1.

While using a image intensifier with a 10/7/5 diameters, which size is

best for contrast resolution and why? Which one is best for spatial
resolution and why? Which one has the largest field of view?

The 5 diameter would be the best for spatial resolution because it will be
most magnified because it is compressed. The largest diameter (10) would
have the largest FOV because it is the farthest back. The largest field of view
has the best contrast.

2. Describe minification gain and the relationship with increasing input

phosphor size, kVp, mA, output phosphor size, and tube voltage.

It is taking some number of electrons that are emitted at the photocathode

and using them to create the image at the smaller output screen.

3. Describe what occurs when the image intensifier is operated in the

magnification mode as it relates to contrast resolution, spatial
resolution, patient dose, the relationship of the focal point between the
input phosphor and the output phosphor.

The patient dose goes up, focal spot will get closer, lowers contrast
resolution, and increased spatial resolution.

Equations used in fluoroscopy :

Flux gain = number of output light photons
Number of input x-ray photons

Brightness gain = Minification gain x Flux gain or use the conversion

factor equation.

Minification on gain = (dinput)2

(doutput)2

Conversion factor = output phosphor illumination (cd/m2)

Input exposure rate (mGya/sec.)

Magnification factor = mode 2 in multifield Image Intensifier

Mode 1

New ESD = Original input screen size X Entrance Skin Dose

New input screen size

4. What is the brightness gain for a 17- cm image intensifier tube with a
flux gain of 120 and a 2.5 cm output phosphor?

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5. A 23/15/10 image intensifier is used in the 10cm mode. How much

higher is the patient dose using this mode compared to using the 23
cm mode?

Principal: when using the magnification mode, the minification gain is

reduced, so fewer photoelectrons are hitting the output phosphor. This
creates a dimmer image. To compensate for the magnification mode
(maintain the same amount of brightness), the tube mA is increased.
The increase in dose to the patient when changing from 23 cm to 10
cm is equal to the ratio of the input phosphor diameter to the
diameter used in magnification mode.

5.29

6. What is the change is dose (how much higher) when switching from a
23cm FOV to a 17cm FOV?
Use same principal as in question 5

1.8

7. A photofluoroscopic image is obtaining using the technical factors of 80

kVp in the 15cm mode without a grid. He measured entrance skin dose
(ESD) is 0.5 mGyt. What ESD would be expected if the 25cm mode were
used?
Original input screen size X ESD = New ESD
New input screen size

0.18

8. A 23cm image intensifier has an output phosphor size of 2.5cm and a

flux gain of 75. What is the brightness gain?

6.348

9. Create a scenario using one of the equations above with the specific
factors required. Be sure to show your work and include the answer.

What is the change in dose when switching from a 17cm FOV to a 10cm FOV?
Answer: 1.7

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