Static Shunt

Compensation
Chapter 4
Power Electronics for Utility
Applications
 Introduction
Power Electronic based
Family of FACTS
Reactive power compensation
Shunt FACTS controllers
connected to power line Line
Variable impedance static VAR
generators
Variable source static VAR
generators
Series Impedance of Power Transmission
Non-zero impedance must existing in
power transmission system

P
Z

E S V0
Q S = VI
Series Impedance of Power Transmission
E 2 V IR cos IX sin
2

E 2 V V p Vq
2 2

IX cos IR sin
2

d
2 2
RP XQ XP RQ
E V
2
E
V V V V IX Vq

RP XQ
V p
a b c
V V V g
Ip IR
XP RQ
Vq Iq I Vp
V V
Series Impedance of Power Transmission
Assuming Vq V V p and
2 2 d
RP XQ XP RQ
E V
2
E
V V V V Vq
IX
RP XQ
V p E V a b c
V V V g
R<<X so that R 0 Ip IR

XQ Vp
V p Iq I
V
Reactive power Change of terminal voltage
 Static VAR Generators (SVG)
Reactive AC transmission line
Series inductance and shunt capacitance
Reactive power (VAR)
Increase of transmission losses
Decrease of stability of power system and power generation
Increase of costs of transmission and power generation

SVG (SVC) for VAR regulation and compensation

Variable impedance type
Variable source type
 Variable Impedance Type
Static VAR Generators
Shunt connected Line
VS
Impedance varied by power electronics
Large passive energy storage devices (L, C)
SVG
Compensating VAR

Topologies
Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)
Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)
Thyristor switched reactor (TSR)
Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR)
Thyristor switched capacitor, thyristor controlled reactor
(TSC-TCR)
Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)
Capacitor bank
Line
AC capacitor VS
Source of impedance L vL
Thyristors
Bidirectional switch T1 T2 vT
Controlling effect of capacitor
On for completed cycles iTSC
On/Off at +/- peak voltage
C vC
Small surge inductor
Surge current limiting
 Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)
vC
VS iTSC VS
Avoiding high surge current vL
C discharged when OFF
High charging current vC vC
Damaging thyristors
Transient disturbance of VS vT vT

Surged current reduced by L

TSC OFF TSC ON TSC OFF
 Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)
vC
Peak vT > 2 x Peak VS VS iTSC VS
vL
C resonating with L
vL 180 difference with vC
vC vC
C charged
If switched on at wrong time vT vT

Malfunction of TSC
High surge current TSC OFF TSC ON TSC OFF
L reducing surge current
Oscillation on vC, vL, iTSC
Due to resonance of L and C
Higher vC, vL, iTSC
Oscillation damped within some cycles of VS
Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR)
Also called thyristor controlled inductor (TCI)
Variable inductor supplying VAR Line
Inductor VS
iL
Source of impedance
Thyristors L
Bidirectional switch
Controlling effect of inductor
T1 T2
Delay angle between /2 to of VS
defined as 0 when VS at /2
T1 for positive half, T2 for negative half
 Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR)
= 0
Let vS (t) as function of VS iL=iL1
VS
Let VS(pk) as peak of VS
t
VS ( pk )
iL t vS (t )dt sin t sin
1
L L = 30
iL
VS ( pk ) VS
iL1 2 sin 2 0 iL1
L 2
Let peak of fundamental of iL = IL1(pk)
Effective inductance of TCR: = 60
VS ( pk ) iL VS
Leff iL1
I L1( pk )
 Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR)
Reactive current iL1
proportional to VS 1.0
0.9
If fixed

0.8
Fixed inductive
= 0 admittance 0.7
i L1 2 1
iL=iL1 VS
Generating harmonics
0.6 1 sin 2
0.5 i L1 0
If 0 < < 90 0.4
Non-sinusoidal current 0.3
= 30 0.2
iL 0.1
i VS 0
L1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (deg)

= 60
iL
VS
i
Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR)
Thyristor Switched Reactors (TSR)
Same circuit with TCR Line
VS
Fixed delay angle iL
Providing fixed inductive admittance
L
iL proportional to VS

T1 T2
Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (FC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
More flexible than TCR and TSC Line
VS
TCR parallel with a fixed C iQ
C generating C-VAR iL
Opposed by L-VAR from TCR
iL controlled by in TCR iC L
Absorbing L-VAR C
T1
Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (FC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
= 0 max. L-VAR VS
VLmax
Max. L-admittance VCmax

