Vaccines

Courtney Hrabec, Emma Johnson, and Kaitlyn Stuart

What is a Vaccine?
A substance used to
stimulate the production
of antibodies and provide
immunity against one or
several diseases
- act as an antigen without inducing the disease
- reduces risk of infection (no vaccine is 100%
effective)
Fig. 1:Vaccine & Needle Source: Vaccines 101: What Are Vaccinations? Parents
What You Should Know
The United States has one of the best vaccines
safety programs in the world
10,000+ American citizens a year become ill from
diseases that could have been prevented by
vaccines
Immunization is the best protection against
diseases
Fig. 2 Needles & Vaccines Source: Im Coming Out as Pro-Vaccines The Huffington
 History of the Creation
First began with a long history of
infectious diseases that wiped out millions
Edward Jenner- 1st vaccine (1796)
- Used CowPox Pustules to immunize
against SmallPox
Evidence of Chinese using same technique
(1000 AD)
- Spread to Africa, Turkey, Europe and
then America
- Louis Pasteurs 1885 rabies vaccine

Fig. 3 Cow Pus Extraction Source: Vaccine Lymph Whale

 What is in a Vaccine?

Fig. 4 Vaccines & Needles Source: Vaccinations Confer

Autoimmune Diseases Without Toxic Additives Vaccine Impact Fig. 5 Vaccine Ingredient Chart Source: For Parents: Vaccines for Your Children CDC
Types of Vaccines Subunit Vaccines (antigen)

Attenuated Vaccines (live or weakened virus) - Influenza (injection flu shot)

- Hepatitis B
- Vaccinia (smallpox) - HPV (human papillomavirus)
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) - DTaP (pertussis)
- Varicella (chickenpox)
- Influenza (nasal flu spray)

Inactivated Vaccines (dead virus)

- IPV (Polio)
- Hepatitis A
- Rabies

Toxoid Vaccines (inactivated toxin)

- DTaP (diphtheria and tetanus)

Fig. 6 Vaccine Subunit Types Source: Lymph node T-cellsFred Hutch Cures Start Here
 How Vaccines Work
Vaccines contain a small amount of the germs
that cause the disease
When you receive the immunization, your body
thinks it is the disease itself, and starts creating
antibodies
Antibodies fight off the germs and stay with you
for a long time
Vaccines teach your immune system by
mimicking a natural infection, so in the future it
already knows how to fight it off.

Fig. 7: How Vaccines Work Source: How Do Vaccines Work? Media-MLive

 How Vaccines are Given
Intramuscular Injection Intradermal Injection

Vaccine is administered into the muscle Vaccine is administered into the top
layer of the skin
Subcutaneous Injection
Intranasal Spray
Vaccine is administered into the layer
above the muscle but below the skin Needle free approach through the nasal
mucosa

Fig. 8: Intramuscular Injection Source: How to give IM Injection New

Health Advisor
Fig. 9: Intranasal Spray Source: How to Use Your Nasal Spray Netdoctor
 How Long they Last & Booster Shots
Live vaccines have longer lived immunity Booster Shot- supplementary dose of a vaccine
Sub unit vaccines require boosters that is given to maintain immunity

Duration of protection after recommended MMR- Requires 2 doses

doses: ages: 12-15 months and 4-6 years
Rotavirus- 2 or 3 dose series
Pertussis- 4-6 years ages: 2 months, 4 months and possible 6
> 10 years months
Diphtheria HepA- 2 dose series
Tetanus HepB- 3 dose series
Mumps Meningococcal- 2 doses
Rubella 11-12 years and 16 years
Polio Tdap- 5 doses
Hep B
ages: 2 months, 4 months, 6 months,
Measles- life long 15-18 months and 4-6 years
Types of Diseases Fought by Vaccines Fig. 10: Mumps Source Mumps Outbreak Spread Kiss 91.7

Vaccines are available for the following:

Chickenpox
Diphtheria
Flu Shingles
Hepatitis A Tetanus
Hepatitis B Whooping Cough
Hib Anthrax
HPV Japanese Encephalitis
Measles Rabies
Meningococcal Smallpox
Mumps Tuberculosis
Pneumococcal Typhoid Fever
Polio Yellow Fever
Rotavirus
Rubella

