
.
.
, -
.
, Projects | Options
( . 14.11).

Forms.
,
14.3.
14.3.
int , k = 0;
TfmResult* resfrrn = new TfmResult (this) ;
= ComboBoxl->lternIndex+l;
for (int 1 = 1 ; i < 11; i++){
TCheckBox* cb_control = (TCheckBox*)FindComponent("cb" + IntToStr(i));
if (cb_control->Checked){
resfrm~>AddResultLine(i, y);
14. 453
if (k > 0) resfrm->Show();
else MessageBoxf this->Handle, "", "", M3- OK | MB ICONEXCLAMATICN);
Project Options for MuBtiply.ene
Pascal . Linker Advanced Linket

Version Info I Packages Tasm CQRBA j CodeGuard
Forms Application I Compiler | Advanced Compiler; j C++-
Mainform: ffmMdn
Aulo-cieale forms' Available f rams'

fmMain
IrrAboul
Cancel Help
. 14.11.
, , , .
-
. -
, ,
ftddResuitLine(i, ) -
.
, ,
, WinAPl MessageBox.
, , -
. , , , -
,
. 14.12.
AddResuitLine. C++ Builder ,
. -
. 14.13.
454 III. Windows
f

'- 17

'- OK*re. . , Pw*r

1" ,' 7
7 14
3' 7 21

4" 7 29
5" 7 35
L. 7 42
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3" 7 56
7" '
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/] | gaxt+Buiidar 6 | | {E:\pi IVForWlAbjilde.,. } ^^Doc.doc^bc^j|B^ Multiply
. 14.12.
[Add Method
.Method Name: jAddResuttUne
AddtoDa^l^TlrnRe^ll jj
Arguments: pnt , inly
i (* Eunclion Cor^ttuctor Deslrucla
\ Function Result: void * \
| P Pjjblic Private Pt2tected FXifelished
;~ Diiectives
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i virtual (2) [7 iastcaStil
-
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[___; ._ . :
Implementation details ~
j " Callinherited * Injine P i;i,.'i :rh;irft '
; File: Epr^FWL^^buierl^FleslJlt.cpp
, Reset IQ] | QK Cancel I ApprV

I- ' i - 1_ 1
. 14.13. Add Method

14. 455
, , :
StringGrid->RowCount = StringGrid->RowCount+l;
StringGrid->Cells[0][StringGrid->RowCount-l] =
IntToStr(x) + " * " + IntToStr(y);
StringGrid->Cells[l][StringGrid->RowCount-l] = IntToStr(x*y);

.
: onFormShow .
:
StringGrid->Cells[0][0] = "";
StringGrid->Cells[l][0] = "";
StringGrid->FixedRows = 1;
,
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[3, 32, 36] . -
. Windows -
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455

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4.
1
Borland
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.
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462 IV.
(
). ,
:
Bin ;
Include ;
Lib (
obj) ( lib) , -
;
Examples ;
Doc
;
TVision - -
OWL VCL.
IDE

Bin
,
( ).
Windows, -
. .1.
'''"Debug " Project""Options
F.I Help; F2 Save F3 open Alt-F9 Compi le F9 Hake 10 Menu
. 1.1. Borland C++ 3.1

1. Borland 463
. -
:
? ;
File (, , . .);
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Search ;
Run ;
Compile ;
Debug ;
Project ( );
Options ;
Window ;
Help .
<F10>.
" " <11>+<>.
, :
File | Quit;
<Alt>+<F> <Q>;
<A3t>4-<X>.

( -
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464 IV.
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File | Save As, .
Fl Help Enter directory path and n le-name mas
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466 IV.
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Compile:
Compile <Alt>+<F9> ;
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Make Build all -
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1. Borland 467
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Borland ( , , Microsoft)
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Contents ,
(. 1.8);
înclude <iostreani.h>
int mainQ
unsigned Int year = 0;
begin: 'h** J hspecti ng year,' f*3?I ]
cout " : ";
if (CO<year)&SCyear<121))
{ int digit = year&lQ;
int one = year / 10 % 10;
if Cone != 1)
eise IT ( == 2)|Kdigit ==
cout year ! "end! ;
else cout " !"11;
else cout year" flerlu<<endlj
else goto begin;
return 0;
Ip F1Q Menu
. 1.5. Inspecting
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int main(}
unsigned
begin:
cout "3
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-1 Help | Enter expression"to evaluate
. 1.6. Evaluate and Modify

