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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The senior year is one of the most crucial parts of being a student.
Besides the pressures and stress brought about the different activities,
examinations, and projects they are undergoing, this is where the turning point of
their future career will be decided. They will have to decide what course they will
enroll in the tertiary level which will eventually become their career in the future.
One of the bases of their career choice is their family or parent profession or
its nature and effects to them. These have great influence in their decision.
Furthermore, most of the students look up to their parents as their idols or one
of good examples. With that, they tend to follow their parents footsteps. The
career choice process of young people can easily be compared to rocks in a rock
polisher. All kinds of people grind away at them but parents are the big rocks in
the tumbler (Otto, 1989, p.2-3). Indeed, parents serve as major influences in the
Leong, 1995; Parham and Austin, 1994). Even if schools have the resources
with which to meet young peoples career guidance needs, neither teachers nor
counselors can replace the influence parents have on their sons and daughters
in career decisions because they want their child to be more content in a career
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than they are in their own jobs. Children may begin and identify and accept what
learn to interpret reality (Way & Rossmann, 1996). Parents serve as significant
interpreters for children of information about the world and childrens abilities
Pennsylvania (Ferry, 2006), young adults, through interaction with the context of
family, school and community learn about and explore careers that ultimately
culture played a critical role in shaping the youths occupational choice. Youth in
communities of more affluence appeared to have more family and school support
experiences through their own role models and supporting activities that assisted
kind of work, we work together, and you know, I learned a lot from them, how to
they make after graduation in high school. Frequently, it is viewed by family and
the rightful course above all these factors specially the occupational attainment of
their parents and its influence. This study may be a useful instrument to students
who are confused in choosing the rightful course and be able to handle the
factors that will affect his decision. This may help them decide whether to pursue
Conceptual Framework
This study reflects the observation that there has always been the desire to
improve existing systems if not develop them. The evolution of data presentation has
remarkably proven it. Even the purpose of the information and the medium used to
task. This process means the interdependence of one component to the other. In
brief, each part constitutes to the whole and the whole to each part, and each
part to the whole. Taken in its acronym is the IPO or Input, Process and Output
Schema.
As seen in the paradigm, the components are: the Input, the Process, and
the Output.
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1. Profile of
Respondents
1.1Sex 1. Assessment of the
1.2Age students profile
1.3Sibling Position 2. Determination of he
1.4Parents students preferred Career Program for Senior
Occupation courses High School Students of
1.5Parents 3. Assessment of the Baggao National High
Educational School
effects of parents
Attainment
1.6Family Monthly
occupation on the
Income course preference
2 Students Preferred of their children
Course 4. Correlation of the
3 Career Choice students preferred
Factors courses and their
3.1 parents
personal profile
occupation
3.2 personal points variables
of view
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FEEDBACK
The inputs are those that bring about results. The initial consideration is
occupation, parents educational attainment and family income. Vital also are the
students preferred course, career choice factors and personal point of views.
implementation. Its linkage with the inputs brings about the desired output which
is the third component. The process includes the assessment of the students
also is the correlation of the perceptions of students and their personal profile
variables.
The output is no less than a well devised career program for senior high
following questions:
a. Sex
b. Age
c. Sibling position
d. Parents Occupation
e. Parents Educational Attainment
f. Family Monthly Income
understanding on career choice, this study may be very significant for them in
choosing the course they believe could lead them in a life-achieved career.
Parents. This study may serve as basis in guiding their children to which
them the opportunities in the world of work, and help develop in them the
deserved career.
School Administrators. This study may serve as eye opener for them
by giving utmost concern for the long-term success of their students after high
emphasizing the need for programs designed to promote equity and fairness in
career choice.
students are the seven sections of the fourth year classes: first, the science
Definition of terms
9
The following terminologies are used throughout the thesis and are
particular field such as aptitude for math, language, mechanical reasoning, etc.
Assessment the process of understanding a client through the use of
endeavor.
Career identifies the many settings in which people find themselves.
