It Slides Ar Eng v0210-13

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
31/10
LESSON 7
Basic Conceps and Treatment
Steps.Preliminary and primary
treatment
INSTALAES DE TRATAMENTO 1
Typical pollutants to remove at WWTP: BOD5, COD, TSS, N, P and

TC /FC (Total and Fecal coliforms), depending on the receiving
waters and legislation.
BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand over 5 days and 20C (CBO5

in portuguese)
Corresponds to the consumption of oxygen by biological activity in 5

days at 20 C. Indicates the amount of oxygen needed to stabilize
biodegradable organic matter
BOD5 (particulate + dissolved) usual range between 200 e 500 mg O2/l.
COD- Chemical Oxigen Demand) (CQO, in portuguese)
Corresponds to consumption of oxygen via chemical oxidation using a

powerful oxidants (i.e potassium dichromate), during 2h.
The BOD5/CQO of raw urban wastewater varies usually between 0,3

and 0,8. In final treated effluent, the relation varies usually between 0,1
and 0,3.
Dissolved Oxygem (blue) and BOD5 evolution (orange)
Aerobic oxidation (or anaerobic oxidation)

TSS interferes with turbitity, light penetration, reaeration, oxygen bentic

demand,
TS (Total Solids) (100%) (example: distribution for domestic wastewater (100C)
SS (Suspended Solids) (35%)
Settleable Solids (60%) (20% in total)

Non Settleable solids (40%) (15-20 %)
NFS (Non filterable Solids) (65%)
Colloidal matter (10%)

Dissolved matter (90%) (60% in total )
Volatile (organic (at 600 C)) and fixed Solids
Removal of TSS and particulate BOD5

in sedimentation tanks
Removal also of dissolved BOD5

in aeration tanks
Nutrients (N and P)
Eutrophication
Nutrient removal at WWTP

(oxidation ditch)
Control of Bacteriological Contamination

(Total Coliforms ; Fecal Coliforms; E ccoli; Enterococci )
By desinfection (Ex.by ultra-violet radiation,.) or location of
final disposal (long sea outfall)
Costa do Estoril System Costa do Estoril WWTP
UV desinfection
Control of Bacteriological Contamination

TERTIARY
PRELIMINARY PRIMARY SECONDARY TREATMENT
TREATMENT TREATMENT TREATMENT
Liquid phase and solid phase (sludge)
Biogas
Sludge thickening
Preliminary treatment
Sludge digestion
Primary sedimentation
Secondary treatment
(biological treatment + secondary sedimentation)
Removal of coarse solids by interception - racks

and coarse screens (hand-cleaned or
mechanically cleaned);
Removal of grit, sand and gravel - grit chambers;
PRELIMINARY
TREATMENT Equalization (equalization of flow and mass
loading of BOD and TSS) -equalization tanks;
Removal of oil and grease oil and grease
tanks.
Pre-aeration (control of odors, improve treatability,
removal of grease and grit)
Flocculation
OVERFLOW (BY-PASS)
FLOW MEASUREMENT PARSHALL FLUME (with a sensor)
SCREENS (HAND-CLEANED AND MECHANICALLY CLEANED) (1+1)
OIL AND GREASE REMOVAL TANK
Removal of settleable solids and floating material

(removal of organic and inorganic suspended solids)
PRIMARY
TREATMENT
primary sedimentation tanks (rectangular or circular);
Primary sludge (typically 3 to 5% solids concentration).
Efficiencies: TSS (50%) ; BOD5 (20%) (Decre-law n 152/97)
Enhanced Primay Treatment (with added chemicals: alum, iron

salts; floculation)-Physico-chemical treatment
CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (Circular)
Main Design Information for Conventional Sedimention Tanks
Detention time 1,5 to 2,5 h (average flow)
Surface loading Rate (SLR) 30 to 120 m/day (average to peak

hourly flow).
Depth - >3m
Typical efficiences: TSS ( 60%); BOD5 ( 30%)
Enhanced primay treatment (including settlers and chemicals:

alum, iron salts) Much more higher SLR ( 10 m/h ) and lower
detention times.
Efficiencies of TSS and BOD5 removal of respectively over 80%, and
over 50%.
7/11
LESSON 8
Secondary Biological Trickling
filters, activated sludge and ponds.
Attached-growth treatment processes (also known

as fixed-film processes): biological treatment
processes in which the microorganisms
responsible for the conversion of the organic
matter or other constituents in the wastewater to
gases and cell tissues are attached to some inert
medium, such rocks or specially designed ceramic
MAIN SECONDARY or plastic materials;
TREATMENT Suspended-growth treatment processes: biological
(BIOLOGICAL) treatment processes in which the microorganisms
responsible for the conversion of the organic
matter or other constituents in the wastewater are
maintained in suspension within the liquid.
Pond processes: Biological treatment by natural
processes, involving the use of bacteria and/or
algae) (anaerobic, facultative, aerobic, maturation
ponds) .
Trickling filters (low-rate- without recirculation,

