NOTE: YUNG RED FONT MEANS YUN YUNG BABASAHIN/NAKALAGAY

SA PPT

INTRO

In this part, we will present to you the review of related literatures regarding
our topic. The following information that we will provide helps a lot especially
in conceptualizing our research.

GEOSYNTHETICS

It is defined by the ASTM Committee D35 as a planar product manufactured

from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnical
related engineering material.

The usage of geosynthetic materials has been increased significantly in

geotechnical and environmental engineering for the last 10 years.
Geosynthetic products have helped designers and contractors to solve
several types of engineering problems where the use of conventional
construction materials would be restricted or considerably more expensive.

Geosynthetics functions as separation, reinforcement, filtration,

drainage and liquid barrier. The geosynthetics market is strong and rapidly
increasing due to the continued use of geosynthetics in well-established
applications and, particularly, due to the increasing number of new
applications that make use of these products.

There are many types of geosynthetics which are identified as

geotextiles, geomembranes, geogrids, geonets, geosynthetic clay liners,
geopipes and geocomposites. The characteristics of these materials vary
considerably, primarily due to the method of manufacturing and the types
and amount of polymers used for their production. In this study, we will only
focus on a certain type of geosynthetics which is the geogrids.

GEOGRIDS

Geogrids are used to reinforce retaining walls, as well as subbases or

subsoils below structures.

It is commonly made of polymer materials, such as polyester, polyvinyl

alcohol, polyethylene or polyproylene.

It adds strength to the wall by integrating the fill material behind the
wall with the structure of the wall itself.
 Geogrid is a stiff or flexible polymer grid-like sheet with large apertures
used primarily as reinforcement of unstable soil and waste masses. Geogrids
are composed of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, or coated polyester.
Geogrids are either stretched in one or two directions for improved physical
properties or made on weaving machinery by unique methods. The coated
polyester geogrids are typically woven or knitted. Coating is generally
performed using PVC or acrylics to protect the filaments from construction
damage and to maintain the grid structure. By themselves, there are at least
25 application areas, however, their function is exclusively as reinforcement
materials.

Geogrids have a uniformly distributed array of apertures between their

longitudinal and transverse elements. The apertures allow direct contact
between soil particles on either side of the installed sheet, thereby
increasing the interaction between the geogrid and the backfill soil. Soil is an
abundant construction material that, similar to concrete, has high
compressive strength but virtually no tensile strength. To overcome its
weakness soil may be reinforced, similar as this is done for concrete. The
materials typically used to reinforce soil are relatively light and flexible.

BAMBOO

The term bamboo describes all tree or bush like grasses having a
durable woody or branched stem.

There are 500 different species of bamboo with partial some hundred
subspecies.

The main area of distribution are the tropics, in particular, Southeast

Asia

It grows mainly on sandy loam to loamy clay soils. They prefer well
drained soils but grow also in wet and marshy locations.

It is also extensively utilized in the country for the construction of fish

traps known locally as, baklad

3 Main Groups of Bamboo:

1. Monopodial Bamboos forms long and thin extensions of the

rhizome
 2. Sympodial Bamboos have short, thick rootstocks the tip of which
produce the canes

3. Climbing Bamboos can grow very irregularly and may form

impenetrable thickets

Explanation:

Bamboo is widely used across the world for everything from food and
medicine to furniture and scaffoldings. It is a form of grass and can grow up
to 25 meters in six months. The bamboo contains rhizomes in its roots which
help in preventing soil erosion and flood control.

The bamboo species that have traditionally been used for construction
tend to grow locally in abundance, have large diameter, relatively straight,
mature quickly, slightly more resistant to insects and fungi and less
susceptible to splitting. Since there are many species of bamboo, we opted
for the specie that would be abundant in the Philippines and at the same
time, satisfies the conditions of being used for structural purposes. The
bamboo specie that we discovered of being a capable geogrid material is
bambusa blumeana.

BAMBUSA BLUMEANA

It is also known as Kauayan Tinik.

Widely distributed at low and medium altitudes, settled areas
throughout the Philippines
It is an essential non-timber forest species in the world because of its
adaptability, quick physical growth and development
It can be sold in a hundred peso per cutting or seedling
This is the most important bamboo in the Philippines for providing
material for construction, etc.

Explanation:

Bambusa blumeana is propagated vegetatively by culm cuttings,

branch cuttings, layering, marcotting and tissue culture. Propagation by culm
cuttings is most common. Cuttings about 50 cm long (with 2-3 nodes) are
taken from the middle portion of 1-2 year old culms with a relatively large
diameter. They are planted horizontally at 10 cm depth. The culms are used
for construction, basketry (baskets are very popular), furniture, parquets,
concrete reinforcements, kitchen utensils, chopsticks, hats and toys. Culms
are also used as firewood if wood is scarce. The culms are suitable for
making paper. It is often planted along water courses to prevent soil erosion.
It is planted around farmhouses as wind breaks, in fields as living fences or
to mark boundaries.

EMBANKMENT SLOPE

The addition of strong tensile elements in the soil embankments

contribute to the resisting forces and hence, the overall stability of the
soil structure.

For embankments over weak or soft clays, the use of geogrid

reinforcement may allow for an increase in the design factor of safety.

Explanation:

Geosynthetic reinforcement can also be used to construct

embankments over soft soils. Soft soils are characterized by poor shear
strength, high compressibility and low permeability. The reinforcement
/confinement effect from geosynthetics is useful since it improves
embankment stability, permits controlled construction over soft soils,
ensures more uniform settlement of embankment and results in cost
effective solutions.

REINFORCED STEEP SLOPE

It is defined as a compacted fill embankment that incorporates the use

of horizontally placed geosynthetic reinforcement to enhance the
stability of the soil structure.

Explanation:

Due to continually increasing land costs and environmental

restrictions, engineers frequently depend upon steep slopes to maximize the
available space. Geosynthetic materials can also deliver solutions that
increase the construction of steep slopes by enhancing stability and
providing tensile resistance and superior reinforcement.

Reinforced steep slopes are compacted fill embankments made up of

geosynthetic tensile reinforcements in horizontal layers. This tensile
reinforcement assists in holding the soil mass together across any possible
failure place to promote slope stability. It enables slopes to be constructed to
any height at any slope angle and to exhibit environmentally friendly
vegetated and wrapped faces.

FACING OPTIONS

There are two options that can help determine the best facing option for the
retaining wall.

1.) VEGETATED
They provide the opportunity to utilize indigenous species or select
species more tolerant to variations in weather, provide a green
aesthetic that softens hard architectural features, provide visual relief
for structures subject to settlement, and minimize requirements for
select aggregate.

Explanation:
Vegetated structures may be constructed on steep slopes near vertical
geometry; however, the more vertical the structure, the more critical
irrigation and plant selection.

2.) STONE FACING

The second option for facing of the retaining wall would be Stone
Facing. It is commonly utilized for permanent structures with near
vertical geometry or waterway applications where water elevations
prevent the establishment of vegetation.

RETAINING WALLS

They are structures placed at the toe of an over-steepened slope to

stabilize the slope and reduce erosion.

Explanation:

A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There
are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like
concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders. Some
are easy to use, others have a shorter life span, but all can retain soil.
Reinforced retaining walls are walls that use some type of reinforcement to
give more strength to the retaining wall structure, thus improving its ability
to retain the soils behind it.