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ESA creates a second fluid phase immiscible with feed phase by energy or

pressure reduction
- Distillation volatility
- Crystallization melting points
MSA adds a second fluid phase immiscible with the feed phase. Selectively
absorbs, extracts, or strips. Solubilities
- Liquid-liquid extraction
- Absorption
- Stripping
Barrier species permeabilities through a barrier
- Reverse osmosis
- Dialysis
- Micro/ultra-filtration
Solid agent species adsorbability
- Adsorption
- Chromatography
- Ion exchange
External fields species response to force field
- Centrifugation
- Thermal diffusion
- Electrolysis
- Electrodialysis
-

Size of equipment determined by rates of mass transfer


Driving force and direction of mass transfer governed by departure from
thermodynamic equilibrium

liquid vapor
phase equilibrium ratio: Ki=yi/xi
relative volatility: alphai,j=Ki/Kj
ideal mixture: K=P*/P

liquid liquid Kdi=xi(1)/xi(2)


relative selectivity: betai,j=Kdi/Kdj
EMD
N=Na+Nb=0
Na=-Nb
Concentration profile: mole fractions are linear in distance

UMD
Nb=0
N=Na
Concentration profile: mole fractions are nonlinear in z

Steady state, 1d diffusion with constant Dab; integrate


Na=Da*A*[(ca1-ca2)/(z2-z1)]

Unsteady state, 1d diffusion with constant diffusivity and negligible bulk flow
dc/dt=Dab[(d^2c/dz^2)
What is the use of mass transfer theory?
If flow is known, can predict residence time. Determine the concentrations. Can
control the operation with different variables velocity, modification of reactor.
Designing equipment.

Film theory there exists a stagnant film


Gas(A)/Liquid(B)
A diffuse from gas bulk to gas/liquid interface
A crosses interface
A diffuses from interface to liquid bulk

kc proportional to diffusivity

challenge to film theory: dont know the thickness


Assumes: all of diffusing A pass through film and into bulk

Penetration theory stagnant film replaced by eddies. Eddies penetrate the film.
Giggity. Not SS
Not about the thickness anymore, but about how fast it is
kc proportional to square root of diffusivity
assumes constant contact time for all eddies that reach surface (wrong. Contact
time function of geometry and liquid velocity, density, and viscosity)
useful for bubble, droplet, or random packing interfaces
challenge: dont know contact time
Eddies move from bulk to interface
Stay at interface, fixed period of time, remain static, allows molecular diffusion take
place normal to interface
Leave interface to mix with bulk stream
When eddy moves to interface, replaces static eddy
Surface-renewal theory: replaces constant eddy contact time from penetration
theory by allowing fluid packets to exist for varying times, residence times.
(probability distribution type shit)
Assumption: residence time distribution, probability of an eddy at surface being
replaced by fresh eddy is independent of age of surface eddy (contact time is
bullshit, probability is better)
Surface renewal rate is a function of mixing level in bulk phase
kc proportional to square root diffusivity

TWO FILM THEORY


assumes: SS, interface between gas & liquid is sharp, laminar film at both sides of
interface, equilibrium at interface (negligible resistance to mass transfer across
interface: xi, yi is equilibrium concentration), no chemical reaction (diffusion across
gas film=diffusion across liquid film)

GAS-LIQUID CASE
Gas phase under dilute or EMD
Na=kp(Pab-Pai)
Liquid phase
Na=kc(cai-cab)
Knowledge of cab and pab
Mass
transfer
coefficients
Staged
separations
Absorption/S
tripping
Absorber high p, low T to minimize stages or absorbent flow
Stripper high t, low p to minimize
Equilibrium curves not straight when CMO isnt satisfied
Henrys constant will not be linear when concentrated

LLE
Binary
Distillation
Batch
Distillation
MC
Distillation
Filters/Memb
ranes
Adsorption
Methods
summary
Design,
Sizing,
Capacity

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