SECONDARY high rate and super high rate flow-with
TREATMENT
(BIOLOGICAL)
recirculation);
MAJOR ATTACHED
GROWTH Rotating biological contactors;
Packed-bed reactors.
The Trickling filters was developed firstly in Salford, England, in

1893, by Joseph Corbett, passing the wastewater through a
rocky media.
Sprinkler (Euler theory)
Biofilm
Trinkling filters
Trinkling filters
Rotating Biological Contactors
Design Information for Trickling Filters
ITEM Low rate High rate Super high

rate
Filter Medium Rock, slag Rock, plastic Plastic
Hydraulic loading (m/dia) 1-4 9-37 14-84
BOD5 loading (kg/m3.d) 0,08-0,40 0,5-1,0 0,5-1,6
Depth (m) 1,5-2,4 0,9-1,5 3,0-12,0
Recirculation ratio (-) 0 1-2 1-2
Sloughing (-) Intermittent Continuous Continuos
BOD5 removal efficiency (%) 80-90 68-85 65-80
Activated-sludge process:
SECONDARY
Conventional (plug-flow);
TREATMENT Continuous-flow stirred-tank;
(BIOLOGICAL) MAJOR Pure oxygen;
SUSPENDED Extended aeration.
GROWTH
Oxidation ditch
Aerated lagoons.
The activated sludge was developed in England in 1914 by Arden and Lockett
and was so named because it involved the production of an activate mass of
microorganisms capable of aerobically stabilizing a waste. Many versions of the
original process are in use today, but fundamentally they are all similar. The
system shown in figure is a continuous-flow stirred-tank activated sludge
system.
Reactor Settling tank
Q
8
Q , S0 (Q Qw ), S, Xe
X, V, S
Qr , Xr , S
Qw , Xr Q-Flow ; S-Substrate; -Volume;
X-Biomass
Qw, Xr Excess sludge
Qr, Xr recirculating sludge
e - effluent
Operationally, in the activated sludge process organic waste is

introduced into a reactor where an aerobic bacterial culture is
maintained in suspension. The reactor contents are referred to as the
mixed liquor (ML). In the reactor, the bacterial culture carries out the
conversion of organic matter. MLSS is the suspended solids in the
mixed liquor.
The aerobic environment in the reactor is achieved by the use of

diffused air or mechanical aeration, which also serves to maintain the
mixed liquor in a completely mixed regime.
After a specified period of time, the mixture of new cells and the old
cells (X) is passed into a settling tank where the cells are separated
from the treated wastewater. A portion of settled cells (sludge) (Xr) Is
recycled to maintain the desired concentration of organisms in the
reactor, and a portion is waste (excess sludge). The level at which the
biological mass in the reactor should be kept depends on the desired
treatment efficiency and considerations related to growth kinetics.
CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED-TANK REACTOR

(MECHANICAL AERATION)

(MECHANICAL AERATION)

(DIFUSED AERATION)
DIFUSED AERATION
COMPRESSED AIR PIPING
Typical design information for suspended growth treatment processes
Process Qc, (d) F/M Volumetric MLVSS (mg/l) Tr (h) Rec (%

modification Kg CBO/(kg loading kg
Qm)
MLVSS.d) CBO/(m3.d)
Conventional 5-15 0,2-0,4 0,3-0,6 1500-3000 4-8 0,25-0,75
Complete-mix 5-15 0,2-0,6 0,8-1,9 2500-4000 3-5 0,25-1,00
Extended aeration 20-30 0,05-0,15 0,16-0,4 3000-6000 18-36 0,50-1,50
High purity oxygen 3-10 0,25-1,0 1,6-3,2 2000-5000 1-3 0,25-0,50
Oxidation ditch 10-30 0,05-0,30 0,08-0,5 3000-6000 8-36 0,75-1,50
Secondary sedimentation tanks

