et DRYING | removal of relatively small amount of water or organic liquids | «fina procesing step before packaging +s 4 preservative technique esp. food + freeze-dried for biological & pharmaceutical materials 2 methods of drying: 1, batch - material put into dryer & drying proceeds for a given period of time 2. continuous - material continously added to dryer & continously removed 3 catagories of dryi 1, Direct contact with heated air at atmospheric pressure 2. Vacuum drying - heated indirectly either by contact radiation 3. freeze drying - water is sublimed from the frozen material ith a metal wall or by EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT, X* | + lowest moisture content obtainable at equilibrium + on dry basis (kg of water! kg of moisture-free solid) i} + depends on structure of solid, temperature & moisture content of gas || «varies greaty with ype of material for any sven eae hii + decreases with increase in temperature /_| + assumed constant for moderate temperature ranges | Retina (8)EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT, X* - the minimum moisture a material can carry + intersection of 100% humidity line in equillibrium water content vs relative humidity + Unbound water = excess water held primarily in the voids of the solid + free moisture content, X - moisture above the equilibrium moisture content ~ can be removed by drying where X, = total moisture content X* = equilibrium-moisture content = ‘batch drying + experimental determi data: W,=weight of dry solid ‘W total weight of wet solid vs time ‘To obtain as free moisture content X vs time t: v—W, total moisture content , X,= free moisture content, X =X, -X* To obtain as rate of drying, ‘exposed surface area for dryingRATE OF DRYING CURVES Point AB : Warming up (unsteady) period where the“ sold surface conditions come into equlbrim with the 2+ drying ai. 2 Pe tt Point A? : hot solid i i Point B-C: constant-rate drying period in which surface “+ of the solid remains saturated with liquid because the movement of water vapour to the surface equals the “ ‘evaporation rate. Thus the drying rate depends on the , rate of heat transfer tothe drying surface and : temperature remains constant. Surface temperature ~ Tw Point C : critical free moisture content, Xe-, where the drying rate starts falling and surface temperature rises. Insufficient water on surface RATE OF DRYING CURVES Point C-D : first falling-rate drying period which KL | surface is drying out.Rate of water to surface is less 73 ‘that rate of evaporation from surface FCN | i oo = | Point D : surface completely dry avy i te] Point D-E: second faling-rate pried ia which . evaporation is from inside of solid. € vat Point E : equilibrium moisture content,X*, where Potty no further drying oceur ityCONSTANT RATE OF DRYING PERIOD ‘To determine the time required for drying from X, to X,: 1, Experimental drying curve q 2. Predicted mass-and-heat coefficients ~ Experimental drying curve: Under ilar conditions to actual process 1 1. Drying curve X vst — 2. Rate-of-drying curve R vs X where a FALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD. jetermine the time required for drying from X, to X;: 1. Graphical integration Wy aX wale 3] Most accurateFALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD required for drying from X, to X,: 2. Special eases a ae tot 4) Rate is linear function of X 1A ah | WX, -X)),,.8, a TARR) R i . g gm x be % Or 02 03 04 05 06 Free moisture X (hg MoO he dy sd) RGEEE Ree eee Pee Ceee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee eee s FALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD ‘etermine the time required for drying from X, to X,: Boas ») Rate is linear function thru’ origin (a straight line from C to E at the origin) WX) Re t= aR R, or y teMXejpXe ‘ AR and FornakanaatCONSTANT RATE OF DRYING PERIOD } determine the time required for drying from X, t0 X,: Predicted mass-and-heat coefficients: Mass transfer of water vapour tay Hg PT Heat transfer furnishes the latent heat of evaporation Steady-state : rate of mass transfer = rate of heat transfer Assumptions: 1, Only conyective heat transfer to solid surface from hot gas to surface 2, Mass transfer is from surface to hot gas CONSTANT RATE OF DRYING PERIOD ng THT) ak, My(Hy -H nk Malla HD ‘A= exposed drying area (1) T, Ty = temp. of gas & surface of solid, respectively (°C) day = latent heat at Ty (I/kg) MyMy = molecular weight of water & ai, respectively = heat-transfer coefficient (W/m?.K) Air flowing parallel to the drying surface h= 0.020460 (T= 45-150°C, G = 2450 -29300 kg/h.m?, v = 0.61-7.6 m/s) 7G07 Air flowing perpendicular to the drying surface (G = 3900 -19500 kg/h.m?, v = 0.9-4.6 m/s) where G = mass velocity “vp To determine the time required for drying from X, to X,: WA, M,-X)_ WK -X) “teh BKM (HL, -H0)| 3 HUMIDITY & HUMIDITY CHART | + Humidity,H - kg of w: jour in I kg o j= 1802 Dy Humidity -kg of water vapourin 1 kgofdry air H= 38.97 yD + Saturation humidit = 18.02, Saturation humidity, HH 3B Pa H + Percentage humidity, Hp HH, = 100, + Percentage relative humidity, Hy H,-100B* (Hy # Hy) where x = partial pressure of water vapour in air saturated partial pressure of water vapour in jumidity of air smidity of saturated air HUMIDITY & HUMIDITY CHART. + Humid heat, ¢, - amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 kg dry air plus water vapour present by 1K. (kilkg dry ai ) = 1,005 + 1.88 + Humid volume, vy - total volume of 1 kg dry air plus water vapour present at 1 atm & given gas temperature Uy (m'/kg dry air) = 2.83 x 10? + 4.56 x10°H)T K | + Total entahipy of 1 kg of air plus its water vapour, H, | H, (kidfkg dry atHUMIDITY CHART He ami, wat sey) SHEBESESUSEEEEESsse ness UESeusnsnes ee DRY & WET BULB TEMPERATURE wet lomvick : Ai flow ‘Wet-bulb temperature : decreases in | temperature below the dry-bulb | temperature until the rate of heat transfer from the warmer air to the wick is just ‘equal to the rate of heat transfer needed to provide for the evaporation of water from the wick into the air stream Dry bulb temperature: the ordinary temperature you ‘measure with a thermometerHUMIDITY CHART | fry bulb temoeature, °C a HUMIDITY CHART of pyschrometric analysis for drying Air: Ty, Air: T,, Hy ption: evaporation surface isa liquid im Constant wet-bulb temperature process : ory bute tebbeoture, EE i