TelecommunicationsinIndia

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India'stelecommunicationnetworkisthesecondlargestinthe
worldbynumberoftelephoneusers(bothfixedandmobile CommunicationsinIndia
phone)with1.053billionsubscribersason31August2016.It Totalrevenue(201415) 2.20lakhcrore
hasoneofthelowestcalltariffsintheworldenabledbymega
(US$34billion)[1]
telecomoperatorsandhypercompetitionamongthem.Indiahas
theworld'ssecondlargestInternetuserbase.Ason31March Telephony
2016,therewere342.65millioninternetsubscribersinthe Totaltelephone 1.152billion (Dec.
country.[7] subscribers 2016)[2]

MajorsectorsoftheIndiantelecommunicationindustryare Mobilesubscribers 1.127billion (Dec.

telephone,internetandtelevisionbroadcastIndustryinthe 2016)[2]
countrywhichisinanongoingprocessoftransformingintonext
generationnetwork,employsanextensivesystemofmodern Fixedlinesubscribers 24.40million (Dec.
networkelementssuchasdigitaltelephoneexchanges,mobile 2016)[2]
switchingcentres,mediagatewaysandsignallinggatewaysat
Monthlytelephone 27.82million (Dec.
thecore,interconnectedbyawidevarietyoftransmission
systemsusingfibreopticsorMicrowaveradiorelaynetworks. additions(Net) 2016)[2]
Theaccessnetwork,whichconnectsthesubscribertothecore, Teledensity 89.90%
ishighlydiversifiedwithdifferentcopperpair,opticfibreand
(Dec.2016)[2]
wirelesstechnologies.DTH,arelativelynewbroadcasting
technologyhasattainedsignificantpopularityintheTelevision UrbanTeledensity 170.15%
segment.TheintroductionofprivateFMhasgivenafilliptothe (Dec.2016)[2]
radiobroadcastinginIndia.TelecommunicationinIndiahas
greatlybeensupportedbytheINSATsystemofthecountry,one RuralTeledensity 53.27%
ofthelargestdomesticsatellitesystemsintheworld.India (Dec.2016)[2]
possessesadiversifiedcommunicationssystem,whichlinksall
Internetaccess
partsofthecountrybytelephone,Internet,radio,televisionand
satellite.[8] Internetusers 462.12million (January
2016)[3]
Indiantelecomindustryunderwentahighpaceofmarket
liberalisationandgrowthsincethe1990sandnowhasbecome Broadbandinternet 236.09million (Dec.
theworld'smostcompetitiveandoneofthefastestgrowing users 2016)[2]
telecommarkets.[9][10]TheIndustryhasgrownovertwenty Internetpenetration 34.8%
timesinjusttenyears,fromunder37millionsubscribersinthe
(January2016)[3][4]
year2001toover846millionsubscribersintheyear2011.[11]
Indiahastheworld'ssecondlargestmobilephoneuserbasewith ShareofWorldInternet 13.5%
over929.37millionusersasofMay2012.[8]Ithastheworld's Users (January2016)[3]
secondlargestInternetuserbasewithover300millionasof countrycodetoplevel .in
June2015.[12][13] domain

Telecommunicationhassupportedthesocioeconomic Broadcasting
developmentofIndiaandhasplayedasignificantroletonarrow Televisionchannels 892 (Feb.2017)[5]
downtheruralurbandigitaldividetosomeextent.Italsohas
helpedtoincreasethetransparencyofgovernancewiththe Radiostations 345 (March2016)[6]
introductionofegovernanceinIndia.Thegovernmenthaspragmaticallyusedmoderntelecommunication
facilitiestodelivermasseducationprogrammesfortheruralfolkofIndia.[14]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Thebeginning
1.2 Furtherdevelopmentsandmilestones
1.3 Liberalisationandprivatisation
2 Telephony
2.1 Landline
2.2 Mobiletelephony
2.2.1 Frequencybands
2.3 Subscriberbasebycircle
3 Internet
3.1 Netneutrality
4 Televisionbroadcasting
5 Radio
6 Nextgenerationnetworks(NGN)
7 Regulatoryenvironment
8 Revenueandgrowth
9 International
9.1 Submarinecables
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Externallinks

History
Thebeginning

TelecommunicationsinIndiabeganwiththeintroductionofthetelegraph.TheIndianpostalandtelecomsectors
areoneoftheworldsoldest.In1850,thefirstexperimentalelectrictelegraphlinewasstartedbetweenCalcutta
andDiamondHarbour.In1851,itwasopenedfortheuseoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany.ThePostsand
TelegraphsdepartmentoccupiedasmallcornerofthePublicWorksDepartment,[15]atthattime.

Theconstructionof4,000miles(6,400km)oftelegraphlineswasstartedinNovember1853.Theseconnected
Kolkata(thenCalcutta)andPeshawarinthenorthAgra,Mumbai(thenBombay)throughSindwaGhats,and
Chennai(thenMadras)inthesouthOotacamundandBangalore.WilliamO'Shaughnessy,whopioneeredthe
telegraphandtelephoneinIndia,belongedtothePublicWorksDepartment,andworkedtowardsthedevelopment
oftelecomthroughoutthisperiod.Aseparatedepartmentwasopenedin1854whentelegraphfacilitieswere
openedtothepublic.

