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Chapter Overview
Introduction
A definition of combustion
A Definition of Combustion
Websters Dictionary provides a useful starting point for
a definition of combustion as rapid oxidation generating
heat; or both light and heat, also slow oxidation
accompanied by relatively little heat and no light. For
our purposes, we will restrict the definition to include only
the rapid oxidation portion, since most practical
combustion devices belong in this realm.
This definition emphasizes the intrinsic importance of
chemical reactions to combustion. It also emphasizes
why combustion is so very important, combustion
transforms energy stored in chemical bonds to heat that
can be utilized in a variety of ways.
Last Updated: 8/22/2016 I-Station Solutions Sdn Bhd 5
Combustion modes and flame type
Stoichiometry
The stoichiometry quantity of oxidizer is just that amount
needed to completely burn a quantity of fuel. If more
than a stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is supplied, the
mixture is said to be fuel lean, or just lean, while
supplying less than the stoichiometric oxidizer results in
a fuel-rich, or rich mixture.
The stoichiometric oxidizer (or air) fuel ratio (mass) is
determined by writing simple atom balances, assuming
that the fuel reacts to form an ideal set of products. For a
hydrocarbon fuel given by CxHy, the stoichiometric
relation can be expressed as:
m 4.76a MWair
( A / F ) stoic = air =
m 1 MW fuel
fuel stoic
Where MWair and Mwfuel are the molecular weights of the
air and fuel, respectively.
4.76a MWair
(A/ F) =
1 MW fuel
4.76(2.368)(28.85)
(A/ F) = = 20.3
16.04
( A / F ) stoic 17.1
= = = 0.84
(A/ F) 20.3
0
+ xCO2 [h f ,CO 2 + (h(T ) h )
f , 298 CO
2
]+
0
xN 2 [h f , N 2 + (h(T ) h f , 298 N
2
) ]
0 0 0
H c , H 2O (l ) = HHV = (1)h f ,C10 H 22 [10h f ,CO2 + 11h f , H 2O ( l ) ]
kJ
h c 6,830,096 kmol
hc = = = 48,003kJ / kgC10 H 22
MWC10 H 22 142.284 kg
kmol
hc = 44,601 kJ / kg C10 H 22
Solution
Mixture composition:
CH4 +2(O2+3.76N2) => 1CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2
NCO2 = 1, NH2O = 2, NN2 = 7.52
Properties (Appendices A and B)
Species Enthalpy of Specific Heat
Formation @298K @1200 K
h f , i (kJ/kmol) c p ,i (kJ/kmolK)
CH4 -74,831 -
CO2 -393,546 56.21
H2O -241,845 43.87
N2 0 33.71
O2 0 -
Last Updated: 8/22/2016 I-Station Solutions Sdn Bhd 43
Example 2.5 (contd)