List of Presidents of The Philippines

List of Presidents of the Philippines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For colonial chief executives of the Philippines prior to the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines, see Governor-General of the Philippines.
Malacaang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the President.[note 1] Built in 1750, it has become a prominent
symbol of and metonym for the office.
Under the present Constitution of the Philippines, the President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo
ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and the head of government, and serves as the commander-
in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4] The President is directly elected by qualified voters of the
population to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered
voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of
the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has
served as president for more than four years is barred from running for the position again. Upon
an incumbent president's death, permanent disability, resignation, or removal from office, the Vice
President assumes the post.[5]
Sixteen people have been sworn into office as president. Following the ratification of the Malolos
Constitutionin 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Malolos Republic,
considered the First Philippine Republic.[6][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by
United States forces during the PhilippineAmerican War (18991902).[4] The American colonization
of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[7] which led an American governor-general to exercise
executive power.[8]
In 1935 the US, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,[9] established
the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also
restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L.
Quezon (193544) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election, [12] as the second
Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution
was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.[4] A change in government
occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment
of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World
War II.[13] Jos P. Laurel acted aspuppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;
[14]
his de facto presidency,[15] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[16] overlapped with that of the
president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved
after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in
the same year with Sergio Osmea (194446) as president.[4]
Manuel Roxas (194648) followed Osmea when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He
became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended
on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the
next five presidents, the last of which wasFerdinand Marcos (196586),[4] who performed a self-
coup by imposing martial law in 1972.[17] The dictatorship saw the birth of Marcos' New Society and
the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power
Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth
Republic.[4]
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L.
Quezon[18] and Manuel Roxas[19]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay (195357)[20]). The
longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only
president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmea who spent 1 year and
300 days in off.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986-1992), who ascended to the presidency
upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986 and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010),
who as Vice President, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a
full six-year term in 2004.
Contents
[hide]
1Key
2Presidents
o 2.118991901: First Republic (Malolos Republic)
o 2.2193546: Commonwealth
o 2.3194345: Second Republic
o 2.4194672: Third Republic
o 2.5197287: Marcos dictatorship and the Fourth Republic
o 2.61987-Present: Fifth Republic
3Timeline
4See also
5Notes
6References
o 6.1Works cited
7External links
Key[edit]
The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each individual.
Key
Party English name Abbreviation
Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Association for Service to the New

KALIBAPI
Pilipinas Philippines
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan New Society Movement KBL
Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino

Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino LAMMP
Masses
Lakas ng TaoKabalikat ng Malayang People PowerPartner of the Free LakasKampi

PilipinoChristian Muslim Democrats FilipinoChristian Muslim Democrats CMD
Lakas ng TaoNational Union of Christian People PowerNational Union of

LakasNUCD
Democrats Christian Democrats
Liberal Party Liberal
Nacionalista Party Nationalist Party Nacionalista
Partido Demokratiko PilipinoLakas ng Philippine Democratic PartyPeople's

PDPLaban
Bayan Power
United Nationalist Democratic Organization UNIDO
Non-partisan N/A
Presidents[edit]
18991901: First Republic (Malolos Republic)[edit]
The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Malolos, and ended on March
23, 1901 when President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palanan.
President of the First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic)[21]
No. No Vice
Name Took Left Ter Refs
overa . Portrait Party Preside
(Birth
office office m .
ll in Death) [note 4]
nt
[note 2]
era
Emilio
Aguinal March 2
(1899
do January 2 Non- )
1 1 3, 1901 partisa 1 None [10]
18691964 3, 1899 [note 6] [note 8] [11]
(Lived: 94
[note 5]
[note 7] n (1899
)
years)
[25]
193546: Commonwealth[edit]
The Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935 at Manila, and ended upon
independence on July 4, 1946.
Presidents of the Philippine Commonwealth[21]
No. No Vice
Name Left Ter Ref
overa . Portrait Took office Party Preside
ll in
(Birth
office m s.
[note 2]
era
Death) [note 4]
nt
[36]
2 1 Manue November August Nacionalis (1935 Sergio [37]
15, 1935 1, 1944 ta ) Osmea
l L. [note 9] [note 10] 2
[38]
Quezo [note 11]