In1880,twotelephonecompaniesnamelyTheOrientalTelephoneCompanyLtd.andTheAngloIndian
TelephoneCompanyLtd.approachedtheGovernmentofIndiatoestablishtelephoneexchangeinIndia.The
permissionwasrefusedonthegroundsthattheestablishmentoftelephoneswasaGovernmentmonopolyandthat
theGovernmentitselfwouldundertakethework.In1881,theGovernmentlaterreverseditsearlierdecisionanda
licencewasgrantedtotheOrientalTelephoneCompanyLimitedofEnglandforopeningtelephoneexchangesat
Calcutta,Bombay,MadrasandAhmedabadandthefirstformaltelephone
servicewasestablishedinthecountry.[16]On28January1882,MajorE.
Baring,MemberoftheGovernorGeneralofIndia'sCouncildeclaredopen
theTelephoneExchangesinCalcutta,BombayandMadras.Theexchange
inCalcuttanamedthe"CentralExchange"hadatotalof93subscribersin
itsearlystage.Laterthatyear,Bombayalsowitnessedtheopeningofa
telephoneexchange.[17]

Furtherdevelopmentsandmilestones
Pre1902Cabletelegraph
1902FirstwirelesstelegraphstationestablishedbetweenSagar
IslandandSandhead.
1907FirstCentralBatteryoftelephonesintroducedinKanpur.
19131914FirstAutomaticExchangeinstalledinShimla.
1927RadiotelegraphsystembetweentheUKandIndia,with
ImperialWirelessChainbeamstationsatKhadkiandDaund.
InauguratedbyLordIrwinon23Julybyexchanginggreetingswith
KingGeorgeV. Amicrowavetowerforshortdistance
1933RadiotelephonesysteminauguratedbetweentheUKand (~50km)communication
India.
195312channelcarriersystemintroduced.
1960FirstsubscribertrunkdiallingroutecommissionedbetweenLucknowandKanpur.
1975FirstPCMsystemcommissionedbetweenMumbaiCityandAndheritelephoneexchanges.
1976Firstdigitalmicrowavejunction.
1979FirstopticalfibresystemforlocaljunctioncommissionedatPune.
1980FirstsatelliteearthstationfordomesticcommunicationsestablishedatSikandarabad,U.P..
1983FirstanalogueStoredProgrammeControlexchangefortrunklinescommissionedatMumbai.
1984CDOTestablishedforindigenousdevelopmentandproductionofdigitalexchanges.
1995Firstmobiletelephoneservicestartedonnoncommercialbasison15August1995inDelhi.
1995InternetIntroducedinIndiastartingwithLaxmiNagar,Delhi15August1995[18]

DevelopmentofBroadcasting:Radiobroadcastingwasinitiatedin1927butbecamestateresponsibilityonlyin
1930.In1937itwasgiventhenameAllIndiaRadioandsince1957ithasbeencalledAkashvani.[19]Limited
durationoftelevisionprogrammingbeganin1959,andcompletebroadcastingfollowedin1965.TheMinistryof
InformationandBroadcastingownedandmaintainedtheaudiovisualapparatusincludingthetelevisionchannel
Doordarshaninthecountrypriortotheeconomicreformsof1991.In1997,anautonomousbodywas
establishedinthenameofPrasarBhartitotakecareofthepublicservicebroadcastingunderthePrasarBhartiAct.
AllIndiaRadioandDoordarshan,whichearlierwereworkingasmediaunitsundertheMinistryofI&Bbecame
constituentsofthebody.[14]

Preliberalisationstatistics:Whileallthemajorcitiesandtownsinthecountrywerelinkedwithtelephones
duringtheBritishperiod,thetotalnumberoftelephonesin1948numberedonlyaround80,000.Post
independence,growthremainedslowbecausethetelephonewasseenmoreasastatussymbolratherthanbeingan
instrumentofutility.Thenumberoftelephonesgrewleisurelyto980,000in1971,2.15millionin1981and5.07
millionin1991,theyeareconomicreformswereinitiatedinthecountry.

Liberalisationandprivatisation
LiberalisationofIndiantelecommunicationinindustrystartedin1981whenPrimeMinisterIndiraGandhisigned
contractswithAlcatelCITofFrancetomergewiththestateownedTelecomCompany(ITI),inanefforttosetup
5,000,000linesperyear.Butsoonthepolicywasletdownbecauseofpoliticalopposition.[20]Attemptsto
liberalisethetelecommunicationindustrywerecontinuedbythefollowinggovernmentundertheprimeminister
shipofRajivGandhi.HeinvitedSamPitroda,aUSbasedNonresidentIndianNRIandaformerRockwell
InternationalexecutivetosetupaCentreforDevelopmentofTelematics(CDOT)whichmanufacturedelectronic
telephoneexchangesinIndiaforthefirsttime.[21]SamPitrodahadasignificantroleasaconsultantandadviserin
thedevelopmentoftelecommunicationinIndia.[22]

In1985,theDepartmentofTelecom(DoT)wasseparatedfromIndianPost&TelecommunicationDepartment.
DoTwasresponsiblefortelecomservicesinentirecountryuntil1986whenMahanagarTelephoneNigamLimited
(MTNL)andVideshSancharNigamLimited(VSNL)werecarvedoutofDoTtorunthetelecomservicesofmetro
cities(DelhiandMumbai)andinternationallongdistanceoperationsrespectively.[21]