Career development the lifelong behavioral process and the influences
to every individual that leads to ones work values, choice of occupation, creation
decision-making.
Course refers to a program of a study to complete a college or university
degree or subject.
Effect this term refers to the power or capacity to bring about a result. In
this study, this term was used to refers to the possible association of parents
livelihood. In this study, this term refers to the occupation or job of the parents of
the respondents.
Personal Point of View in this study, this term was used to refer to the
own perception. In this study, this term was used to refer to students choice/s in
Chapter 2
This part presents relevant foreign and local literature which has
significant bearing with the present study. These significant information and
choice of students.
A. Foreign Literature
Parsons work was the foundation for what is now known as Trait-And-
Factor Theory (Parsons 1909; Sharf 1997). The theory assumes that all
individuals have unique interests, abilities, and values, while each occupation
has unique characteristics related to tasks, skills required, and rewards. As the
oldest and most widely used of the career development theories, Trait-And-
Factor theorists believe that these unique characteristics of both individuals and
jobs can be measured objectively and will produce the highest amount of
satisfaction for both workers and employers when they are correctly matched
together (Ireh, 2000). This approach is much more assessment based and pays
career aptitude and interests based on one or more vocational interests John
features, such as skills and personality. From his testing, Holland eventually
came to the conclusion that every person or occupation can be broken down into
thoughts and behaviors were assumed to stay fairly constant over their lifetime,
the social learning theory of career decision making (1999), based on the idea
Individuals will naturally gravitate toward areas that they feel are emotionally
positive or are rewarded by their peers/society (Krumboltz, 1999). In the last few
decades, career counseling has evolved from a pure trait-and-factor practice into
pieces of information used to form a more holistic picture of the client that
includes defining the individuals reality through a narrative history with the
counselor (Brott, 2001). One of the primary factors in this change is due to the
their article, it was stated that there is no longer a predetermined path or a logical
opportunity to design a work life which is satisfying to the individual and which
It has long been assumed that parental dynamics and interactions play a
Regrettably, less than two hundred empirical studies have been conducted since
Roe first advanced the idea that the family plays a part in individuals career
choice over 50 years ago (Keller & Whiston, 2008). This lack of conclusive
with the underlying belief that people could make decisions that reflected their
own dreams, passions, and talents in the world of work, unencumbered by family
Since the 1980s, family therapists and career counselors have unearthed
more information about the significant influence parents have on their childrens
development of vocational choices later in life (Kinnier, Brigman, & Noble, 1990;
Lopez & Andrews, 1987). Even though adolescents actively begin demonstrating
their independence from their parents in their high school years, these young
adults are still very much dependent on their parents for their career growth. In
vocational choice more than any other group including counselors, teachers,
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making among adolescents, that they look to their parents as well as their peers
in equal measure but separated which group they would talk to by the nature of
the issue. For mundane issues such as what clothes to wear, what social events
to attend and who to date; the peers were the dominant advisors. However, when
944). Even with parents stating that their assistance with their childs career
one of the adolescents most powerful resources. Even today, counselors at the
college level resist the idea of working directly with parents when counseling their
twentieth century, Walter Bratcher was one of the original authors to discuss how
this theory could be used to gain insight into career decision-making by young
people. He subscribed to the notion that the family is the most powerful system to
which human beings can belong and that the family is constantly fabricating the
direction and choices of ones individual life, as well as relentlessly feeding back
information over ones lifetime (Bratcher, 1982). Young people, who find a healthy
15
independence from the family during adolescence and young adulthood, may
give rise to a more confident career search and experimentation that is needed
Brown, 1996). Families that are enmeshed are ones in which members are
their own and/or relating to others outside their family) and families that are
disengaged where members are much more isolated and typically lack of
family therapy as a tool for counselors in treating career indecision with clients,
described how often the problem was not a young persons attempt to decide
between one career choice and another, but it was the actual decision making
that was the issue. For the indecisive person, any decision implies movement
towards a new goal (Zingaro, 1983). He goes on to discuss how a client, who is
upon their own decision making), may have a difficult time making career choices
as he or she cannot separate his or her parents expectations versus his or her
own identity, the more comprehensive view of parental influence regarding the
into account the entire context of the adolescents decision-making (Middleton &
Loughead, 1993).