(1935
[12]
n )
1878
1944
(Lived: (1941
65 years) )
3
(1941
Sergio
Osme
May 28 )
4 a August 1, , 1946 Nacionalis Vacant
[39]
2 1878 (1944 [40]

[note 12]
1944 [note 13]
ta )
[note 15]
[12]
1961 [note 14]
(Lived:
83 years)
Manue
l (1946 Elpidio
) Quirino
Roxas May 28, July 4, Liberal 5 May 28,
[43]
5 3 1892
[44]
1946 1946 [note 16]

(1946 1946 [41]
1948 ) July 4,
[note 12]
(Lived: 1946
56 years)
194345: Second Republic[edit]

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 in Manila, and ended when
President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, inTokyo.
President of the Second Philippine Republic[21]
No. No Vice
Name Took Left Ter Refs
overa . Portrait Party Preside
ll
(Birth
office office m .
in Death)
[note 2]
era
[note 4]
nt
Jos
P.
Laur August 1
(1943
el October 1 KALIBA )
3 1 7, 1945 4 None [49]
1891 4, 1943 [note 18] PI [note 20] [52]

[note 17]
[note 7]
[note 19]
(1943
1959 )
(Lived:
68
years)
194672: Third Republic[edit]

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and
ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.
Presidents of the Third Philippine Republic[21][note 21]
N
No. Name Ter Vice
over
o. Took Ref
in Portrait (Birth Left office Party m Presiden
all office s.
[note 2] er Death) [note 4]
t
a
Manuel (194 Elpidio

Roxas 6)
April 15, Quirino [43]
1892 July 4, Liberal 5 July 4,

5 1 1948 (194
[44]
1948 1946 [note 22]

[note 16]
1946 [41]
6) April 17,
(Lived: 56 (194
years) 1948
8)
Vacant [54]
April 1517, 1948
Vacant
[note 15]
April 17,
1948
Elpidio December
30, 1949
Quirino December
[56]
1890 April 17, Liberal [57]

6 2 30, 1953 [41]
1956 1948 [note 13]
[note 23]
[55]
(Lived: 65 (194
Fernando
years) 9) Lopez
6 December
(194 30, 1949
9) December
30, 1953
Ramon
Magsay
say December March 17, Nacionali Carlos P.
[59]
7 3 1907 1957 [60]
30, 1953 [note 24] sta Garcia [61]
1957 (195
(Lived: 49 3)
years) 7
(195
3)
(195
7)
Vacant
[note 15]
March 18

Carlos December
30, 1957
P. [62]
Garcia March 18, December Nacionali [63]

8 4 1896 30, 1961 [61]
1957 [note 13] sta
1971 Diosdado [64]
(Lived: 74 (195 Macapag

years) 7) al
8 December
(195 30, 1957
7) December
30, 1961
Diosdad
o
(196
Macapa December 1) [65]
gal December Emmanu

9 5 30, 1965 Liberal 9 [66]
1910 30, 1961 [note 13]

(196
el Pelaez [67]
1997 1)
(Lived: 86
years)
(196 Fernando
Ferdina 5) Lopez [73]
nd February 2 10 [74]
December Nacionali December
10 6 5, 1986 (196 [75]
Marcos 30, 1965 [note 13]
sta 30, 1965 [76]
5) September
1917 [note 25]
[32]
23, 1972
1989 [note 26]
(Lived: 72
(196
9)
11
[note 27]
[note 28]
(196 None
9) [note 29]
September
23, 1972
years) February 2
(198 5, 1986
1)
KBL 12
[note 30]
(198
1)
197287: Marcos dictatorship and the Fourth Republic [edit]

President Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 21, 1972.
He inaugurated the "New Society" after a new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973. He
declared the Fourth Republic on January 17, 1981, after martial law was lifted.
Presidents of the Fourth Philippine Republic[21][note 31]
N
No. Name Ter Vice
over
o. Took Left Ref
in Portrait (Birth Party m Presiden
all
Death)
office office s.
[note 2] er [note 4]
t
a
[73]
10 1 Ferdina December February (196 Fernando [74]
30, 1965 25, 1986 5) Lopez
nd [note 13] 10
[75]
December
Marcos [note 25]
(196 30, 1965
[76]
[32]
1917 5) September
1989 23, 1972
(Lived: 72 Nacionali
[note 26]
years) sta (196

9)
11 None
[note 27] [note 29]
[note 28]
September
(196 23, 1972
9) February 2
5, 1986
KBL (198
1)
12
[note 30]
(198
1)
Corazo
n (198
Aquino February 2 June 30,
6)
Salvador
[79]
11 2 1933 5, 1986 UNIDO 13 [80]
[note 32] 1992 (198

Laurel [72]
2009 6)
(Lived: 76
years)
1987-Present: Fifth Republic[edit]

President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified.
The plebiscite happened on February 2, 1987.
Presidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 33]
No. N Vice
Name Took Left Ter Ref
overa o. Portrait Party Presiden
ll in
(Birth
office office m s.
[note 2]
era
Death) [note 4]
t
Corazon
(198
C. February 6) [79]
Aquino June 30, UNID Salvador

11 1 25, 1986 13 [80]
19332009 [note 32] 1992 O (198

H. Laurel [72]
(Lived: 76 6)
years)
Fidel V. (199
Ramos 2) Joseph [82]
June 30, June 30, Lakas
12 2 Born 1928 14 Ejercito [83]
1992 1998 NUCD [84]

(89 years (199 Estrada
old) 2)
Joseph
Ejercito January Gloria [86]
Estrada June 30, 20, 2001 LAM Macapag

13 3 [87]
Born 1937 1998 [note 34]

MP al- [88]
[note 7]
(80 years Arroyo
old)
(199
8)
15 Vacant
(199 [note 15]
8) January 20
(200
1) February 7
, 2001
Lakas
NUCD
Teofisto
Gloria Guingon
Macapag a Jr. [89]
al-Arroyo January 2 June 30, [90]

14 4 February 7
[88]
Born 1947 0, 2001 2010 , 2001 [91]
(70 years June 30,

old) 2004
Noli L.
(200 de Castro
Lakas 4) [note 35]
Kampi 16 June 30,

CMD (200 2004
4) June 30,
2010
[92]
15 5 Benigno June 30, June 30, Liberal (201 Jejomar [93]
0)
S. Aquino
III 17
Born 1960 2010 2016 (201 C. Binay [94]
(57 years 0)
old)
Rodrigo
(201 Maria
Roa 6)
Duterte June 30, Incumbe PDP Leonor
16 6 18 [95]
Born 1945 2016 nt Laban (201

G.
(72 years 6) Robredo
old)
Timeline[edit]
See also: List of Presidents of the Philippines by time in office
See also[edit]
Philippines portal
President of the Philippines
List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines
First Lady or First Gentleman of the Philippines
Vice President of the Philippines
List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines
Prime Minister of the Philippines
Constitution of the Philippines
Timeline of Philippine history
List of current heads of state and government
Living Presidents of the Philippines
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ The President has three official residences, with the
Malacaang Palace Complex as the principal abode and
workplace.[1] The other two are Mansion House in Baguio, the
official summer residence,[2] and Malacaang sa
Sugbo(Malacaang of Cebu), the official residence in Cebu.[3]
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h In chronological order, the presidents

started with Manuel L. Quezon,[22] who was then succeeded by
Sergio Osmea as the second president,[23] until the recognition of
Emilio Aguinaldo[24] and Jos P. Laurel's[16]presidencies in the 1960s.
[subnote 1][subnote 2]
With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the
third, Quezon and Osmea are thus listed as the second and the
fourth, respectively.[4][21]
3. Jump up^ Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected
by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[10][11]
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f For the purposes of numbering, a presidency

is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by
one person. For example, Manuel L. Quezon was elected in two
consecutive terms and is counted as the second president (not the
second and third).[subnote 3] Upon the death of fifth president,Manuel
Roxas, Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he
simply served out the remainder of Roxas' term and was not
elected to the presidency in his own right.
5. Jump up^ Term began with the formal establishment of the