Fig. 11: Measles Source: Info about Measles Berrien County Health Dept.
Cost of Vaccines & How Insurance Helps
The average cost of vaccines without insurance can range from
approximately $600 to as much as $1200 by the time a child enters school
With insurance this number can drop to just a few hundred dollars

Fig. 12: Vials Source: Vaccine Safety CDC

Vaccine Pharmaceuticals
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)
Pfizer
Merck & Co.
Novartis Fig.13: GSK Source: GSK Buys Novartis Vaccine Business Azbio

Sanofi

Innavative Companies

PaxVax
Inovio
Fig. 14: Vaccine Companies Source: Merck & Co and Pfizer take aim pmlive
 CDC and FDA
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion, prevention
and preparedness activities in the United States
- Tells you all about every kind of vaccine, requirements, and information
for specific groups Fig. 15: CDC Source: US CDC Logo Wikimedia Commons

US Food and Drug Administration

- Federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human
Services
- Responsible for overseeing, protecting and promoting public health
through control and supervision

Fig. 16: FDA Source: FDA Advisory Committee Meeting CureDuchenne

Stats About Vaccines
1. Vaccines prevent more than 2.5 million deaths each year
2. Scientific studies and reviews continue to show no relationship between vaccines and autism
3. Diphtheria and Smallpox have a 100% reduction case rate
4. Diphtheria, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Smallpox have a 100% reduction of deaths
5. 48 states allow religious exemptions from vaccines
6. Percent of children 19-35 months old receiving vaccinations:
a. DTap- 84.2%
b. Polio- 93.3%
c. MMR- 91.5%
d. Hep B- 91.6%
e. Chickenpox- 91%

Fig 17. MMR Source: MMR, Autism, Can we talk? The Thinking Moms Revolution
Fig. 18: Delay and Refuse Vaccines Source: The unvaccinated, by the numbers CNN
Mississippi and West Virginia-
no exemptions
Fig.19: School Immunization Exemptions Source: The unvaccinated, by the numbers CNN
Pros vs. Cons Video
Arguments For and Against Vaccines

Fig. 20: Pro-Con Video Source: Trump energizes the anti-vaccine movement in Texas Washington Post
Pros
1. Vaccines can save lives (90%-99% effective)
2. The Ingredients are safe in proper amounts (more
exposure to Al in breast milk)
3. Major Medical Organizations state they are safe
(CDC, FDA, HHS, etc.)
4. Adverse reactions are extremely rare (1 to 1
million)
5. Save Time and Money (avoid trips to doctor)
6. Protect Future Generations (eradication of
smallpox)

Fig.21: Dont Wait Vaccinate Source: Vaccines: The Pros and Cons Digestive Health Ann Arbor
Cons
1. Sometimes Serious and Fatal Side Effects (allergic reactions)

2. Harmful Ingredients (thimerosal, organic mercury)

3. Government should not Intervene in Personal Medical Choice (guardians & religion)

4. Vaccines are Unnatural (natural immunity)

5. CDC and FDA are only in it for profit (pharmaceutical companies profit the most)

6. Diseases are disappearing (no more need for vaccines, WRONG)

Fig.22: Run-Away Doctor Source: The Pros and Cons of Flu Vaccination Travel and Health
 Controversies Around Vaccines
MMR linked to Autism

- Started: Main evidence for a possible association is autism has been

increasing at the same time that infant vaccination coverage has increased
- May affect temporal lobe
- Cases have not found an association between MMR and autism

Thimerosal

Fig.23: MMR Controversy Source: Actions Supporting MMR

- Mercury-based preservative that has been used for decades in the United Vaccine Uptake in Children in Wales Public Health Wales

States
- No evidence of harm caused by the low doses of thimerosal in vaccines
- Contains ethylmercury, which is cleared from the human body quickly and
less likely to cause any harm
- Purpose: prevents growth of bacteria in vaccines
- No scientific research that shows connection between thimerosal and
autism
Continued...
Too many Vaccines and Immune System