Parents financial concerns and expectations also play a part in their direct
or indirect influence on their childrens career choice by adding their own biases
and attitudes into particular occupational fields (you need a job at a big
business, not some nonprofit company helping the poor if you want to have a
family in the future.) Additionally, parents must also be aware of their indirect
communication they are sending to their children (Rainey & Borders, 1997).
In the case of career education, what the parents do and how they act is a
much more powerful influence on the adolescent than what they say.
will influence their own career decisions, depending on whether the adolescent
feels the need to go along with their parents views or to rebel against them
1. Socioeconomic Status
family of orientation. This statement is based on the concept that parents from
different social classes develop their own social and cultural values based on
their current social class. The parents subsequently pass on these social class
values to their children preparing them for a similar occupational roles within that
income, the parents current occupation(s), the status associated with their
As Brown and his team (1996) pointed out, social class affects
higher quality schools, etc.), as well as the values and expectations, of that social
strata on their childrens career choices. Carrying this concept even further,
those parents from the lower economic classes tend to encourage conformity.
These lessons translate into what early work experiences the youth may have,
what skills they develop, and eventually the kinds of work they will do as an adult
status is the financial stress that parents will feel more often in a working-class or
lower-class environment, which may translate into more conflicts about careers
between the adults and the adolescents (Conger, Ge, Elder, Lorenz, & Simons,
1994).
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Weinger (2000), after analyzing the responses of 5-14 year old students
from families that were classified as middle-class or poor, found that those from
middle class valued their parents income, felt it would help them obtain their
parents. However, the low income students did not feel their parents would
naturally finance their education, nor did they have high-level, professional
careers images of their parents after which they could model themselves.
Although this study is not directly focused on young adults, it does convey the
early messages that children adopt about their career options, based on their
traits typically associated with one sex according to the Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary (2009) and provides the foundation for this section on gender related
studies within the career development field. Gender role socialization is one of
the earliest, and thus potentially one of the most powerful, forms of socialization.
B. Local Literature
family related factors. Study revealed that Filipino immigrants and non-
Students cope by following their parents advice. They also have to cope
education. Studies from other Asian countries also show parents impact in
(Thao, 2009). Furthermore, it is reported that parents are deeply involved and
influential to their high-achieving childrens college choices. The report also found
programs are extremely influential to students. The report claimed these sources
are not well known, but very powerful to students decision making for their
college. The study also found 26% of sampled students paid a specialist or
advisor during the college decision process (Haerne, 2009). The studies
presented are important to the present study since the studies explain the
course.
Respect for family is one of the most influential factors that impact Filipino
students career decision. It is concurred that Out of respect and loyalty, it may
not be appropriate to express personal desires; rather, one may alter ones
well for the sake of the family, follow parents advice about choosing a job or
major in college and lastly, make sacrifices for the family (Finlayson, 2009). For
that will not cost much money, but at the same time, are stable sources of
income. Careers in nursing, accounting, and engineering are highly popular for
Filipino families (Saysay, 2011). These writings discuss that the family decides in
what college course students should take is also associated with the financial
Aside from family related factors, economic factors which includes the
Employability, i.e., the realistic feasibility of being employed in a stable job, then
culture, immigrant parents and children seek careers that will support the whole
family. Moreover, it is found that Asian American men and women tend to be
(Leong, 2004).
was revealed that career technical Education (CTE) was perceived positively by
middle school and high school counselors in Tenessee, and the need for career
awareness should begin in a students early years before high school. However,
there was a difference in perceptions of CTE by middle school and high school
counselors. Both middle school and high school counselors felt that CTE
teachers should have knowledge, skills and a teaching license (Finlayson, 2009).