Malolos Republic.[26][27][subnote 1][subnote 4]
6. Jump up^ Term ended when Aguinaldo was captured by US
forces in Palanan, Isabela, during the PhilippineAmerican War.[4]
[subnote 5]
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c Later sought election or re-election to a non-

consecutive term.[subnote 6]
8. Jump up^ The Malolos Constitution did not provide for a vice
president.[35]
9. Jump up^ Term began with the formal establishment of the

Philippine Commonwealth.[9][subnote 3]
10. Jump up^ Died, in office, of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New

York.[18]
11. Jump up^ Term was originally until November 15, 1943, due to
constitutional limitations as provided by the 1940 amendment of
the 1935 Constitution, which shortened the terms of the president
and the vice president from six to four years but allowed re-
election.[subnote 6] Quezon was not intended to serve the full four years
of the second term he won in the 1941 election because a ten-year
presidency would have been considered excessive. In 1943,
however, due to World War II, he and Vice President Sergio
Osmea, who was also re-elected, had to take an emergency oath
of office, extending their tenure.[4][12]
12. ^ Jump up to:a b See 194345: Second Republic.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Unseated (lost re-election).[subnote 6]
14. Jump up^ Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Prior to the ratification of the 1987 Constitution,

there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the vice
presidency could be filled.[5][34] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first
president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the
Constitution when she appointed Teofisto Guingona Jr.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b The Liberal Party was not yet a party in itself at the
time, but only a wing of the Nacionalista Party.[41] It split and
became a separate party by 1947.[42]
17. Jump up^ Term began with the establishment

of Japan's puppet Second Republic after itoccupied the
Philippines during World War II.[13][45] The Commonwealth continued
its existence as a government in exile in Australia and the United
States.[9][46] The Philippines had two concurrent presidents by this
time:[4] a de jure (the Commonwealth president) and a de
facto (Laurel).[15] Because of his status, he was not considered a
legitimate president until the 1960s.[16]
18. Jump up^ Term ended when he dissolved the Second Republic in
the wake of Japan's surrender to the Allies two days prior.[16][45][subnote
2]
The Commonwealth was re-established in the Philippines,
[13]
with Sergio Osmea as the fourth president.[4][subnote 7]
19. Jump up^ Previously affiliated with the Nacionalista Party,[49] but
was elected by theNational Assembly under the Japanese-
organized KALIBAPI, a "non-political service organization" as it
described itself.[50] All pre-war parties were replaced by the
KALIBAPI.[13][16]
20. Jump up^ The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice
president.[35][51]
21. Jump up^ The Third Republic began when the Philippine
Commonwealth ended on July 4, 1946.[4][53]
22. Jump up^ Died, in office, of a heart attack in Clark Air

Base, Pampanga.[19]
23. Jump up^ The Liberal Party was split into two opposing wings for
the 1949 election: the Avelino wing, led by presidential
aspirant Jos Avelino, and the Quirino wing.[55]
24. Jump up^ Died, in office, in a plane crash in Mount

Manunggal, Cebu.[20][58]
25. ^ Jump up to:a b Deposed in the People Power Revolution.[subnote 8]
26. ^ Jump up to:a b Term ended upon Marcos' declaration of martial

law.[35][subnote 9][subnote 10]
27. ^ Jump up to:a b Imposed martial law, as a self-coup, on