Thedemandfortelephoneswaseverincreasingandinthe1990sIndiangovernmentwasunderincreasingpressure
toopenupthetelecomsectorforprivateinvestmentasapartofLiberalisationPrivatisationGlobalisationpolicies
thatthegovernmenthadtoaccepttoovercometheseverefiscalcrisisandresultantbalanceofpaymentsissuein
1991.Consequently,privateinvestmentinthesectorofValueAddedServices(VAS)wasallowedandcellular
telecomsectorwereopenedupforcompetitionfromprivateinvestments.Itwasduringthisperiodthatthe
NarsimhaRaoledgovernmentintroducedtheNationalTelecommunicationspolicy(NTP)in1994whichbrought
changesinthefollowingareas:ownership,serviceandregulationoftelecommunicationsinfrastructure.Thepolicy
introducedtheconceptoftelecommunicationforallanditsvisionwastoexpandthetelecommunicationfacilities
toallthevillagesinIndia.[23]Liberalisationinthebasictelecomsectorwasalsoenvisagedinthispolicy.[24]They
werealsosuccessfulinestablishingjointventuresbetweenstateownedtelecomcompaniesandinternational
players.Foreignfirmswereeligibleto49%ofthetotalstake.Themultinationalswerejustinvolvedintechnology
transfer,andnotpolicymaking.[20]

Duringthisperiod,theWorldBankandITUhadadvisedtheIndianGovernmenttoliberaliselongdistance
servicestoreleasethemonopolyofthestateownedDoTandVSNLandtoenablecompetitioninthelongdistance
carrierbusinesswhichwouldhelpreducetariff'sandbettertheeconomyofthecountry.TheRaorungovernment
insteadliberalisedthelocalservices,takingtheoppositepoliticalpartiesintoconfidenceandassuringforeign
involvementinthelongdistancebusinessafter5years.Thecountrywasdividedinto20telecommunicationcircles
forbasictelephonyand18circlesformobileservices.ThesecirclesweredividedintocategoryA,BandC
dependingonthevalueoftherevenueineachcircle.Thegovernmentthrewopenthebidstooneprivatecompany
percirclealongwithgovernmentownedDoTpercircle.Forcellularservicetwoserviceproviderswereallowed
percircleanda15yearslicencewasgiventoeachprovider.Duringalltheseimprovements,thegovernmentdid
faceoppositionsfromITI,DoT,MTNL,VSNLandotherlabourunions,buttheymanagedtokeepawayfromall
thehurdles.[20]

In1997,thegovernmentsetupTRAI(TelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia)whichreducedtheinterferenceof
Governmentindecidingtariffsandpolicymaking.Thepoliticalpowerschangedin1999andthenewgovernment
undertheleadershipofAtalBihariVajpayeewasmoreproreformsandintroducedbetterliberalisationpolicies.In
2000,theVajpayeegovernmentconstitutedtheTelecomDisputesSettlementandAppellateTribunal(TDSAT)
throughanamendmentoftheTRAIAct,1997.[25][26]TheprimaryobjectiveofTDSAT'sestablishmentwasto
releaseTRAIfromadjudicatoryanddisputesettlementfunctionsinordertostrengthentheregulatoryframework.
Anydisputeinvolvingpartieslikelicensor,licensee,serviceproviderandconsumersareresolvedbyTDSAT.
Moreover,anydirection,orderordecisionofTRAIcanbechallengedbyappealinginTDSAT.[27]Thegovernment
corporatisedtheoperationswingofDoTon1October2000andnameditasDepartmentofTelecommunication
Services(DTS)whichwaslaternamedasBharatSancharNigamLimited(BSNL).Theproposalofraisingthe
stakeofforeigninvestorsfrom49%to74%wasrejectedbytheoppositepoliticalpartiesandleftistthinkers.
DomesticbusinessgroupswantedthegovernmenttoprivatiseVSNL.FinallyinApril2002,thegovernment
decidedtocutitsstakeof53%to26%inVSNLandtothrowitopenforsaletoprivateenterprises.TATAfinally
took25%stakeinVSNL.[20]

ThiswasagatewaytomanyforeigninvestorstogetentryintotheIndianTelecomMarkets.AfterMarch2000,the
governmentbecamemoreliberalinmakingpoliciesandissuinglicencestoprivateoperators.Thegovernment
furtherreducedlicencefeesforcellularserviceprovidersandincreasedtheallowablestaketo74%forforeign
companies.Becauseofallthesefactors,theservicefeesfinallyreducedandthecallcostswerecutgreatlyenabling
everycommonmiddleclassfamilyinIndiatoaffordacellphone.Nearly32millionhandsetsweresoldinIndia.
ThedatarevealstherealpotentialforgrowthoftheIndianmobilemarket.[28]Manyprivateoperators,suchas
RelianceCommunications,Jio,TataIndicom,Vodafone,LoopMobile,Airtel,Ideaetc.,successfullyenteredthe
highpotentialIndiantelecommarket.

InMarch2008thetotalGSMandCDMAmobilesubscriberbaseinthecountrywas375million,which
representedanearly50%growthwhencomparedwithpreviousyear.[29]AstheunbrandedChinesecellphones
whichdonothaveInternationalMobileEquipmentIdentity(IMEI)numbersposeaserioussecurityrisktothe
country,Mobilenetworkoperatorsthereforesuspendedtheusageofaround30millionmobilephones(about8%
ofallmobilesinthecountry)by30April.PhoneswithoutvalidIMEIcannotbeconnectedtocellularoperators.[30]
56yearstheaveragemonthlysubscribersadditionswerearound0.05to0.1milliononlyandthetotalmobile
subscribersbaseinDecember2002stoodat10.5millions.However,afteranumberofproactiveinitiativestaken
byregulatorsandlicensors,thetotalnumberofmobilesubscribershasincreasedrapidlytoover929million
subscribersasofMay2012.