- Scientific data show that getting several vaccines at the same time
does not cause any chronic health problems
- CDC recommended schedule is designed to offer the best and safest
Fig.24: Build Immune System Source: What is the Immune System Global Healing Center
protection

Herd Immunity

- Occurs when many people in a community are immunized that even

those who arent immunized wont get a disease
- The more people who are protected from the disease, the less
viruses and bacteria are able to spread through the community and
infect those who arent vaccinated

Fig.25: Herd Immunity Source:Herd Immunity Explained Altasciences

Anti-Vaccination Movement
Anti-Vaxxer-A person who is opposed to
vaccination
- Typically a parent that does not want to
vaccinate their child
Loosely organized conspiracy theorist

Blame vaccinations for a wide range of health

problems
- Ex: Autism, weakened the immune
system

Fig.26: WARNING! Source: Anti-Vaccination Movement RationalWiki

Vaccine Requirements in North Carolina

Fig. 27 : Kindergarten Requirements Source: K-12 School Requirements NC Health

Fig. 28 : Middle School Requirements Source: K-12 School Requirements NC Health

Ethical Issues
Some possible issues include:
Whether the government should be allowed to intervene in personal
medical choices
Should vaccines be required for those whose religion is against them
48 states allow exemptions for religious purposes
 The World Without Vaccines
Disease rates have significantly lowered since
the creation of vaccines. For Example

Measles
Pre: Extremely common in the U.S.
Post: Most people will never encounter a case of
the measles
Diphtheria
Pre: 15,000 die from diphtheria in 1921
Post: 2 cases between 2004-2014
Rubella
Pre: 1964 12.5 million Americans Infected
Post: 15 cases since 2012

Fig. 29: Pre and Post Vaccine Disease Rates Source: How Vaccines Have Changed Our World Forbes.
Where You Can Get Vaccinated
Doctor Offices
Pharmacies (ex: Walgreens and CVS)
Fig 30: CVS Source: Pharmacy CVS Health

Community Health Clinics

Community School and Religious Centers
State Health Departments
Urgent Cares

Fig. 31: Doctor's Source: Conquering the Doctor's Office The Odyssey Online
Take Away Message
No more vaccines. No more you.

Vaccinate, vaccinate, vaccinate, vaccinate, vaccinate,

vaccinate.

Never too old to get immunized.