= 90 or T off max. C-VAR

iL C-VAR
VAR O/P = 0 BC BLmax
C-VAR = L-VAR
Current circulating via L and T
Capacitive Inductive
IQ
ICmax ILmax
Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (FC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
Four Types of Power Losses Losses
Capacitor losses
Relatively low
Reactor resistive loss
Loss in TCR
Fixed loss due to the
Proportional to iL2 necessary cancellation
Thyristor losses of the fixed capacitor
current
In TCR
Conduction loss IQ = IL() IC
[ IC > IL() ] IC = IL() [ IL() > IC ]
Switching loss
Capacitive Inductive
Almost linearly with iL
Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (FC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
Losses
Four Types of Power Losses
Controller and filter losses
In electronic control part of TCR
Relatively low
Almost constant Fixed loss due to the
necessary cancellation
iL losses of the fixed capacitor
current
IQ = IL() IC
[ IC > IL() ] IC = IL() [ IL() > IC ]
Capacitive Inductive
 Thyristor Switched Capacitor, Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TSC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
More flexible than FC-TCR VS
Line
iQ
TSC bank // TCR
iL
Numbers of TSCs in a TSC
bank L
Current and VAR ratings of
TSCs sharing equally
Equal to total ratings of iC1 iC2 iC3
whole SVG C1 C2 C3
TSC1 TSC2 TSC3 TCR
 Thyristor Switched Capacitor, Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TSC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
VS
TSC switched in discrete
steps 3 TSC 2 TSC
1 TSC 0 TSC
TCR continuous controlled
Generating inductive VAR
Controlling VAR within VAR
span of each step
Production Limit Absorption Limit
VAR ratings higher than one = 90 = 0
TSC
Providing enough VAR IQ
Capacitive Inductive
overlap
Lower TCR VAR ratings than FC-TCR
Thyristor Switched Capacitor, Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TSC-TCR) Type VAR Generators
Four Types of Power Losses Losses
Capacitor losses
Reactor resistive loss C3
Loss in TCR C2
Thyristor losses C1
In TCR and TSC bank
Controller and filter losses IQ = IL() ICn IQ = IL()
In electronic control part of Capacitive Inductive
TCR and TSC bank
 Variable Source Type
Static VAR Generators
Variable power source with X/2 X/2
shunt connection for FACTS
With switched mode converters V1 Vmid V2
Using fast switching devices
IGBT at 10kHz
High frequency fast response
DC source from small capacitor Better dynamic
Instantaneous VAR control response, more flexible,
Controlling output current higher power losses
than variable impedance
Leading, lagging, unity PF
types SVG
Within hundreds microseconds
 Static Synchronous Compensators
(STATCOM) STATCOM

For VAR compensation Vmid

Xu Vu
Shunt connection to the line
Iu
Variable source type SVG
As a variable voltage source VSI
Voltage source inverter (VSI)
X/2 X/2
Varying VAR by Vu
In series with a buffer reactor
DC capacitor as DC link voltage V1 Vmid V2
Output voltage Vmid synchronized
with voltage of line
For power flow support
 Operation of STATCOM
= 0 in ideal case Standby mode Capacitive mode
Iu Iu
Standby Mode
Not operated temporarily Vmid Vmid jXuIu
Capacitive Mode
Vu Vu
Vmid < Vu
Injecting leading current Inductive mode
Vmid
Inductive Mode
Vmid > Vu
Vu jXuIu
Absorbing lagging current
Iu
 Operation of STATCOM
System Bus
Transformer connected practically VS
Leakage inductance acting as buffer reactor Coupling
Transformer
Reactive current drawn by STATCOM Iu
VS Vu Transformer
Iq Xu Leakage
Xu Inductance
Vu
Reactive power from line
DC/AC
VS Vu Switching
Q VS Converter
Xu
Cu
Vdc
 Operation of STATCOM
If 0, apparent power flowing to STATCOM from the
transmission line:
VSVu VSVu Vu
2
Su sin j cos
Xu X
u X u

: power angle between VS and Vu

R of line and buffer reactor assumed as zero
Absorbing real power for lagging
Injecting real power for leading
DC link voltage of the inverter adjusted by 0 due to power loss
In ideal case, Vdc not adjusting, = 0
 V-I Characteristic of STATCOM
Able to generate maximum VAR in full range of VS
VS
Vmax