IndiahasoptedfortheuseofboththeGSM(globalsystemformobilecommunications)andCDMA(code
divisionmultipleaccess)technologiesinthemobilesector.Inadditiontolandlineandmobilephones,someofthe
companiesalsoprovidetheWLLservice.ThemobiletariffsinIndiahavealsobecomethelowestintheworld.A
newmobileconnectioncanbeactivatedwithamonthlycommitmentofUS$0.15only.In2005aloneadditions
increasedtoaround2millionpermonthin200304and200405.

Telephony
Thetelephonysegmentisdominatedbyprivatesectorandtwostaterunbusinesses.Mostcompanieswereformed
byarecentrevolutionandrestructuringlaunchedwithinadecade,directedbyMinistryofCommunicationsandIT,
DepartmentofTelecommunicationsandMinisterofFinance.Sincethen,mostcompaniesgained2G,3Gand4G
licencesandengagedfixedline,mobileandinternetbusinessinIndia.Onlandlines,intracirclecallsare
consideredlocalcallswhileintercircleareconsideredlongdistancecalls.ForeignDirectInvestmentpolicywhich
increasedtheforeignownershipcapfrom49%to74%.Nowitis100%.TheGovernmentisworkingtointegrate
thewholecountryinonetelecomcircle.Forlongdistancecalls,theareacodeprefixedwithazeroisdialledfirst
whichisthenfollowedbythenumber(i.e.,tocallDelhi,011wouldbedialledfirstfollowedbythephone
number).Forinternationalcalls,"00"mustbedialledfirstfollowedbythecountrycode,areacodeandlocalphone
number.ThecountrycodeforIndiais91.SeveralinternationalfibreopticlinksincludethosetoJapan,South
Korea,HongKong,Russia,andGermany.SomemajortelecomoperatorsinIndiaincludeAirtel,Vodafone,Idea,
Aircel,BSNL,MTNL,RelianceCommunications,TATATeleservices,Infotel,MTS,Uninor,TATADoCoMo,
Videocon,Augere,TikonaDigital.

Landline

HithertotheNewTelecomPolicywasannouncedin1999,onlytheGovernmentownedBSNLandMTNLwere
allowedtoprovidelandlinephoneservicesthroughcopperwireinIndiawithMTNLoperatinginDelhiand
MumbaiandBSNLservicingallotherareasofthecountry.Duetotherapidgrowthofthecellularphoneindustry
inIndia,landlinesarefacingstiffcompetitionfromcellular
operators.Thishasforcedlandlineserviceproviderstobecome Marketshareofmobilenetworkoperators
moreefficientandimprovetheirqualityofservice.Landline ason1march2017[31]
connectionsarenowalsoavailableondemand,eveninhighdensity
urbanareas.Indiahasover31millionmainlinecustomers.

Mobiletelephony

InAugust1995,thenChiefMinisterofWestBengal,JyotiBasu
madethefirstmobilephonecallinIndiatothenUnionTelecom
MinisterSukhram.[32]Sixteenyearslater4thgenerationservices
werelaunchedinKolkata.[33]

Withasubscriberbaseofmorethan929million,theMobile
telecommunicationssysteminIndiaisthesecondlargestinthe
Airtel:256.8million(22.6%)
worldanditwasthrownopentoprivateplayersinthe1990s.GSM Vodafone:199.7million
wascomfortablymaintainingitspositionasthedominantmobile (17.6%)
technologywith80%ofthemobilesubscribermarket,butCDMA Idea:176.49million(15.5%)
seemedtohavestabiliseditsmarketshareat20%forthetimebeing. Jio:105million(9.2%)
RCom:95.46million(8.4%)
ByMay2012thecountryhad929millionmobilesubscribers,up BSNL:90.71million(8.0%)
from350millionjust40monthsearlier.Themobilemarketwas Aircel:89.33million(7.9%)
continuingtoexpandatanannualrateinexcessof40%cominginto TataDocomo:58.67million
2010. (5.2%)
Telenor:53.11million(4.7%)
MTS:7.35million(0.6%)
Thecountryisdividedintomultiplezones,calledcircles(roughly MTNL:3.59million(0.3%)
alongstateboundaries).Governmentandseveralprivateplayersrun
localandlongdistancetelephoneservices.Competitionhascaused
pricestodropandcallsacrossIndiaareoneofthecheapestinthe
world.[34]Theratesaresupposedtogodownfurtherwithnew Wiredtelephonymarketshareason31
measurestobetakenbytheInformationMinistry.[35]Calldropfine: July2016[31]
Telcoswarnofraisingtariff.[36]InSeptember2004,thenumberof
mobilephoneconnectionscrossedthenumberoffixedline
connectionsandpresentlydwarfsthewirelinesegmentbyaratioof
around20:1.Themobilesubscriberbasehasgrownbyafactorof
overahundredandthirty,from5millionsubscribersin2001toover
929millionsubscribersasofMay2012.Indiaprimarilyfollowsthe
GSMmobilesystem,inthe900MHzband.Recentoperatorsalso
operateinthe1800MHzband.ThedominantplayersareAirtel,
RelianceInfocomm,Vodafone,IdeacellularandBSNL/MTNL.
Therearemanysmallerplayers,withoperationsinonlyafewstates.
Internationalroamingagreementsexistbetweenmostoperatorsand
manyforeigncarriers.ThegovernmentallowedMobilenumber
BSNL:14.04million(57.1%)
portability(MNP)whichenablesmobiletelephoneuserstoretain MTNL:3.47million(14.1%)
theirmobiletelephonenumberswhenchangingfromonemobile Airtel:3.75million(15.3%)
networkoperatortoanother.[37] RCom:1.17million(4.8%)
TataDocomo:1.73million
(7.0%)
Frequencybands Others:0.42million(1.7%)