(circular)
Extended aeration
SIMARSUL, S.A. / LAGOINHA WWTP (PALMELA)
SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (Beirolas,

Lisboa)
SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK - Details
POND SYSTEMS (4 different types)
Anaerobic ponds, which are designed to cater for high organic

loading, and are typically absent of DO and contain no significant algal
population. They typically involve long detention times and are deeper
than other types of ponds;
Facultative ponds, which incorporate two different operating modes,

aerobic at the surface and , with the settlement of sludge, anaerobic at
the base of the pond. These ponds are typically shallower than
anaerobic ponds.
POND SYSTEMS
Aerobic ponds, which are shallow to allow algal development and

receive lower solids and BOD loadings.
Maturation / Oxidation ponds, which essentially are used for polishing

of effluent, and are shallow to allow for ultraviolet light penetration and
subsequent disinfection.
There are also

. mechanically aerated ponds, which can be deeper
than naturally aerobic ponds, since the aeration will reach the lower
layers. which helps in DO as well as mixing ability to prevent short
circuiting
Pond systems typically comprise a treatment train, which may involve

a series of ponds:
Anaerobic;
Facultative,
Aerobic/Maturation
To achieve BOD reduction (sometimes also nutrient reduction)

(anaerobic and facultative pond) and pathogen reduction (maturation
pond) prior to transfer to the environment (for irrigation reuse or
disposal to receiving waters).
The appropriate treatment train series is dependent on WWTP loading

and requirements of discharges, according to legislation.
Typical Design Information for Pond Systems

Parameter Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic- Anaerobic Aerated
Low rate Maturation anaerobic pond lagoon
facultative
Flow regime Intermittently mixed Intermittently mixed Mixed surface - Completely

layer mixed
Pond size (h) <4 0,8-4,0 0,8-4,0 0,2-0,5 0,1-4,0

multiples multiples multiples multiples multiples
Operation Series or parallel Series or parallel Series or parallel Series Series or

parallel
Detention time (d) 10-40 5-20 5-30 20-50 3-10

Depth (m) 0,9-1,2 0,9-1,5 1,2-2,4 2,4-4,8 1,8-6,0
pH 6,5-10,5 6,5-10,5 6,5-8,5 6,5-7,2 6,5-8,0
Temperature range (C) 0-30 0-30 0-50 6-50 0-30

Optimum temperature (C) 20 20 20 30 20
BOD5 loading (kg/ha.d) 67-135 17 56-202 224-560 20
BOD5 conversion (%) 80-95 60-80 80-95 50-85 80-95

Principal conversion Algae, CO2, bacterial Algae, CO2, bacterial cell Algae, CO2, CH4, CO2, CH4, CO2,
cell tissue tissue NO3 bacterial cell bacterial cell bacterial cell
tissue tissue tissue
Algal concentration (mg/L) 40-100 5-10 5-20 0-5

Effluent suspended solids (mg/L) 80-140 10-30 40-60 80-160 80-250
RAW WASTEWATER
WASTWATER
TREATED
GRIT PRIMARY BIOLOCICAL SECONDARY
SCREENING OIL AND GREASE
SEDIMENTATION REACTOR SEDIMENTATION
REMOVAL
Grit, sand Primary Recirculated Excess

Coarse solids and gravel sludge sludge sludge
oils and grease
TYPICAL FLOWSHEET OF A WWTP LIQUID PHASE
FLOWSHEET OF A WWTP
14/11-visita
LESSON 9
Small wastewater treatment systems.
Preliminary design examples
Typically used for small

communities (< 250 p.e.)
p.e. population equivalent
Septic tank (one or more units) and final land disposal (ex: infiltration trenches, soakaway,
mound systems, construted wetlands.)
IMHOFF Tank : Typically used for small communities (< 2000 p.e.)
Typical Information for Design of Septic tanks
Single , two or three compartment tanks
Detention time 1 to 2 days
Depht -1 to 1,5 m
Lenght to with ratio - 2:1 to 5:1

.
Sludge should be removed at least once per two years.
Natural treatment systems

(typically for small agglomerations,and at least after primary treatment)
Slow rate (Irrigation) (i.e irrigation of crops)