1. Borland 469
File Edit Search Run Compile'" Deb'uo "Froiect-

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int main
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1. Borland 479
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. 1.23. { )
480 IV.
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. , . 1.24.
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, . 1.25.
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. 1.25.
1. Borland 481
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482 IV.
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1. Borland 483

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Runtime Library Reference
C++Builder Command-line Tools
C++Build et Language Guide
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Developing COM-based Applications
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Developing Distributed Applications
Error Messages and Warnings
Image Editor Help
Integrated Translation Environment
InterBase Express Reference
Help, Intranet ActtveX Online Hdp
Object Pascal Reference
: 222003., 5:26 Programming with C++Builder
Quick Reports Help
SQL Builder Help
Standa(d C++ Library Help
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Using C++6uilder
Visual Cwnponent Library Reference
What's New in C++Buiider
WinSght Users Guide
. 1.29.
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(. . 1.19). C++

C++.
2

Microsoft Visual C++ 6
1998
98- . -
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IDE
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File | Exit Windows -
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Visual C++ 6 . ,
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http://www.helloworld.ru/
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[25]
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.
1. . C++. C++ In-

Depth, . 3 / . . .: , 2002. 336 ., .
2. . STL C++ / . . .:
, 1999. - 240 ., .
3. ., ., . : , , -
/ . . ,: , 2001. 768 ., .
4. . - /
. . .: , 1997. 464 ., .
5. . . 2- / . . -
.: , 2002. - 272 ., .
6. . . : / . . -
.: , 1988. 191 ., .
7. .
C++ / . . .: , 2002. 320 ., .
8. . - -
C++, 2- . / . . .: ; .:
, 1998. 560 ., .
9. . + = / . . -
.: , 1985. 406 ., .
10. ., ., ., . -
. .
/ . . .: , 2001. 368 .,
.
496 IV.
11. . . C++. . - .: ,
1996.-272.
12. . Windows 95/NT / .
. .: -, 1997. 640 ., .
13. . ., X. . C++.
- UML /
. . - .: , 2002. 1152 .
14. . ., . .
C++. , 3- / . . .: ,
2003. - 848 ., .
15. ., My . . C++.
C++ In-Depth, . 2 / . . .: , 2002. 384 ., .
16. . ., . / . . -
.: , 2001. 381 ., .
17. ., . / . .
3- ., . .: , 2001. 352 ., .
18. . . Borland C++ 5 / . . .: -,
2000.-976., .
19. ., ., . Microsoft
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20. . . C++. C++ In-
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21. . Borland C++ 5. / . . .: , 3997.
560 ., .
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.: -, 2000. - 1040 ., .
27. . . STL. .: , 2003. -
262 ., .
4. ^ 497
28. ., ., . . . MFC Visual C++ 6. -

/ . . .: , 2003. -
992.
29. . . C/C++. -
. .: , 2002. 464 ., .
30. . ., . . C/C++. -
: . .: , 2002. 240 ., .
31. . . C++. .: , 1996.
560 ., .
32. ., . : -
/ . . .: , 2002. 688 ., .
33. . Windows :
\132- 64- Windows /
. . .: ; .: , 2001. 752 ., .
34. . . ++ , . -
. : , 2003. 428 .
35. . C++. C++ In-Depth,
. 4 / . . .: , 2002. 400 ,, .
36. . , 5- . /
. . .: , 2001. - 672 ., .
37. . C++, . . / . . -
.: ; .: , 2001. 1099 ., .
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39. . C++. .
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40. . C++. -
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41. ., ., ., X. C/C++. -
. .: , 2001. 640 ., .
42. . C++ / . . -
.: , 2001. 336 ., .
43. . . Win32 / .
. .: , 2001. 464 ., .
44. ., . C++ / . . .:
-, 2002. 416 ., .
498 IV.
45. ., . . . -
, .
/ . . .: , 2001. -
736.
46. . Visual C++ 6: .: , 1999. 576 .,
.
47. . ., . ., . . -
. , 2002, 8.
48. . C++ / . . .: -,
2000. 416 ., .
49. . C++: . .: , 1999.-
320 ., .
50. . Windows. .: ,
2002. - 1072 ., .
51. Programming languages C++. International Standart ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E).
27
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337 new 164
366 sizeof 36
193, 307 37, 51
343 56, 317
505
145, 250 111