Asof2016,Indiahasdeployedtelecomoperationsinatotalof8
radiofrequencybands.[38]
Subscriberbasebycircle

Indiaisdividedinto22telecomcircles:[39]

TypicalsignboardsofSTDbooths
(kiosksfromwhereSTDcallscanbe
made)andinternetkiosksinIndia
 Landline Wireless
subscriber subscriber Teledensity
Telecomcircle basein basein (September
million(May million(May 2014)[40]
2012) 2012)
AndhraPradesh
2.33 66.6 81.06
&Telangana
Assam 0.20 14.6 50.41
Bihar&
0.56 62.97 47.66
Jharkhand
Delhi 2.9 42.95 232.22
Gujarat&Daman
1.82 54.32 93.34
&Diu
Haryana 0.59 23.00 80.31
HimachalPradesh 0.30 7.41 109.55
Jammuand
0.20 6.57 69.98
Kashmir
Karnataka 2.48 56.63 94.20
Kerala&
3.18 34.51 95.96
Lakshadweep
Kolkata(including
1.18 25.25 73.0
WestBengal)
MadhyaPradesh
1.13 53.30 57.04
&Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra&
Goa(including 2.64 71.00 92.20*
Mumbai)
Mumbai* 3.0 35.93 Notavailable*
NorthEast^** 0.25 8.76 72.00
Orissa 0.40 26.27 63.41
Punjab 1.44 31.17 103.49
Rajasthan 1.14 49.52 76.18
Tamil
Nadu(including
3.16 78.96 114.71
Chennaisince
2005)[41]
Uttar
Pradesh(East)
1.20 77.74 58.09(Combined)*
 Landline Wireless
subscriber subscriber Teledensity
Telecomcircle basein basein (September
million(May million(May 2014)[40]
2012) 2012)
Uttar
Pradesh(West)& 0.79 55.12 58.09(Combined)*
Uttarakhand
West
Bengal(including 0.62 46.79 73.40*
Kolkata)***

^*Populationstatisticsareavailablestatewiseonly.^**NortheastcircleincludesArunachalPradesh,Manipur,
Meghalaya,Mizoram,Nagaland,&Tripura^***WestBengalcircleincludesAndamanNicobarandSikkim

Internet
ThehistoryoftheInternetinIndiastartedwithlaunchofservicesbyVSNLon15August1995.[42]Theywereable
toaddabout10,000Internetuserswithin6months.[43]However,forthenext10yearstheInternetexperiencein
thecountryremainedlessattractivewithnarrowbandconnectionshavingspeedslessthan56kbit/s(dialup).In
2004,thegovernmentformulateditsbroadbandpolicywhichdefinedbroadbandas"analwaysonInternet
connectionwithdownloadspeedof256kbit/sorabove."[44]From2005onwardthegrowthofthebroadband
sectorinthecountryaccelerated,butremainedbelowthegrowthestimatesofthegovernmentandrelatedagencies
duetoresourceissuesinlastmileaccesswhichwerepredominantlywiredlinetechnologies.Thisbottleneckwas
removedin2010whenthegovernmentauctioned3Gspectrumfollowedbyanequallyhighprofileauctionof4G
spectrumthatsetthesceneforacompetitiveandinvigoratedwirelessbroadbandmarket.NowInternetaccessin
Indiaisprovidedbybothpublicandprivatecompaniesusingavarietyoftechnologiesandmediaincludingdialup
(PSTN),xDSL,coaxialcable,Ethernet,FTTH,ISDN,HSDPA(3G),WiFi,WiMAX,etc.atawiderangeofspeeds
andcosts.AsperIAMAIIndiawillhavetheworld'ssecondlargestnumberofInternetuserswithover300million
byDecember2014.[45]

AccordingtotheInternetAndMobileAssociationofIndia(IAMAI),theInternetuserbaseinthecountrystoodat
190millionattheendofJune,2013.[46]AsofOctober,2013report,itisover205million.[45]Thenumberof
broadbandsubscribersattheendofMay2013was15.19million.[47]CumulativeAnnualGrowthrate(CAGR)of
broadbandduringthefiveyearperiodbetween2005and2010wasabout117percent.[44]DSL,whileholding
slightlymorethan75%ofthelocalbroadbandmarket,wassteadilylosingmarketsharetoothernonDSL
broadbandplatforms,especiallytowirelessbroadband.