21
School counselors felt that they did not have enough time to provide career
counselling to students. Being informed and ready to choose a career focus area
in a student freshmen year could help make the transition from middle school to
high school easier thus help prevent the student from dropping out of school
application for the academic courses such as mathematics, science, reading and
writing (Plank, 2001). Personality and interest are not the only criteria for
choosing a career.
C. Foreign Studies
The first factor in career choice- environment may influence the choice of
a career among students. For instance, a student who lived in an island may
choose a career dealing with water, or they may opt to leave the island behind,
never to have anything to do with water again. Maybe someone in the students
or not to continue their education. Someone they saw on television may have
influenced the student may have influenced the student, or parents may have
demanded that they assume a family business. These are various environmental
determining factor may influence a chosen career. Some careers demand that
you have the personality to match the qualities of the occupation. For example,
lives, and not the procrastinating type that waits until they are compelled to
decide. Students must take seriously the role grades play in limiting opportunities
in the future. Splaver went on to say, It is important for you to have good
take the path of least resistance to enter the university. If a parent had exerted
enough pressure on the student to enter a particular career field and the student
had no current plans, then students followed their parents suggestion. Tuchel
thought that students should be thinking about career decisions in their senior
year of high school. It should become apparent at that time that the student will
have to do something. Tuchel stated that the environment plays a large part in a
large path in career decisions. She stated that the economics of marriage either
23
students had external locust of control and believes that there are numerous
external factors which influence their career choice. The external factors include;
political and economic considerations, previous and work experiences, and the
(2008) reports that external influences that helps to shape on individuals career
choice are also influenced by significant others through social support from
peers.
the context family, school and community learn about and explore careers which
ultimately lead to their career choice. One consistent finding in research suggests
have been found to influence career choice. Children may choose what their
According to Oyamo and Amoth (2008), studies in Kenya show that rural
students tend to seek help from parents more than urban students and that
parents more than teachers play a major role in the career choice of students.
24
counselors.
adolescents aspire to higher level careers than female adolescents, which was
consistent with much of the findings completed around similar studies over the
past few decades (OBrien, Friedman, Tipton, & Linn, 2000). This may be due to
early socialization where boys, generally perceived that school activities were
Part of this perspective may come from the routine socialization of women
who are constantly and consistently exposed to messages that her life should
revolve around caring for a family and her career plans are secondary (Cook,
Heppner, & OBrien, 2002). Although womens career choices have increased
dramatically since the 1960s and 1970s (Hakim, 2006), women still find their
2009).
work and their knowledge about influences and gender differences. They found
that both males and females, from 4 years to 18 years old, consistently
Boys were found to be especially critical of other boys who were working in
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stereotypical female jobs (e.g. a male cook or male nurse) (McMahon & Patton,
1997).
Kniveton, in his 2004 research, discussed how parents are the ones
support and advice related to their own experiences. Citing previous studies
(Creed & Patton, 2003), Kniveton believed in the theory that not all people feel
they have free choice when it comes to choosing a career (i.e. a lack of direct
control over their lives). He used a relatively short questionnaire. The items were
all measured with Likert type scale responses to interview 348 young people) to
help explore who these young adults felt were helping them with their career
exploration. The data were examined, first, through the whole sample and, later,
were subdivided to examine the results through birth order and gender. The
study demonstrated that males, more than females, were interested in obtaining
a job but that most other considerations were about equal between the two
groups. The results of Knivetons study also showed that parents had a much
larger influence than that of the teachers, with the same sex parent being the
D. Local Studies
affair. Most studies on career choice reveal the crucial role of parental influence
26
in the career choices of Filipino adolescents. This reflects the high value Filipinos
place on close family ties to the point of making sacrifices for the family welfare
(Go, 1994).
In a study conducted by Almerio (2003), it was found out that a big picture
of big family with low educational attainment and inadequate investment was the
respondents level of preferred intelligence did not match to their chosen course.
