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0.05 0.02
f = Re
inar
0.015
0.04
flow
(
0.01
d
L V2
Relative roughness
d 2g
0.008
h
Recr 0.006
(
0.03
Friction factor f =
0.004
0.025
0.002
0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0006
Sm 0.0004
0.015 oo
th
p ip 0.0002
es
0.0001
0.000,05
0.01
0.009
0.008 0.000,01
103 2(103) 3 4 5 6 8
104 2(104) 3 4 5 6 8
105 2(105) 3 4 5 6 8
106 2(106) 3 4 5 6 8
107 2(107) 3 4 5 6 8
108
Vd
Reynolds number Re = = 0.000,001 = 0.000,005
d d
Fig. 6.13 The Moody chart for pipe friction with smooth and rough walls. This chart is identical to Eq. (6.48) for turbulent flow.
(From Ref. 8, by permission of the ASME.)
Moody chart is probably the most famous and useful figure in fluid mechanics. It
is accurate to ! 15 percent for design calculations over the full range shown in
Fig. 6.13. It can be used for circular and noncircular (Sec. 6.6) pipe flows and for
open-channel flows (Chap. 10). The data can even be adapted as an approximation to
boundary layer flows (Chap. 7).
Equation (6.48) is cumbersome to evaluate for f if Red is known, although it easily
yields to the EES Equation Solver. An alternative explicit formula given by Haaland
[33] as
1 6.9 !/d 1.11
1/2 ! "1.8 log c #a b d (6.49)
f Red 3.7
varies less than 2 percent from Eq. (6.48).