hl essa es) Se ee See eer ees Sean ee eceeercee tan Pee ee eet ars eee eo Pavone eo nerny eens parecer ier peered SE EUR) EEL bE) ENGINEERING PHYSICS CLG La aayContents Preface aif 1. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS 11 1.1 Measurements in Science and Engineering 1.2 1.2 Fundamental Quantities 1.2 1.3. Derived Units 1.2 14 Systems of Units 1.3 1.5 International System of Units (SI) 1.4 1.6 Concepts of Dimension 1.4 17 — Classification of Physical Quantities 1.5 1.8 Dimensional Formula 1.6 1.9 Dimensional Equations and their Uses 1.6 1.10 Drawbacks of Dimensional Analysis 1.9 Questions 1.9 2. MECHANICS 2.1 2.1 Scalar and Vector Quantities 2.2 2.3. Newton's Laws of Forces 2.5 24 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 2.5 25 Momentum 2.6 2.6 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 2.7 2.7 Equations of Motion 2.8 28 Energy 2.9 fi 2.9 Work and Power 2.11 2.10 Couple 2.11 211 Friction 2.11 2.12 CentreofMass 2.12 , 2.13 Collision 2.14 214 Impulse 2.16 2.15 Circular Motion 2.16 Numerical Problems (Solved) 2.20 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 2.31 Questions 2.32 3. PROPERTIES OF MATTER 3.1 3.1 Elasticity 3.2 3.2 Surface Tension 3.9 3.3 Viscosity and Coefficient of Viscosity 3.16 3.4 Streamline and Turbulent Flow 3.17 lili haavi Contents 3.5 3.6 37 38 39 4, HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Poiseuille’s Equation for the Flow of Liquid 3.18 Determination of Coefficient of Viscosity by Poiseuille’s Flow Method 3.20 Determination of Coefficient of Viscosity by Falling Sphere Method 3.21 Terminal Velocity 3,22 Stokes’ Equation 3.22 Numerical Problems (Solved) 3.24 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 3.29 Questions 3.31 4.1 Heat and Temperature 4,2 42 Liquid Thermometers 4.3 43 GasThermometers 4.6 44 Units of Heat Energy 48 4.5 Newton’s Law of Cooling 4.9 46 Expansion ofGases 4.10 47 Boyle'sLaw 4.11 48 Charles’Law 4.12 4.9 Specific Heat Capacity 4.13 4.10 Mayer's Relation 4,14 4.11 Isothermal Process 4.15 4.12 Adiabatic Process 4.16 413 Kinetic Theory of Gases 4.17 414 Thermodynamics 4.22 Numerical Problems (Solved) 4.27 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 4.37 Question 4.38 5. ULTRASONICS AND ACOUSTICS 5.1 SE 5.1 Ultrasonic Waves 5.2 5.2 Production of Ultrasonic Waves 5.2 5.3 Properties of Ultrasonic Waves 5.8 5.4 — Detection of Ultrasonic Waves 5.8 5.5 Industrial Applications of Ultrasonic Waves 5.12 5.6 Introduction to Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) 5.15 5.7 Methods of NDT 5.16 5.8 Ultrasonic Inspection Method 5.20 5.9 Pulse-Echo System through ‘Transmission and Reflection Modes 5.20 5.10 Introduction to Acoustics 5.21 5.11 Sabine’s Formula for Reverberation Time 5.26 5.12 Factors Affecting Acoustics of Building and their Remedies 5.30Contents vii Numerical Problems (Solved) 5.31 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 5.41 Questions 5.41 6. OPTICS 6.1 6.1 — Reflection, Refraction and Dispersion of Light 6.2 6.2 Optical Instruments 6.11 63 Interference 6.17 64 Diffraction 6.23 6.5 Polarisation 6.26 Numerical Problems (Solved) 6.29 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 6.31 Questions 6.31 7. LASER 71 71 Laser 7.2 7.2 Characteristics of Laser 7.2 7.3. Einstein's Theory 7.4 7.4 Relation between Einstein's Coefficients 7.6 7.5 Basic Concepts of Laser 7.8 7.6 Population Inversion 7.9 77 Pumping 7.9 7.8 Construction of Lasers 7.11 7.9 Typesof Lasers 7.11 7.10 Nd-YAG Laser 7.12 7.11 Ruby Rod Laser 7.14 7.12 Helium-Neon Laser 7.15 7.13 CO,Laser 7.18 7.14 Semiconductor Lasers 7.22 7.15 Applications of Laser in Material Processing 7.24 7.16 Holography 7.25 Numerical Problems (Solved) 7.27, Numerical Problems (Exercise). 7.31 Questions 7,32 8. FIBRE OPTICS 8.1 81 Optical Fibres 8.2 8.2 Optical Fibre and its Construction 8.2 8.3. Principle and Propagation of Light in Optical Fibres 8.3 84 Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture 8.4 8.5 ‘Types of Optical Fibres 8.7 8.6 Fabrication of Optical Fibre 8.10 8.7 Splicing 8.13 8.8 Losses in Optical Fibres 8.14viii Contents 8.9 8.10 8.11 Fibre Optical Communication System 8.18 Fibre Optic Sensor 8.20 Fibre Optic Endoscope 8.22 Numerical Problems (Solved) 8.23 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 8.30 Questions 8.30 9. CRYSTAL PHYSICS 9.1 9.1 9.2 93 94 95 9.6 o7 98 99 9.10 9.11 9.12 913 914 915 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 Solid Matters 9.2 Classification of Solids 9.2 Crystal Structure 9.3 Crystallographic Terminologies 9.4 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices 9.7 Characteristics of Unit Cell 9.10 Simple Cubic Structure (SC Structure) 9.11 Body-centered Cubic Structure (BCC Structure) 9.13 Face-centered Cubic Structure (FCC) 9.15 Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure 9.17 Relation Between Lattice Constant and Density 9.20 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Structure 9.21 Zinc Sulphide or Zinc Blende Structure 9.21 Diamond and Graphite Structures 9.21 Lattice Planes 9.24 Miller Indices 9.24 Relation Between Interplanar Distance and Cubic Edge (d Spacing in Cubic Lattice) 9.26 Polymorphism and Allotropy 9.28 Crystal Defects 9.29 Numerical Problems (Solved) 9.34 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 9.40 Questions 9.41 10. QUANTUM MECHANICS 10.1 10.1 10.2 103 104 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Photoelectric Effect 10.2 Black-Body Radiation 10.4 Planck’s Quantum Theory 10.5 Planck's Theory (Derivation) 10.5 Compton Effect 10.9 Pair Production 10.13 Annihilation 10.14 Wave-Particle Duality 10.14 de Broglie Matter Waves 10.15 10.10 Phase and Group Velocities 10.16 10.11 Davisson-Germer Experiment 10.1910.