Therewere161InternetServiceProviders(ISPs)offeringbroadbandservicesinIndiaasof31May2013.Thetop
fiveISPsintermssubscriberbasewereBSNL(9.96million),BhartiAirtel(1.40million),MTNL(1.09million),
Hathway(0.36million)andYouBroadband(0.31million).[47]CybercafesremainthemajorsourceofInternet
access.In2009,about37percentoftheusersaccesstheInternetfromcybercafes,30percentfromanoffice,and
23percentfromhome.However,thenumberofmobileInternetusersincreasedrapidlyfrom2009onandthere
wereabout274millionmobileusersattheendofSeptember2010,withamajorityusing2Gmobilenetworks.[44]
MobileInternetsubscriptionsasreportedbytheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI)inMarch2011
increasedto381million.
OneofthemajorissuesfacingtheInternetsegmentinIndiaistheloweraveragebandwidthofbroadband
connectionscomparedtothatofdevelopedcountries.Accordingto2007statistics,theaveragedownloadspeedin
Indiahoveredatabout40KBpersecond(256kbit/s),theminimumspeedsetbyTRAI,whereastheinternational
averagewas5.6Mbit/sduringthesameperiod.Inordertoattendthisinfrastructureissuethegovernmentdeclared
2007as"theyearofbroadband".[48][49]Tocompetewithinternationalstandardsofdefiningbroadbandspeedthe
IndianGovernmenthastakentheaggressivestepofproposinga$13billionnationalbroadbandnetworktoconnect
allcities,townsandvillageswithapopulationofmorethan500intwophasestargetedforcompletionby2012and
2013.Thenetworkwassupposedtoprovidespeedsupto10Mbit/sin63metropolitanareasand4Mbit/sinan
additional352cities.Also,theInternetpenetrationrateinIndiaisoneofthelowestintheworldandonlyaccounts
for8.4%ofthepopulationcomparedtotherateinOECDcounties,wheretheaverageisover50%.[12][50][51]
Anotherissueisthedigitaldividewheregrowthisbiasedinfavourofurbanareasaccordingto2010statistics,
morethan75percentofthebroadbandconnectionsinthecountryareinthetop30cities.[44]Regulatorshavetried
toboostthegrowthofbroadbandinruralareasbypromotinghigherinvestmentinruralinfrastructureand
establishingsubsidisedtariffsforruralsubscribersundertheUniversalserviceobligationschemeoftheIndian
government.

AsofMay2014,theInternetwasdeliveredtoIndiamainlyby9differentunderseafibres,includingSEAMEWE
3,BayofBengalGatewayandEuropeIndiaGateway,arrivingat5differentlandingpoints.[52]

Netneutrality

Asof2015,Indiahadnolawsgoverningnetneutralityandtherehavebeenviolationsofnetneutralityprinciples
bysomeserviceproviders.WhiletheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI)guidelinesfortheUnified
AccessServicelicensepromotenetneutrality,theyarenotenforced.TheInformationTechnologyAct,2000does
notprohibitcompaniesfromthrottlingtheirserviceinaccordancewiththeirbusinessinterests.[53]

InMarch2015,theTRAIreleasedaformalconsultationpaperonRegulatoryFrameworkforOverthetop(OTT)
services,seekingcommentsfromthepublic.Theconsultationpaperwascriticisedforbeingonesidedandhaving
confusingstatements.Itwascondemnedbyvariouspoliticiansandinternetusers.[54][55][56]By18April2015,over
800,000emailshadbeensenttoTRAIdemandingnetneutrality.[56][57][58]

Televisionbroadcasting
TelevisionbroadcastingbeganinIndiain1959byDoordarshan,astaterun
mediumofcommunication,andhadslowexpansionformorethantwo
decades.[59]Thepolicyreformsofthegovernmentinthe1990sattracted
privateinitiativesinthissector,andsincethen,satellitetelevisionhas
increasinglyshapedpopularcultureandIndiansociety.However,still,only
thegovernmentownedDoordarshanhasthelicenceforterrestrial
televisionbroadcast.Privatecompaniesreachthepublicusingsatellite
channelsbothcabletelevisionaswellasDTHhasobtainedawide
subscriberbaseinIndia.In2012,Indiahadabout148millionTVhomesof
which126millionhasaccesstocableandsatelliteservices.[60] INSAT1Bsatellite:Broadcasting
sectorinIndiaishighlydependenton
Followingtheeconomicreformsinthe1990s,satellitetelevisionchannels INSATsystem.
fromaroundtheworldBBC,CNN,CNBC,andotherprivatetelevision
channelsgainedafootholdinthecountry.[14]Therearenoregulationsto
controltheownershipofsatellitedishantennasandalsoforoperatingcabletelevisionsystemsinIndia,whichin
turnhashelpedforanimpressivegrowthintheviewership.Thegrowthinthenumberofsatellitechannelswas
triggeredbycorporatebusinesshousessuchasStarTVgroupandZeeTV.Initiallyrestrictedtomusicand
entertainmentchannels,viewershipgrew,givingrisetoseveralchannelsinregionallanguages,especiallyHindi.
ThemainnewschannelsavailablewereCNNandBBCWorld.Inthelate1990s,manycurrentaffairsandnews
channelssprouted,becomingimmenselypopularbecauseofthealternativeviewpointtheyofferedcomparedto
Doordarshan.SomeofthenotableonesareAajTak(runbytheIndiaTodaygroup)andSTARNews,CNNIBN,
TimesNow,initiallyrunbytheNDTVgroupandtheirleadanchor,PrannoyRoy(NDTVnowhasitsown
channels,NDTV24x7,NDTVProfitandNDTVIndia).Overtheyears,Doordarshanservicesalsohavegrown
fromasinglenationalchanneltosixnationalandelevenregionalchannels.Nonetheless,ithaslosttheleadership
inmarket,thoughitunderwentmanyphasesofmodernisationinordertocontaintoughcompetitionfromprivate
channels.[14]

Today,televisionisthemostpenetrativemediainIndiawithindustryestimatesindicatingthatthereareover554
millionTVconsumers,462millionwithsatelliteconnections,comparedtootherformsofmassmediasuchas
radioorinternet.[61]GovernmentofIndiahasusedthepopularityofTVandradioamongruralpeopleforthe
implementationofmanysocialprogrammesincludingthatofmasseducation.On16November2006,the
GovernmentofIndiareleasedthecommunityradiopolicywhichallowedagriculturalcentres,educational
institutionsandcivilsocietyorganisationstoapplyforcommunitybasedFMbroadcastinglicence.Community
Radioisallowed100wattsofEffectiveRadiatedPower(ERP)withamaximumtowerheightof30metres.The
licenceisvalidforfiveyearsandoneorganisationcanonlygetonelicence,whichisnontransferableandtobe
usedforcommunitydevelopmentpurposes.