September 23, 1972, throughProclamation No. 1081, shortly
before the end of his second and final term in 1973. [subnote 9] General
Order No. 1, which detailed the transfer of all powers to the
president, was also issued, enabling Marcos to rule by decree.[17]
28. ^ Jump up to:a b Served concurrently as prime minister from

June 12, 1978, to June 30, 1981.[73][subnote 10]
29. ^ Jump up to:a b The 1973 Constitution was amended through

a plebiscite held on January 27, 1984 to re-establish the vice
presidency.[35][78][subnote 10]
30. ^ Jump up to:a b The 1973 Constitution, as amended in 1981, did

not place restrictions on re-election.[subnote 6]
31. Jump up^ Martial law was lifted by Ferdinand Marcos on

January 17, 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045,[17] marking the
beginning of the Fourth Republic.[53]
32. ^ Jump up to:a b Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the
disputed 1986 snap election.[subnote 8]
33. Jump up^ Corazon Aquino promulgated a provisional

constitution called the 1786 Freedom Constitution on March 25,
1786.[81] It remained in effect until it was supplanted by the current
constitution on February 2, 17 87,[81] which ushered the Fifth
Republic.[4]
34. Jump up^ Deposed after the Supreme Court declared Estrada as
resigned, and, as a result, the office of the president vacant, after
the Second EDSA Revolution.[85]
35. Jump up^ Allied with the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa

Kinabukasan (Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow). [91]
Subnotes
1. ^ Jump up to:a b The Malolos Republic, an independent

revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in
Asia,[7][26] remained unrecognized by any country[28][29] until the
Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor,
[30]
which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.[7][24][31] Aguinaldo
was consequently counted as the country's first president. [6][24]
2. ^ Jump up to:a b The Second Republic was later declared by

the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate
government on September 17, 1945.[16] Its laws were considered
null and void;[4][16] despite this, Laurel was included in the official
roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.[16]
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Emilio Aguinaldo would be counted as the second

president if he had won the 1935 election because the presidency
was abolished and remained defunct until November 15, 1935.
During that period, the executive power was exercised by
the Governor-General of the US military government and
the Insular Government, the precursor of the Philippine
Commonwealth.[8]
4. Jump up^ Aguinaldo had previously held the presidency of other

short-lived national governments that preceded the Malolos
Republic:[7][26] the Tejeros government (March 22 November 2,
1897), the Republic of Biak-na-Bato (November 1 December 20,
1897), a dictatorial government (May 24 June 23, 1898), and a
revolutionary government (June 23, 1898 January 22, 1899).[10]
5. Jump up^ Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the US nine

days later, effectively ending the republic. [7][28]
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Before the ratification of the 1981 amendment of

the 1973 Constitution, which removed the limit on re-election to the
office for another six-year term,[32][33] presidents were elected to a
four-year term with the possibility of re-election, as the
amended 1935 Constitution specified: "No person shall serve as
[p]resident for more than eight consecutive years." [34] When
the 1987 Constitution was imposed and, in effect, superseded the
previous constitutions, the president is no longer eligible for any re-
election. It does, however, allow a person who had assumed the
presidency to seek for a full six-year term if he or she has not yet
"served as such for more than four years".[5]
7. Jump up^ The Commonwealth had already been temporarily

restored in Tacloban on October 23, 1944, during the Battle of
Leyte,[47] before it was proclaimed "reestablished as provided by
law" on February 27, 1945.[48]
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino both took

their oath of office on February 25, 1986. In effect, the Philippines
again had two simultaneous presidents, albeit for nine hours only.
[68]
Marcos was proclaimed on February 15 the winner of the widely
denounced February 7 snap election,[68][69] which he called after
opposition leaderBenigno Aquino Jr., his chief rival and Corazon's
wife, was assassinated in 1983.[70] However, in a
separate NAMFREL tally dated February 16, Aquino was found the
actual duly-elected president.[71][72] The events led to the People
Power Revolution on February 2225, which forced Marcos to
leave to exile in Hawaii and installed Aquino to the office. [68][70][72]
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Accounts differ on when martial law was officially

