Nitrogen oxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a significant impact on health and the environment. The main sources of
emissions are large combustion plants and motor vehicles. Emission levels have already been reduced
by a number of national measures, which have been completed under the national emission reduction
programme.

This guide summarises the results and conclusions of the tests and assessments conducted on
different techniques for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulphur from cement plants. The
main NOx processing techniques listed in 'BREF Cement and Lime' were tried out on French cement
plants. These tests permitted a realistic assessment of the possibilities for reducing NOx emissions and
an evaluation of the technico-economic context in which they were conducted.

This guide can be used as a reference when investigating the possibility of reducing the NOx emissions
of a given cement plant.
A French version is available.

Due to high temperatures required for the clinker burning process in the cement
industry

Nitrogen dioxide is part of a group of gaseous airpollutants produced as a result of road traffic
and other fossil fuel combustion processes. Its presence in air contributes to the formation and
modification of other air pollutants, such as ozone and particulate matter, and to acid rain.

NOx - The concentration of thermal NOx is controlled by the nitrogen and oxygen molar
concentrations and the temperature of combustion. Combustion at temperatures well below
1,300 C (2,370 F) forms much smaller concentrations of thermal NOx

Low NOx Combustion Process. Common to allburners is premixed, surface-stabilized

combustion. This is a two-step combustion processfirst the fuel and air is premixed, then the
mixture burns on the outer surface of the burner element.

The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the boiler flue gas
which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler by reducing the useful heat lost
in the flue gas.

Definition
Natural gas burners with improved energy efficiency and lower emissions of nitrous
oxides.

Building Use Building Type

highrise office new

lowrise office retrofit

highrise
apartment Development
Status
 lowrise new
apartment technology

retail

food service

institutional

arena

Description
When fossil fuels are burned, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are produced. These
pollutants initiate reactions which result in the production of ozone and acid rain.
The nitrous oxides (NOx) come from two sources: high-temperature combustion
(thermal NOx) and nitrogen bound to the fuel (fuel NO x). For clean-burning fuels like
natural gas, fuel NOxgeneration is insignificant.

In most cases, NOx levels are reduced by lowering flame temperature. This can be
accomplished by modifying the burner to create a larger (and therefore lower
temperature) flame, injecting water or steam into the flame, recirculating flue
gases, or limiting the excess air in the combustion process. In many cases a
combination of these approaches is used. In general, reducing the flame
temperature will reduce the overall efficiency of the boiler. However, recirculating
flue gases and controlling the air-fuel mixture can improve boiler efficiency, so that
a combination of techniques may improve total boiler efficiency.

Natural-gas fired burners with lowered NO x emissions are available for commercial
and residential heating applications. One commercial/residential boiler has a burner
with inserts above the individual burners; this design reduces NO x emissions by
30%. The boiler also has a "wet base" heat exchanger to capture more of the burner
heat and reduce heat loss to flooring.

NOx production is of special concern in industrial high-temperature processes

because thermal NOx production increases with temperature. These processes
include metal processing, glass manufacturing, pulp and paper mills and cement
kilns. Although natural gas is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel, natural gas can
produce NOx emissions as high as 500 ppm or more.

Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide, nitrogen monoxide) is a molecular, chemical compound with
chemical formula of. NO. One of several oxides of nitrogen, it is a colorless gas under
standard conditions.

Sulfur Dioxides

fuel
1.
material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power.
synonyms: gas, gasoline, diesel, petroleum, propane; More

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a gas primarily emitted from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and
other industrial facilities, as well as fuel combustion in mobile sources such as locomotives,
ships, and other equipment.

Dry scrubber
A dry scrubber or dry scrubber system is one type of scrubber that is used to remove
harmful materials from industrial exhaust gases before they are released into
the environment. Dry scrubbers are the type most commonly used in plants today, and
they utilize a collection of dry substances to remove acidic gases that contribute to acid
rain.[1]

Dry scrubbers work similarly to other scrubbers. The system sprays a collection of dry
reagents into an exhaust stream. These chemicals can react differently depending on
which material they are specifically targeting for removal. Some of these materials
neutralize harmful pollutants in the stream through a chemical reaction, while others
cause a material to react and turn into a different substance. That substance then falls
out of the gas stream or is caught in a particle screen. Since no vapour is added in this
process, the treated exhaust gases are typically dark or invisible when vented. [1]

Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used
chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room
temperature. ...Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building
products such as cement is called free lime.

Particulate matter

Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air
many of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both organic and
inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.
 Green house Gases

Cement manufacture contributes greenhouse gases both directly through

the production of carbon dioxide when calcium carbonate is thermally
decomposed, producing lime and carbon dioxide, and also through the use
of energy, particularly from the combustion of fossil fuels.

GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within

the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of
the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's
atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and
ozone.

volatile

vldl/
adjective

1. 1.
(of a substance) easily evaporated at normal temperatures.

synonyms: evaporative, vaporous; More

2. 2.
liable to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse.

"the political situation was becoming more volatile"

synony tense, strained, fraught, uneasy, uncomfortable, charged, explosive, inflam

ms: matory, turbulent; More

o
noun

Volatile Metals. All metals can be converted into vapor if they are heated to a sufficiently high
temperature. A number of metals, however, are readily volatilised even by relatively moderate
heat, such metals being known as the "volatile metals." They are: mercury,cadmium, sodium,
potassium, arsenic and zinc.
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine particles, like dust
and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally
impeding the flow of gases through the unit.