Table 2.

4 Comparison of functional details between the converter type and

thyristor type series compensation devices

SSSC TCSC TSSC

SSSC is a voltage source TCSC is a impedance type TSSC is a impedance type

inverter type series series compensator series compensator
compensator

The SSSC is capable of The TCSC can maintain The compensating voltage
internally generating a compensating voltage with of the TSSC over a given
controllable compensating decreasing line current control range is
voltage over identical over a control range proportional to the line
Inductive and Capacitive determined by the current current.
range independently of the boosting capability of the
magnitude of the line thyristor controlled reactor.
current.

The SSSC has the TCSC cannot exchange TSSC cannot exchange
inherent ability to interface real power with the real power with the
with an external DC power transmission line and can transmission line and can
supply to provide only exchange reactive only exchange reactive
compensation for the line power power
resistance by the injection
of real power, as well as
for the line reactance by
the injection of reactive
power for the purpose of
keeping the effective X/R
ratio high, independently
of the degree of series
compensation.

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SSSC TCSC TSSC

The SSSC uses the GTO The TCSC uses The TSSC uses
thyristors. These devices conventional thyristors conventional thyristors
presently have lower (with no internal turn-off (with no internal turn-off
voltage and current ratings capability). These capability). These
and considerably lower thyristors are rugged thyristors are rugged
short-term surge current power semiconductors, power semiconductors,
ratings. They are suitable available with the highest available with the highest
for short term bypass voltage and current voltage and current
operation only if the ratings, and they also have ratings, and they also have
anticipated line fault the highest surge current the highest surge current
current is relatively low. capability. For short-term capability. For short-term
Therefore they need use they also provide use they also provide
external fast protection bypass operation to bypass operation to
during severe line faults by protect the associated protect the associated
an auxiliary conventional capacitors during the line capacitors during line
thyristor by pass switch. faults. faults.

The SSSC requires a TCSC are coupled directly TSSC are coupled directly
coupling transformer rated to the transmission line to the transmission line
at 0.5 p.u. of the total and therefore are installed and therefore are installed
series compensating on the high voltage on the high voltage
range, and a DC storage platform. The cooling platform. The cooling
capacitor. However, it is system and control are system and control are
installed in a building at located on the ground with located on the ground with
ground potential and high voltage insulation high voltage insulation
operated at a relatively low requirements and control requirements and control
voltage. Thus the interface. interface.
installation needs low
voltage insulation for the
cooling system and a
control interface.

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SSSC TCSC TSSC

At rated line current the At rated line current the At rated line current the
loss exhibited by the loss exhibited by the loss exhibited by the
SSSC would be 0.7 to TCSC would be 0.5% of TCSC would be 0.5% of
0.9% of the rated VAr the rated VAr output. the rated VAr output.
output.

2.7. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS) APPLICATIONS AND

STATE OF THE ART
Various types of FACTS devices are currently installed throughout the world in
a variety of applications. There are no recent state of art information available
to be presented, state of art, presented here below are not so recent.
Examples are:

1. A 150 MVAr STATCOM is installed at the 115kV Glen brook substation in

Stamford, Connecticut. Glenbrook is located with in the Norwalk- Stamford
area of South west Connecticut. The purpose of STATCOM is to provide fast
acting dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during contingency
events.

2. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) installed a FACTS controller, which is

providing dynamic and flexible voltage and reactive power support at their
Sullivan substation. The controller is a Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM). STATCOM has enabled TVA to defer a new 160 kV transmission
line and the need to install a 500 kV/160 kV step down transformer at the
Sullivan Substation.

3. In 1991 the worlds first commercial transmission system STATCOM was

installed at the Inuyama substation of the Kansai electric power company in
Japan, for the objective of improving power system and voltage stabilization. It
has been successfully operating for 9 years. The capacity of the STATCOM is
80 MVA.

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