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Student ID : 0321318
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Table Of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................3
2.1 Materials...........................................................................................................................6
2.2 Methods.............................................................................................................................6
2.3 Procedure..........................................................................................................................6
3.2. Calculations......................................................................................................................8
3.3. Graphs.............................................................................................................................11
3.4. Discussion.......................................................................................................................12
6.0 References......................................................................................................................13
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Abstract
1.0 Introduction
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2.0 Experimental Design
Figure 2.0.1 The dial gauge is installed in position at center of eccentric loaded tie.
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E
C D
Figure 2.0.2 The side view demonstrates the installation of load hanger and series of load weights.
F H
G
Figure 2.0.3 The side view demonstrates the installation of load hanger and series of load weights.
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2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
At the early stage of experiment, the main apparatus, HSM 18 Electrical Resistance
Strain Gauge, was switched on to allow idle operation for approximately a quarter of an hour in
order to reach thermal stabilized state for consistent performance of measuring strain value for
aluminium alloy beam. The idle operation is essential and compulsory for most electronic
measuring devices as the accuracy of its measurements might be defer due to slight temperature
changes of electronic circuit [1].
After switching on the main apparatus, the pointer of the analog strain meter would always
be calibrated by rotating calibration knob back and forth before each experiment trials. Each
experiment trials begin with ascending order of weight loads from 5N up to 30N and ends with
descending order of weight loads from 30N down to 5N. It is important to perform calibration
before slotting next weight loads to avoid zero error occurs that would affect the accuracy of
experimental readings.
The experimental readings of longitudinal strain for aluminium alloy beam together with
its respective theoretical calculations are being tabulated and plotted on graphs to do comparison
for further data analysis. The interpretations made on experimental data and graphs will be
concluded and justify the hypothesis of experiment.
2.3 Procedure
1) The 3-pin plug was connected to external 240V A.C. power supply before the main
power switch was turned on.
2) The switch for powering HSM 18 Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge was turned on.
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3) The calibration knob was adjusted to allow pointer being calibrated at zero reading
shown in the analogue strain meter.
4) A 5N weight load was slotted into load hanger and the final reading on the analogue
strain meter was observed before being recorded.
5) Steps 3 to 4 were repeated by replacing 5N slotted weight to 10N, 15N, 20N, 25N, and
30N accordingly in ascending order.
6) Steps 3 to 5 were repeated by testing series of slotted weight in descending order from
30N to 5N.
7) The experimental readings were being tabulated and their respective theoretical strain
values were being calculated to perform comparison and used further for plotting graphs
and error analysis.
3.2. Calculations
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Length 150mm (Equivalent to 0.15m)
Width 25.4mm (Equivalent to 0.0254m)
Thickness 3.2mm ((Equivalent to 0.0032m)
Table 3.2.1 Demonstration of exact dimensions for aluminium alloy beam
Sample of calculation for theoretical longitudinal strain upon installation of 10N slotted by
distance of 150mm from electronic
t Theoretical longitudinal strain of beam
strain y Distance from neutral axis of beam (1.6mm) gage:
M Amount of end moment (Nm)
E Modulus of elasticity ( 6.9 x 1010 Pa )
1 1
I A = w t 3I A Area
I A = moment ofminertia
( 0.0254 ) ( 0.0032m )3 I A 6.9359 x 1011 m4
12 12
Table 3.2.2 Steps of calculations from left to right for area moment of inertia for
aluminium beam
My
t=
EIA
Table 3.2.4 Demonstration of formula for calculating theoretical longitudinal strain value
( 1.50 Nm )( 0.0016 m)
t= 10 11 4
(6.9 x 10 Pa)(6.9359 x 10 m )
t =5.01487 x 104
t =501.487 x 106
Table 3.2.5 Demonstration of calculating theoretical longitudinal strain under 10N load
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Theoretical longitudinal strain, t (
Weight, W ( N )
)
0 0.000
5 250.744
10 501.487
15 752.231
GF Gauge
20 factor (Default value is1002.974
2.12)
R 25 Change in electrical resistance
1253.718
Ro 30 Unstrained electrical resistance
1504.461
Table (Default value is 120 ) 3.2.6 Tabulation of
e Experimental longitudinal strain values. theoretical longitudinal
strain for series of weight loads.
R
GF=
Ro e
Sample of calculation for the change in electrical resistance when a 10N weight load was slotted
as below:
R R
GF= 2.12= R 0.1781
Ro e 6
(120)(700 x 10 )
Table 3.2.8 Steps of calculations from left to right for change in electrical resistance
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3.3. Graphs
1500
Experimental Longitudinal Strain (Ascending weight loads)
500
Experimental Longitudinal Strain (Descending weight loads)
0
0 5 Strain10
Linear (Experimental Longitudinal 15 weight
(Descending 20 loads))
25 30
0.5
Linear (Theoretical Longitudinal Strain)
0.4
Experimental Longitudinal Strain (Ascending weight loads)
0.3
Change In Electrical Resistance, ()
Linear (Experimental Longitudinal
0.2 Strain (Ascending weight loads))
0.1
Experimental Longitudinal Strain (Descending weight loads)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Linear (Experimental Longitudinal Strain (Descending weight loads))
Weight Load (N)
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3.4. Discussion
Sample calculation of percentage error for experimental longitudinal strain value under 10N
weight load (ascending series) is shown as below:
723.33501.49
Percentage error= 100
501.49
Percentage error=44.24
Sample calculation of percentage error for experimental values of change in electrical resistance
under 10N weight load (ascending series) is shown as below:
0.18400.1276
Percentage error= 100
0.1276
Percentage error=44.20
6.0 References
1. Jones, E. B., & Noltingk, B. E. (1987). Jones instrument technology: Instrumentation
systems. pg. 22. United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann.
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