Fig.32: Vaccines Around the World Source: Vaccines 2016: Big Bets for Global Threats Lockwood 10 Years
 Pictures Cited
Fig. 1:Vaccine & Needle Source: Vaccines 101: What Are Vaccinations? Parents Magazine. 2012. Web. 16 April. 2017
Fig. 2 Needles & Vaccines Source: Im Coming Out as Pro-Vaccines The Huffington. 2016. Web. 20 April. 2017
Fig. 3 Cow Pus Extraction Source: Vaccine Lymph Whale. 2004. Web. 17 April. 2017
Fig. 4 Vaccines & Needles Source: Vaccinations Confer Autoimmune Diseases Without Toxic Additives Vaccine Impact. 2017. 16 April. 2017
Fig. 5 Vaccine Ingredient Chart Source: For Parents: Vaccines for Your Children CDC. 2015. 19 April. 2017
Fig. 6 Vaccine Subunit Types Source: Lymph node T-cellsFred Hutch Cures Start Here. 2006. 13 April. 2017
Fig. 7: How Vaccines Work Source: How Do Vaccines Work? Media-MLive. 2007. 13 April. 2017
Fig. 8: Intramuscular Injection Source: How to give IM Injection New Health Advisor. 2004. Web. 21 April. 2017
Fig. 9: Intranasal Spray Source: Marshall, Helen. How to Use Your Nasal Spray Netdoctor. March. 2016. Web. 18 April. 2017
Fig. 10: Mumps Source Mumps Outbreak Spread Kiss 91.7. 29 March, 2017. Web. 22 April. 2017
Fig. 11: Measles Source: Info about Measles Berrien County Health Dept. Web. 22 April. 2017
Fig. 12: Vials Source: Vaccine Safety CDC. September. 2016. Web. 20 April. 2017
Fig. 13: GSK Source: GSK Buys Novartis Vaccine Business Azbio. April 2017 Web. 22 April 2017
Fig. 14: Vaccine Companies Source: Merck & Co and Pfizer take aim pmlive. 7 March, 2017 Web. 22 April. 2017
Fig. 15: CDC Source: US CDC Logo Wikimedia Commons. November. 2016. Web. 19 April. 2017
Fig. 16: FDA Source: FDA Advisory Committee Meeting CureDuchenne. November 2015. Web. 19 April. 2017
Fig. 17. MMR Source: MMR, Autism, Can we talk? The Thinking Moms Revolution. August 2014. Web. 18 April. 2017l
Fig. 18: Delay and Refuse Vaccines Source: The unvaccinated, by the numbers CNN. February 2015. Web. 14 April. 2017
Fig. 19: School Immunization Exemptions Source: The unvaccinated, by the numbers CNN. February 2015. Web. 14 April. 2017
Fig. 20: Pro-Con Video Source: Trump energizes the anti-vaccine movement in Texas Washington Post. February 2016. Web. 13 April. 2017
Fig. 21: Dont Wait Vaccinate Source: Vaccines: The Pros and Cons Digestive Health Ann Arbor. 2015. 16 April 2017.
Fig. 22: Run-Away Doctor Source: The Pros and Cons of Flu Vaccination Travel and Health. 2016. 17 April 2017.
Fig. 23: MMR Controversy Source: Actions Supporting MMR Vaccine Uptake in Children in Wales Public Health Wales. June 2013. Web. 18 April
Fig. 24: Build Immune System Source: What is the Immune System Global Healing Center. December 2015. Web. 15 April 2017
Fig. 25: Herd Immunity Source:Herd Immunity Explained Altasciences. March 2015. Web. 17 April. 2017
Fig. 26: WARNING! Source: Anti-Vaccination Movement RationalWiki.Web. 16 April. 2017
Fig. 27: Kindergarten Requirements Source: K-12 School Requirements NC Health and Human Services. October. 2015 Web. 19 April. 2017
Fig. 28: Middle School Requirements Source: K-12 School Requirements NC Health and Human Services. October. 2015 Web. 19 April. 2017
Fig. 29: Pre and Post Vaccine Disease Rates Source: Herper, Matthew. How Vaccines Have Changed Our World in One Graphic Forbes. Feb.2013 Web. 21 April. 2017
Fig. 30: CVS Source: Pharmacy CVS Health. Web. 14 April. 2017
Fig. 31: Doctor's Source: Conquering the Doctor's Office The Odyssey Online. 12 January 2016. Web. 14 April. 2017
Fig. 32: Vaccines Around the World Source: Vaccines 2016: Big Bets for Global Threats Lockwood 10 Years. 2017. 15 April 2017.
Works Cited
Boulanger, Amy, and Jacquelyn Cafasso. "The Truth About the MMR Vaccine." Healthline. Healthline Media, 09 Mar. 2015. Web. 24 Apr.
2017.
Herper, Matthew. "How Vaccines Have Changed Our World In One Graphic." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 04 Mar. 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2017.
"History of Vaccines - A Vaccine History Project of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia." History of Vaccines - A Vaccine History
Project of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia | History of Vaccines. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
<https://www.historyofvaccines.org/>.
"How Do Vaccines Work?" HealthyChildren.org. Immunizations Infectious Diseases: An Informed Parent's Guide (Copyright 2006
American Academy of Pediatrics), 21 Nov. 15. Web. 02 Apr. 2017.
Largent, Mark A. Vaccine: The Debate in Modern America. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. Internet resource.

The Vaccine War. Films Media Group, 2010, fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=149262&xtid=44443. Accessed 20 Apr. 2017.

Understanding Vaccines: What They Are, How They Work. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of
Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2008. Internet resource.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "Vaccines.gov." (birth - age 18) | Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
"Vaccines & Immunizations." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 07 Feb. 2017. Web.
24 Apr. 2017.
"Vaccines ProCon.org." ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://vaccines.procon.org/>.