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 Contents ix Schrédinger’s Time Independent Wave Equation 10.20 Schrédinger’s Time Dependent Wave Equation 10.22 Particle in One-Dimensional Box 10.24 Diffraction of X-rays by Crystal Planes 10.27 Bragg's Spectrometer 10.28 Electron Microscope 10.29 Uncertainty Principle 10.32 Superposition Principle 10.33 Expectation Values 10.33 Operators 10.34 Tunneling Infinite Deep Potential Well 10.35 Energy Eigen Value and Eigen Function 10.36 Numerical Problems (Solved) 10.36 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 10.38 Questions 10.39 11. CONDUCTING MATERIALS 11.1 11 11.2 11.3 4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 ng 11.10 1.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 Conduction in Metals 11.2 Terminologies in Electrical Conductivity 11.2 RelationbetweenCurrent Density, Drift Velocityand Mobility 11.4 Electron Theory of Metals 11.6 Electrical Conductivity 11.7 Thermal Conductivity 11.9 Wiedemann-Franz Law 11.11 Success of Classical Free-Electron Theory 11.12 Drawbacks of Classical Free-Electron Theory 11.12 Quantum Free-Flectron Theory 11.13 Success of Quantum Free-Electron Theory 11.13 Fermi Distribution Function 11.14 Effect of Temperature on Fermi Function 11.14 Density of Energy States 11.16 Carrier Concentration in Metals 11.19 Derivation to Calculate Average Energy 11.20 Numerical Problems (Solved) 11.22 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 11.28 Questions 11.28 12. SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 12.1 121 122 12.3 124 12.5 12.6 12.7 Band Theory of Solids 12.2 Classification of Solids. 12.3 Characteristics of Semiconductors 12.4 Classification of Semiconductors 12.5 Intrinsic Semiconductors 12.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 12.20 Hall Effect 12.31x Contents 128 Applications of Semiconductors 12.34 Numerical Problems (Solved) 12.38 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 12.48 Questions 12.49 13. MAGNETIC MATERIALS 13.1 ee a 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13,12 Review of Magnetism 13.2 Origin of Magnetic Moment 13.4 Bohr Magneton 13.6 Classification of Magnetic Materials 13.6 Diamagnetism 13.7 Paramagnetism 13.9 Ferromagnetism 13.11 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials 13.14 Energy Product 13.16 Antiferromagnetism 13.16 Ferrimagnetic Materials 13,16 Applications of Ferrites 13.18 Numerical Problems (Solved) 13.20 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 13.22 Questions 13.22 14, SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 14.1 ee 14.1 14.2 143 14.4 145 14.6 14.7 14.8 Superconductivity 14.2 Temperature Dependence of Resistance of a Metal 14.2 Superconductor 14.3 Properties of Superconductors 14.4 ‘Types of Superconductors 14.8 BCS Theory of Superconductivity 14.9 High T, Superconductors 14.10 Applications of Superconductors 14.11 Numerical Problems (Solved) 14.13 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 14.15 Questions 14.16 15. DIELECTRIC MATERIALS 15.1 Pov Eaten heh bie ct A rr Le 15.2. 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 158 Polarisation of Dielectric Materials 15.2 Polar and Nonpolar Dielectrics 15.2 Terminologies Associated with Dielectrics 15.3 Mechanism of Electrical Polarisation 15.6 Frequency and Temperature Dependence of Polarisation 15.11 Equation of Internal Field 15.13 Claussiuis-Mosotti Relation (Derivation) 15,16 Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity 15.17159 Contents — xi Dielectric Loss 15.17 15.10 Dielectric Breakdown 15.19 15.11 Uses of Dielectric Materials 15.20 Numerical Problems (Solved) 15.20 Numerical Problems (Exercise) 15.22 Questions 15.22 16. NEW ENGINEERING MATERIALS 16.1 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 Metallic Glasses 16,2 Preparation, Properties and Applications of MetallicGlasses 16.3 Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) 16.6 Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys 16.7 Properties of Ni-Ti Alloy 16.9 Applications of Shape Memory Alloys 16.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of SMAS_ 16.10 Nanomaterials 16.10 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 16.10 Carbon Nanotubes 16.15 Properties and Applications 16.19 Biomaterials: General Information 16.20 Biomedical Compatibility of Ti-Al-Nb Alloys for Implant Application 16.21 Questions 16.21