established. While sources such as Raymond Bonner have written
that Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on September 23, 1972,
Primitivo Mijares, a former journalist for Marcos, and the Bangkok
Post stated that it was on September 17, only postdated to
September 21 because of Marcos' numerological beliefs that were
related to the number seven. Marcos claimed to have signed it on
September 21, and as of 9 p.m. Philippine Standard
Time(UTC+08:00) on September 22, the country was under martial
law. He formally announced it in a live television and radio
broadcast on September 23. The official date when martial law was
set was on September 21 (because it was a date that was divisible
by seven), but September 23 is generally considered the correct
date because it was when the nation was informed and thus the
proclamation was put into full effect.[17]
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c On January 17, 1973, while martial law was still in
effect, the 1973 Constitution was ratified, which suspended the
1935 Constitution and ended the Third Republic.[35][53] What Marcos
called a New Society (Bagong Lipunan) began,[53] introducing
a parliamentary form of government;[77] the vice presidency was
abolished and the presidential succession provision was devolved
to the prime minister.[35]
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Ortiguero, Romsanne (October 22, 2014). "TRAVEL
Inside Malacaang Complex, 3 places to visit for a charming date
with history". News5. TV5. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
2. Jump up^ "Mansion House". Presidential Museum and
Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic
Planning Office. Retrieved June 20,2016.
3. Jump up^ Sisante, Jam (August 6, 2010). "Malacaang sa Sugbo

still the president's official residence in Cebu". GMA News and
Public Affairs. GMA Network. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The Executive Branch". Official

Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c "The Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines". Official Gazette.Presidential Communications
Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June
18, 2016.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Tucker 2009, p. 8
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Staff writer(s); no by-line. (September 7,

2012). "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical
Commission of the Philippines. RetrievedJune 17, 2016.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". Official

Planning Office. Retrieved July 8,2016.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Emilio Aguinaldo". Presidential Museum and

11. ^ Jump up to:a b PCDSPO 2015, p. 203
12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d PCDSPO 2015, pp. 6264
13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Jose, Ricardo T. (1997). Afterword. His

Excellency Jose P. Laurel, President of the Second Philippine
Republic: Speeches, Messages and Statements, October 14, 1943
to December 19, 1944. By Laurel, Jos P. Manila: Lyceum of the
Philippines in cooperation with the Jos P. Laurel Memorial
Foundation. ISBN 971-91847-2-8. Retrieved June 18, 2016
viaPresidential Museum and Library.
14. Jump up^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. (September 3, 1945). "The

Philippines: End of a Puppet". Time. Retrieved July
5, 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
15. ^ Jump up to:a b "Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P.

Laurel". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential
Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.
Retrieved June 18, 2016.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Staff writer(s); no by-line. (October 14,
2015). "Second Philippine Republic". Presidential Museum and
Planning Office. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Declaration of Martial Law". Official

18. ^ Jump up to:a b Tejero, Constantino C. (November 8, 2015). "The

real Manuel Luis Quezon, beyond the posture and
bravura". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 16,2016.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Staff writer(s); no by-line. (April 16, 1948). "Heart
Attack Fatal to Philippine Pres. Roxas". Schenectady Gazette.
Manila. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b "Death Anniversary of President Ramon

Magsaysay". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential
March 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Philippine Presidents". Presidential Museum

and Library.Presidential Communications Development and
Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
22. Jump up^ Quezon, Manuel L. (December 30, 1941). "Second

Inaugural Address of President Quezon". Official
23. Jump up^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. (October 19, 1961). "Sergio
Osmena, Second President of the Philippines". Toledo Blade.
Manila: Block Communications. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b c Pascual, Federico D., Jr. (September 26,

2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues". The
Philippine Star. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
25. Jump up^ The year of birth on his death certificate was incorrectly
typed as 1809.
"Philippines, Civil Registration (Local), 1888-1983," index and
images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-
1971-27184-32236-46?cc=1410394&wc=9Z7H-
JWG:25272501,114827101,25271303,25290201 : accessed May
2, 2014), Metropolitan Manila > Quezon City > Death certificates >
1964; citing National Census and Statistics Office, Manila.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899" [Philippine