Radio
AsofMarch2016,thereare345radiostationsinIndia.[6]

Nextgenerationnetworks(NGN)
Historically,theroleoftelecommunicationhasevolvedfromthatofplain
informationexchangetoamultiservicefield,withValueAddedServices(VAS)
integratedwithvariousdiscretenetworkslikePSTN,PLMN,InternetBackbone
etc.However,withdecreasingARPUandincreasingdemandforVAShasbecome
acompellingreasonfortheserviceproviderstothinkoftheconvergenceofthese
parallelnetworksintoasinglecorenetworkwithservicelayersseparatedfrom
networklayer.[62]Nextgenerationnetworkingissuchaconvergenceconcept
whichaccordingtoITUTis:[63]

AIRRadioTower
Anextgenerationnetwork(NGN)isapacketbasednetworkwhich
canprovideservicesincludingTelecommunicationServicesandable
tomakeuseofmultiplebroadband,qualityofServiceenabled
transporttechnologiesandinwhichservicerelatedfunctionsare
independentfromunderlyingtransportrelatedtechnologies.Itoffers
unrestrictedaccessbyuserstodifferentserviceproviders.Itsupports
generalisedmobilitywhichwillallowconsistentandubiquitous
provisionofservicestousers.

Accessnetwork:TheusercanconnecttotheIPcoreofNGNinvariousways,mostofwhichusethestandard
InternetProtocol(IP).Userterminalssuchasmobilephones,personaldigitalassistants(PDAs)andcomputerscan
registerdirectlyonNGNcore,evenwhentheyareroaminginanothernetworkorcountry.Theonlyrequirementis
thattheycanuseIPandSessionInitiationProtocol(SIP).Fixedaccess(e.g.,DigitalSubscriberLine(DSL),cable
modems,Ethernet),mobileaccess(e.g.WCDMA,CDMA2000,GSM,GPRS)andwirelessaccess(e.g.WLAN,
WiMAX)areallsupported.OtherphonesystemslikeplainoldtelephoneserviceandnoncompatibleVoIP
systems,aresupportedthroughgateways.WiththedeploymentoftheNGN,usersmaysubscribetomany
simultaneousaccessprovidersprovidingtelephony,internetorentertainmentservices.Thismayprovideendusers
withvirtuallyunlimitedoptionstochoosebetweenserviceprovidersfortheseservicesinNGNenvironment.[62]

Thehypercompetitionintelecommarket,whichwaseffectivelycausedbytheintroductionofUniversalAccess
Service(UAS)licencein2003becamemuchtougherafter3Gand4Gcompetitiveauction.About670,000route
kilometer(419,000mile)ofopticalfibreshasbeenlaidinIndiabythemajoroperators,includinginthefinancially
nonviableruralareasandtheprocesscontinues.Keepinginmindtheviabilityofprovidingservicesinruralareas,
thegovernmentofIndiaalsotookaproactiveroletopromotetheNGNimplementationinthecountryanexpert
committeecalledNGNeCOwasconstitutedinordertodeliberateonthelicensing,interconnectionandQualityof
Service(QoS)issuesrelatedtoNGNanditsubmitteditsreporton24August2007.Telecomoperatorsfoundthe
NGNmodeladvantageous,buthugeinvestmentrequirementshavepromptedthemtoadoptamultiphase
migrationandtheyhavealreadystartedthemigrationprocesstoNGNwiththeimplementationofIPbasedcore
network.[62]

Regulatoryenvironment
LIRNEasia'sTelecommunicationsRegulatoryEnvironment(TRE)index,whichsummarisesstakeholders'
perceptiononcertainTREdimensions,providesinsightintohowconducivetheenvironmentisforfurther
developmentandprogress.ThemostrecentsurveywasconductedinJuly2008ineightAsiancountries,including
Bangladesh,India,Indonesia,SriLanka,Maldives,Pakistan,Thailand,andthePhilippines.Thetoolmeasured
sevendimensions:i)marketentryii)accesstoscarceresourcesiii)interconnectioniv)tariffregulationv)anti
competitivepracticesandvi)universalservicesvii)qualityofservice,forthefixed,mobileandbroadband
sectors.

TheresultsforIndia,pointouttothefactthatthestakeholdersperceivetheTREtobemostconduciveforthe
mobilesectorfollowedbyfixedandthenbroadband.OtherthanforAccesstoScarceResourcesthefixedsector
lagsbehindthemobilesector.ThefixedandmobilesectorshavethehighestscoresforTariffRegulation.Market
entryalsoscoreswellforthemobilesectorascompetitioniswellentrenchedwithmostofthecircleswith45
mobileserviceproviders.Thebroadbandsectorhasthelowestscoreintheaggregate.Thelowpenetrationof
broadbandofmere3.87againstthepolicyobjectiveof9millionatthenendof2007clearlyindicatesthatthe
regulatoryenvironmentisnotveryconducive.[64]

In2013thehomeministrystatedthatlegislationmustensurethatlawenforcementagenciesareempoweredto
interceptcommunications.[65]