This could be drawn from the required level of the course in contrast with their
development program was need in order to prevent any misfits and to assist
students in the process of crystallizing their career in life. She recommended that
In a related study conducted by Siguan, Jr. (1994), it was found out that
related to their career preferences. The school where students came from has no
choices. Siguan, Jr. (1994), reiterated that the guidance services in school must
According to the study of Pabiton, (2007), it was found out that interest,
abilities, skills and values are the most influential factors towards a chosen
occupation. These imply that like other graduating students from high school, the
participants seemed to have chosen occupation. Pabiton (2007) also noted that
the students be given all the chances to learn and develop the skills and attitudes
required for various occupations. Pabiton (2007) further recommends that career
the Philippines show common reasons for the curricular choices of college and
high school students; their interest in the field, opportunity for employment,
Agana (1982) cited other factors that emerged in more recent studies
include prestige, admiration, status, ability, influence of media, security, peer and
study, career planning is life goal-setting. Without such a plan, it is like making a
Planning Guide that will help the students in choosing their appropriate course
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part presents the accompanying instruments that will be used in the
study to include the method of research, the locale and respondents of the study,
data gathering procedures, sampling procedures and the statistical tools that will
course preference of fourth year students of Baggao National High School. The
existing relationship between variables and the degree to which two or more
coefficient, similarly, Consuelo G. Sevilla, et.al. (1990, p.111), also states that this
design helps one determine the extent to which the different variables are related
and assisted by two (2) Secondary School Head Teacher III. The school has Fifty
Teacher III 27, Teacher II 4, Teacher I 17) and one (1) Local School Board-
Funded teacher. Of the total teacher populace, six (6) have earned units in
Doctoral Degree, thirty nine (39) has graduated from the Masters Degree, and 10
others are currently enrolled in their masters degree. The school likewise has its
status of appointment.
The Baggao National High School, together with the support of its
school has facing the challenge to continue its commitment to enforce its vision
30
citizen of the country. The school likewise pushes its way in galvanizing its
Baggaoeos and lay the foundation for lifelong economic, political and social
aspects of progress and development. The vision and mission stand firm in
meeting the demands of the academe amidst challenges of the K-12 Basic
LEGEND:
Color represents the school site (i.e. Barangay) where the respondents
are studying.
High School. The seven sections of the fourth year with an enrolment of 315
31
students shall be the subject of the study. Out of the 315 fourth year students, the
researcher will pick in random about 176 students to participate in the study.
Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents of the study.
Table 1
Distribution of
Sections Actual Enrolment
Respondents
Science Class 23 13
Fourth Year - 1 48 27
Fourth Year 2 52 30
Fourth Year 3 47 26
Fourth Year 4 47 26
Fourth Year 5 49 27
Fourth Year 6 49 27
Sampling Procedure
The target population for this descriptive-correlation study consisted of
175 students randomly picked out of the 315 fourth year from the seven (7)
fourth year sections of the Baggao National High school in Baggao, Cagayan.
In a given time, the researcher shall conduct the survey through the
assistance of the class advisers. The researcher shall coordinate with the adviser
for the retrieval of the accomplished questionnaire and submit lately to the
researcher for the immediate analysis and treatment of the data gathered as
Research Instrument
32
through their class advisers. The survey shall include demographic questions
affect the respondents preferred course and the factors that affect the
highest.
The questionnaire to be used in this study is patterned from the study
conducted by Atienza, R.M., Silvestre, J.D., Tacsay, H., and Torres, M.A. F.
of the problem.
Changes in some portions will be made to suit the needed data intended
request addressed to the secondary school principal and the class advisers of
fourth year classes for the floating and distribution of questionnaires attaching
to ensure 100% retrieval and to readily assist the respondents in whatever query
mean will be used to determine the results of the given information from the
questionnaires.
Chi square shall be used to determine if a relationship exist between the
course preference and age, gender, sibling position, parents occupation, parents