Republic Day, 1899].Official Gazette. Presidential Communications
22, 2016.
27. Jump up^ Guevara 1972, p. 28
28. ^ Jump up to:a b Tucker 2009, p. 496
29. Jump up^ Abueva, Jos V. (February 12, 2013). "Our only
republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
30. Jump up^ Macapagal, Diosdado (June 12, 1962). "Address of

President Macapagal on Independence Day". Official
31. Jump up^ "Proclamation No. 533, s. 2013". Official

Planning Office. January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
32. ^ Jump up to:a b c PCDSPO 2015, pp. 125126
33. Jump up^ "1973 Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines". Official Gazette.Presidential Communications
21, 2016.
34. ^ Jump up to:a b The 1935 Constitution:
"The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Presidential

Retrieved 21 June 2016.
"1935 Constitution amended". Official Gazette. Presidential

Retrieved21 June 2016.
35. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Office of the Vice President". Official

36. Jump up^ "Manuel L. Quezon". Presidential Museum and

37. Jump up^ PCDSPO 2015, p. 204
38. Jump up^ PCDSPO 2015, pp. 5456
39. Jump up^ "Sergio Osmea". Presidential Museum and


43. ^ Jump up to:a b "Manuel Roxas". Presidential Museum and

46. Jump up^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 415
47. Jump up^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. (September 4, 2012). "Sergio

Osmea: Remembering the Grand Old Man of Cebu". National
Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
48. Jump up^ MacArthur, Douglas (February 27, 1945). "Speech of

General Douglas MacArthur upon turning over to President Sergio
Osmena the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth
Government under the Constitution".Official Gazette. Presidential
Retrieved July 24, 2016.
49. ^ Jump up to:a b "Jose P. Laurel". Presidential Museum and

51. Jump up^ "The 1943 Constitution". Official Gazette. Presidential

53. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Third Republic". Official Gazette. Presidential

54. Jump up^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. (November 16, 2012). "The
ritual climbing of the main stairs of...". Presidential Museum and
Planning Office. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013.
Retrieved July 21, 2016 via Tumblr. On the morning of April 17,
1948, Vice President Elpidio Quirinofresh off a coast guard cutter
from theVisayasascended the staircase to pay his respects to the
departed President Manuel Roxas, and to take his oath of office as
[p]resident of the Philippines. The country had been without a
[p]resident for two days.
55. ^ Jump up to:a b PCDSPO 2015, pp. 8082

56. Jump up^ "Elpidio Quirino". Presidential Museum and
58. Jump up^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. (March 18,

1957). "Magsaysay Dead in Plane Crash". St. Petersburg Times.
Manila: Times Publishing Company. RetrievedJune 16, 2016.
59. Jump up^ "Ramon Magsaysay". Presidential Museum and

62. Jump up^ "Carlos P. Garcia". Presidential Museum and

65. Jump up^ "Diosdado Macapagal". Presidential Museum and

68. ^ Jump up to:a b c Reaves, Joseph A. (February 26, 1986). "Marcos

Flees, Aquino Rules".Chicago Tribune. Manila: Tribune Publishing.
Retrieved July 9, 2016.
69. Jump up^ "Resolution No. 38". Official Gazette. Presidential

February 15, 1986. Retrieved July 9,2016.
70. ^ Jump up to:a b Chandler & Steinberg 1987, pp. 431442
71. Jump up^ "1986 Tally Board". National Citizens' Movement for
Free Elections. February 16, 1986. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
73. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Ferdinand E. Marcos". Presidential Museum and

77. Jump up^ Sicat, Gerardo P. (September 23, 2015). "Marcos and
his failure to provide for an orderly political succession". The
Philippine Star. Retrieved July 9, 2016.The transitional nature of
the political system according to the 1973 Constitution was left
undefined in view of the martial law government. This constitution
adopted a British-style parliamentary system.
79. ^ Jump up to:a b "Corazon C. Aquino". Presidential Museum and