223 113
/ 235 107
298 59, 186, 263, 366
223 165, 327
56 101
403
37
44
203
55, 56, 59, 72 :
24, 46, 53 165
46, 53 167
57, 198, 328 175
37, 152 165, 166
46, 53, 60 387
53 :
51 148
115 166
235
319 199
V 145
I1U/1J- |/^\- 1TJ 109
44 289
319 394
' 319 260
57 405
37, 49, 71, 72, 328, 332, 265
366 263
54 112
54 144, 263
79, 137, 365, 392
382 176
146, 164, 206, 344 264, 270
51 :
49 204
53 289
37, 44 426
187 179
53, 329 84
52 144
235, 253 72, 73, 91
: 79
280, 411 62, 67
280 189
407 71
: 63
59 63, 70
main 179
348 94, 343
379
407
236
408
232
204, 407
506
157 364
301 57
315 278
337 290
330 :
354 249
339 249
299 :
307 111
90
211
300
<>
402
261
305
89, 361
303
294 374
- 316 374
301 374
361 374
94 366
392 :
110, 113 204, 212
: 175
70, 85 :
70, 82, 84, 297 195
70 195
: 195
154 195
154 195
227 195
21, 24, 26-28, 30, 31, 34, :
38, 44, 50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60, 64, 71, 423
221, 2*22, 232
77, 78, 87, 379
221, 222
164, 170, 174, 327
222
21, 22, 29, 31
249
21
31, 38 227
426 223
26, 67, 77, 78, 84, 278, 364 228
82 234
86 222
81 222, 257
21 228
> 48 222
181 :
80, 281 407
29, 32 404
21, 58 :
145 368
146 344
: / 223, 248
250 394
6 250
267
507
401

314
150, 248, 401 239
297 :
51, 148
184
374
166
314 126
50
178
375 278
375
207
375
229
52
:
52, 150
141
18, 99
246
18, 99
/
100
241
100
272
99
288
356
283, 284
188, 418, 419, 429
284
234
283, 284
395
272
<> 450
407 276
411
253
276, 278, 284
:
273
179, 421
273
179, 425
274
309, 323, 330
274
:
198
367
129
236 :
274 445
377 446
383 171
382 164
383 420, 447
380 421
188 227
380 227
188, 191, 380 242
76 226
295 251
80 223
79 251
295 421
157 223, 229
- 295 227
- 175 201
508
19, 21, 222 C++ 43, 60, 70, 83, 88, 94, 150,
: 159, 179, 180, 183
347 18, 183, 195,
348, 350, 354 405
357 186
347 / 221
249
447 204
447
: 405
. 104 191
92, 115, 332, 348 240, 244
436 222
111 222
111 123
: 123
117, 329 105, 127
218 129
117 129
: 169
235 128
235 129
235 130
235 131
: 128
413 140
413 169
: 171
17! 129
365 128
353 132
171 :
171, 284 280
171 23, 25, 29, 238
264 / 225
340 201
172 273, 279
269 273
89 256
72, 394
270
72
72
233
93
233
265, 267
19,21, 36, 52, 56
343
70, 265
174
266
259
184
260
19, 63, 67,
175
288
174, 332
21, 46
509
35, 43, 53 153

164 153
173 203
348, 350, 352 187
204 "" 419
38, 43, 184 147, 369
42 157
191 395
24 157
387 176
158, 332 165, 343
267 151
21, 58 149
42 175
137 409
42 371
49, 51 203
35 179
46, 47 371
421 270
46, 121 169
395 317
396 287, 288
229 149, 167, 169, 175, 394
161 147, 388
43 162
19,42, 106 180
21 145
. 48 151
204 389
: 147, 268, 395
64 166
24
242
31
377
23, 34
287
174
171
:
286
227
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248, 249
173
228
171
242
143
228
152
229
147 229
203 228
148
247
148 221, 228
153 228, 231, 232
510
: 175
235 64
241 251
, 453 136
: 425
452 > 334
444 378
443 63
276, 287 136
: 63
295, 317 353
295 301
: 333
299 123, 135, 162
299 285
388, 402, 404 402
217 63
218 425, 427, 429, 432, 439
217 69
407 428
18,62,409, 414 244
API 417, 428 387
API Windows 229 70
inline 331 79, 89
main 19, 68, 179 190, 240
377 85, 88
277 101
96 155, 391, 396
373, 374 229
214, 262 438
259 95, 214, 402
158, 262, 264 124, ISO, 313
251 243
[68 63, 69
251 251
63, 67 426
157 115
67 116, 272, 273, 274, 278,
289
352
272 264, 265, 395
65 354 -
18, 378,425,428 335
377 302
116 392
350 353
246, 252 218
19, 67, 69 62, 71, 354
246 414
67 136, 143
131 67, 69
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