Revenueandgrowth
Thetotalrevenueinthetelecomservicesectorwas867.2billion(US$13.4billion)in200506asagainst
716.74billion(US$11.1billion)in20042005,registeringagrowthof21%withestimatedrevenueofFY'2011
of8.35billion(US$130million).Thetotalinvestmentinthetelecomservicessectorreached2,006billion
(US$31.0billion)in200506,upfrom1,788billion(US$27.7billion)inthepreviousfiscal.[66]
TelecommunicationisthelifelineoftherapidlygrowingInformationTechnologyindustry.Internetsubscriberbase
hasrisentomorethana121millionin2011.[67]Outofthis11.47millionwerebroadbandconnections.Morethan
abillionpeopleusetheInternetglobally.UndertheBharatNirman,theGovernmentofIndiawillensurethat
66,822revenuevillagesinthecountry,whichhavenotyetbeenprovidedwithaVillagePublicTelephone(VPT),
willbeconnected.Howeverdoubtshavebeenraisedaboutwhatitwouldmeanforthepoorinthecountry.[68]

Itisdifficulttoascertainfullytheemploymentpotentialofthetelecomsectorbuttheenormityoftheopportunities
canbegaugedfromthefactthattherewere3.7millionPublicCallOfficesinDecember2005[69]upfrom2.3
millioninDecember2004.

TheTotalRevenueofIndianTelecomServicescompanyislikelytoexceed2,000billion(US$31billion)(
US$44Bnapprox)forFY1112basedonFY1011nosandlatestquarterlyresults.Theseareconsolidated
numbersincludingforeignoperationofBhartiAirtel.Themajorcontributionstothisrevenueareasfollows:[70]

Airtel65,060(US$1,000)
RelianceCommunications31,468(US$490)
Idea16,936(US$260)
TataCommunications11,931(US$180)
MTNL4,380(US$68)
TTML2,248(US$35)
BSNL32,045(US$500)
VodafoneIndia18,376(US$280)
TataTeleservices9,200(US$140)
Aircel7,968(US$120)
SSTL600(US$9.30)
Uninor660(US$10)
Loop560(US$8.70)
Stel60(93US)
HFCL204(US$3.20)
VideoconTelecom254(US$3.90)
DBEtisalat/Allianz47(73US)
GrandTotal2,019billion(US$31billion)

International
Ninesatelliteearthstations8Intelsat(IndianOcean)and1Inmarsat(IndianOceanregion).
NinegatewayexchangesoperatingfromMumbai,NewDelhi,Kolkata,Chennai,Jalandhar,Kanpur,
Gandhinagar,HyderabadandErnakulam.

Submarinecables
LOCOMlinkingChennaitoPenang,Malaysia
IndiaUAEcablelinkingMumbaitoAlFujayrah,UAE.
SEAMEWE2(SouthEastAsiaMiddleEastWesternEurope2)
SEAMEWE3(SouthEastAsiaMiddleEastWesternEurope3)LandingsitesatCochinandMumbai.
Capacityof960Gbit/s.
SEAMEWE4(SouthEastAsiaMiddleEastWesternEurope4)LandingsitesatMumbaiandChennai.
Capacityof1.28Tbit/s.
FibreOpticLinkAroundtheGlobe(FLAGFEA)withalandingsiteatMumbai(2000).Initialdesign
capacity10Gbit/s,upgradedin2002to80Gbit/s,upgradedtoover1Tbit/s(2005).
TIISCS(TataIndicomIndiaSingaporeCableSystem),alsoknownasTIC(TataIndicomCable),Chennaito
Singapore.Capacityof5.12Tbit/s.
i2iChennaitoSingapore.Capacityof8.4Tbit/s.
 SEACOMFromMumbaitotheMediterranean,viaSouthAfrica.ItjoinswithSEAMEWE4offthewest
coastofSpaintocarrytrafficonwardtoLondon(2009).Capacityof1.28Tbit/s.
IMEWE(IndiaMiddleEastWesternEurope)withtwolandingsitesatMumbai(2009).Capacityof3.84
Tbit/s.
EIG(EuropeIndiaGateway),landingatMumbai(dueQ22010).
MENA(MiddleEastNorthAfrica).
TGNEurasia(Announced)LandingatMumbai(due2010?),Capacityof1.28Tbit/s
TGNGulf(Announced)LandingatMumbai(due2011?),CapacityUnknown.

Seealso
TRAI
IndianTelecommunicationService
IndianTelecomSpectrumAuction
ListofmobilenetworkoperatorsofIndia
Listofcountriesbysmartphonepenetration
ListofcountriesbyInternetconnectionspeeds

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Externallinks
TelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(http://www.trai.gov.in)
Wikibookshasabookon
DepartmentofTelecommunications,GovernmentofIndia(http://ww thetopicof:Internetover
w.dot.gov.in/) GPRSonBSNLSouth
DigitalIndiaInitiative(http://www.telecomssupermarket.in) IndiaPrepaidConnection
WirelessPlanning&CoordinationWing(https://web.archive.org/we andNokia3650Phone
b/20160206151748/https://www.wpc.dot.gov.in/)
CellularOperatorsAssociationofIndia(http://www.coai.com/) WikimediaCommonshas
InternetUsageStatsandTelecommunicationsofIndia(http://www.in mediarelatedto
ternetworldstats.com/asia/in.htm) Telecommunicationsin
Accounting&ReportinginTelecomIndustry(http://www.icai.org/re India.
source_file/9958217227.pdf)
StatisticstakenfromIAMAI,ASSOCHAMPWCReport
DatacollectedandpresentedbyDigitalmarketingcompany(http://www.maverickinfosoft.com/digitalmark
etingseo.php)
Mergers&AcquisitionsinIndianTelecomIndustry(http://www.icai.org/resource_file/9958217227.pdf)

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