81. ^ Jump up to:a b "Philippine Constitutions". Official

Planning Office. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
82. Jump up^ "Fidel V. Ramos". Presidential Museum and

84. Jump up^ PCDSPO 2015, pp. 142143
85. Jump up^ Calica, Aurea (January 21, 2001). "SC: People's
welfare is the supreme law".The Philippine Star. Retrieved June
18, 2016.
86. Jump up^ "Joseph Ejercito Estrada". Presidential Museum and

89. Jump up^ "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo". Presidential Museum and


92. Jump up^ "Benigno S. Aquino III". Presidential Museum and
94. Jump up^ PCDSPO 2015, pp. 159161
95. Jump up^ "Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers:

Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo". Presidential Museum and
Works cited[edit]
Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970). History of the

Filipino People(3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of

Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii
Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (2005) [1898]. The laws of the first Philippine
Republic (the laws of Malolos) 18981899. Compiled, edited, and
translated into English by Sulpicio Guevara. Manila: National Historical
Institute (published 1972). ISBN 971-538-055-7 via University of
Michigan Library.
Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF) (Revised and expanded ed.).

Manila:Presidential Communications Development and Strategic
Planning Office. 2015.ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2 via Internet Archive.
Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-

American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and
Military History. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-
1.
External links[edit]
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List of Presidents of The Philippines

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

o 2.118991901: First Republic (Malolos Republic)

o 2.3194345: Second Republic

o 2.4194672: Third Republic

o 2.5197287: Marcos dictatorship and the Fourth Republic

o 2.61987-Present: Fifth Republic

Party English name Abbreviation

Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Association for Service to the New

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan New Society Movement KBL

Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino

Lakas ng TaoKabalikat ng Malayang People PowerPartner of the Free LakasKampi

Lakas ng TaoNational Union of Christian People PowerNational Union of

Liberal Party Liberal

Nacionalista Party Nationalist Party Nacionalista

Partido Demokratiko PilipinoLakas ng Philippine Democratic PartyPeople's

United Nationalist Democratic Organization UNIDO

18691964 3, 1899 [note 6] [note 8] [11]

Presidents of the Philippine Commonwealth[21]

Quezo [note 11]

2 1878 (1944 [40]

1961 [note 14]

1946 1946 [note 16]

194345: Second Republic[edit]

President of the Second Philippine Republic[21]

1891 4, 1943 [note 18] PI [note 20] [52]

194672: Third Republic[edit]

Presidents of the Third Philippine Republic[21][note 21]

Manuel (194 Elpidio

1892 July 4, Liberal 5 July 4,

1948 1946 [note 22]

1890 April 17, Liberal [57]

7 3 1907 1957 [60]

30, 1953 [note 24] sta Garcia [61]

Garcia March 18, December Nacionali [63]

(Lived: 74 (195 Macapag

gal December Emmanu

1910 30, 1961 [note 13]

197287: Marcos dictatorship and the Fourth Republic [edit]

Presidents of the Fourth Philippine Republic[21][note 31]

years) sta (196

11 2 1933 5, 1986 UNIDO 13 [80]

[note 32] 1992 (198

1987-Present: Fifth Republic[edit]

Presidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic[21][note 33]

Aquino June 30, UNID Salvador

19332009 [note 32] 1992 O (198

1992 1998 NUCD [84]

Estrada June 30, 20, 2001 LAM Macapag

Born 1937 1998 [note 34]

al-Arroyo January 2 June 30, [90]

(70 years June 30,

Kampi 16 June 30,

Born 1945 2016 nt Laban (201

List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

First Lady or First Gentleman of the Philippines

Vice President of the Philippines

List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines

Prime Minister of the Philippines

Constitution of the Philippines

Timeline of Philippine history

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Living Presidents of the Philippines