Vmax = voltage limit

Imax = current limit
Imax = ILmax = ICmax

Iu
ICmax Capacitive Inductive ILmax
 Power Losses of STATCOM
Iu losses Losses Total
Transformer and reactor
Copper loss
Iron loss Converter
Converter Transformer
Interface
Switching loss
Magnetics
Conduction loss Iu
Capacitive Inductive
Other losses such as
Power consumption of controller
Power consumption of cooling
equipment
 Basic Control Scheme of STATCOM
Closed-loop control applied in STATCOM
VAR output controlled by controlling Vu and
Vu in PWM
from phase-locked loop
Vdc controlled by Vu and
Feedback signals
VS, Iu, Vdc
Control reference signals
iqRef, VdcRef
 Basic Control Scheme of STATCOM
vS ; VS 0
iu vS

Real and Phase- Iu

reactive current locked
computer loop
IuQ IuP Vu
IqRef +
Magnitude Gate DC/AC
Error
and angle Pattern Switching
amplifier
computer logic Converter
Vu
IpRef Cu

Error Vdc
Vdc
amplifier
VdcRef
 Example of STATCOM Line

Item Type / Value

3-level Voltage Source
Inverter Topology Tx1
Inverter (VSI)
Rated Capacity 1000VAR
Nominal Voltage 190V
Buffer
DC Line Capacitance 220F XU
Reactor
XV XW

Series Reactance
17.2mH (15% per unit) SW1U SW1V SW1W
(XU, XV, XW)
VC_U
Modulation Index (M)
1 SW2U SW2V SW2W
of VSI
N U V W
Transformer Ration
1:0.5 (wye to wye) SW3U SW3V SW3W
(Tx1)
VC_L

SW4U SW4V SW4W

Example of STATCOM
Power System without STATCOM
Load
Watts VS Vmid VLoad
Resistance
1200W 220V 216V 212V 119
1720W 220V 212V 207V 80
2180W 220V 208V 200V 59
2567W 220V 202V 193V 48

Power System with STATCOM

Load
Watts VS Vmid VLoad
Resistance
1360W 220V 220V 216V 119
2040W 220V 220V 214V 80
2280W 220V 220V 211V 59
3444W 220V 220V 206V 48
 Power Flow Midpoint Regulation
V1 1 V2 2 I Z
I
Z
V1 V2
V1 V2
I 1 2
Z Z
Apparent power drawn from V1:
2
V1 V1 V2
S 1 2
Z Z
 Power Flow Midpoint Regulation
Real and Reactive power are: I Z
2
V1 V1 V2
P1 cos cos 1 2 V1 V2
Z Z
2
V1 V1 V2
Q1 sin sin 1 2
Z Z
 Power Flow Midpoint Regulation
If V1 = V2 = V, 1 2 = , and R = 0, is usually very small
V 2 1 cos
Power flow mainly
V2
P1 sin Q1 limited by X
X X
2
Variable source SVG
with same voltage Q = [V2 - V2 cos ()] / X
1.5
amplitude reducing (normalised)
limitation of power flow
Power

1 P = [V2 sin ()] / X

0.5

0 /6 2/6 /2 4/6 5/6

Power Angle ()
 Power Flow Midpoint Regulation
Variable source type SVG shunt X/2 X/2
connected in the middle point
If V1 = V2 = Vmid = V, mid = /2,
V1 Vmid V2
2V 2
P1,mid Pmid , 2 sin
X 2
Vmid
2V 1 cos
2 jX jX
Q1,mid Qmid , 2 2I1,m 2Im,2
X V1 V2
4V 2 1 cos
Q12 I1,m Im,2
X

2 2
 Power Flow Midpoint Regulation
4
Transmittable power increased
Doubled 4V2
3 Q= 1 - cos
X 2
Zero real power consumption

(normalised)
ideally

Power
2
Same real power at each 2V2
P= sin
point X 2
1
Many compensators
inserted at equal length
section of line applied 0 /6 2/6 /2 4/6 5/6
Power Angle ()
Variable Impedance SVG vs STATCOM
Variable Impedance
Characteristic STATCOM
SVG
Good performance in Limited performance in
V-I Characteristic
undervoltage condition undervoltage condition
TCR generates
Harmonics No harmonics
harmonics
Response Time 1 to 2 cycles 2 to 3 cycles

Smaller size than About 200% to 250% of

Installation Size
Variable Impedance SVG the size of STATCOM

About 66% to 83% the

Installation Cost More expensive
cost of STATCOM