Rapid Infiltration (sandy soil with high hydraulic condutivity)
Overland flow (over impermeable soils)
Wetlands
(watewater treatment system common in parts of Portugal for

rural small agglomerations: subsurface horizontal flow constructed
wetlands after septic tanks)
Information for design of subsurface flow constructed wetlands
Hydraulic detention time (tr) >= 2 days
Height (media) (h) 0,6 to 0,9 m
Porosity of the media (n) 0,32
. Material and influent characteristics (k) - 0,8 1,1 day-1
Design expression:
A Q ln (BODinf/BODefl)/(k.h.n.)
A (area); BODinf (influent BOD); BODefl (efluent BODe)
1st Example: Preliminary Design of a Primary settling tank

Population (P ) 2000 pe, C = 150 l/(e.p.day) and Inf.Coef. = 0,8
Fav (average flow) = (2000 x150 x 0,8)/86,400 = 2,77 l/s = 240 m3/day
fp (Peak factor) = 1,5 + 60/ =3,4
Finf. (infiltration flow) = 0
Fp (Peak flow)= fp x Fav + Finf = 2,77 x 3,4 + 0 = 9,4 l/s = 813 m3/day
CRITERIA
SLR (surface loading rate) > 30 m/day (for Fav) and < 120 m/day (for Fp) (criteria)
1,5 h < Tr (Detention time) < 2,5 h

240 4
1 8 2 3,19 3,2
30
A = x 3,22/4 = 8,04 SLR (Fp) = 813/8,04 = 101 < 120 m/day
= 8,04 x 2,8 = 22,51 m3

22,51
H = 2,8 m; Detention time (tr) = x24 = 2,25 h
240
2nd Example: Preliminary design of a low rate trickling filter
BOD5 load = 2000 x 60 g BOD5/day = 120 kg BOD5/day
CRITERIA
BOD5 loading rate (BL) = 0,08 to 0,40 kg BOD /(m3.day) (criteria)
Hyd. Loading (HL) = 1 to 4 m/day (criteria)
Fav = 240 m3/day = 1 / = 240 2
D = 17,5 m
Depth = 2 m = 240 x 2 = 480 m3
Considering BOD5 Efficiency of settling tank = 30%
BL = 120 x (1-0,3)/480 = 0,35 BOD5/(m3.day) < 0,40
3rd Example: Preliminary design of a constructed wetland after septic tank

based on retention time
Population 500 ep; C = 100 l/(ep.day); Inf.Coef. = 0,8
Fav = (500 x 100 x 0,8)/1000 = 40 m3/day = 0,46 l/s
Fp (peak flow) = 2 l/s
BOD5 load = 500 x 60 g BOD5/day = 30 kg BOD5/day; BOD5 BOD5 inf.= 30/40 = 0,750 g/l
Considering BOD5 Efficiency of septic tank 50%
BOD5 inf = (30 x 0,5)/40 = 0,375 g/l
Data: porosity = 0,32 and Tr = 3 days
Tr = detention time; = volume of the wetland
40 x 3
= = 375 3
0,32
3rd Example: Preliminary design of a constructed wetland after

septic tanks (Cont.)
h = 0,7 m A = 535 m2 (16,37 x 32,73)
A Q ln(BOD5 in /BOD5 efl)/(k h n)
Efficiency of BOD5 removal:
BOD5 efl = BOD5 inf exp-(A k h n/Q)

= 0,375 exp (-535 x 0,98 x 0,7 x 0,32/40)
= 0,02 g/l
BOD5 efficiency of the total system =(0,750-0,02)/0,750 = 97%
LESSON 9 (CONt)/10
Technical visit
(Rio da Mula WTP and Valdeo WWTP)
Valdeo WWTP, Almada

(Technical visit of 3012-11-26)
Pop 6 000 e.p. BOD5 inf = 375 mg/l

Fav 1271 m3/day SST inf = 563 mg/l
Fp 47,7 l/s CQO inf = 844 mg/l
Effluent requirements (future) (The municipality is considering the up-grading

of the WWTP with disinfection in order to fulfill those requirements)
BOD5 efl = 25 mg/l
CQ efl = 125 mg/l
SST efl = 35 mg/l
FC (MPN/100ml= 2 000 (for discharge in the Tagus estuary)
FC (MPN/100ml= 100 (for irrigation and cleaning)
Valdeo WWTP - Location
Valdeo WWTP photo
Fase Lquida
guas Residuais Legenda
Afluentes
Circuito Principal
Meio de Gradados Circuito de lamas
disposio Gradagem
Obra de Entrada
final
Areias Desarenador
Parshall Fase Slida

Descarga
EE de Lamas
EE Lamas
Cmara de
distribuio
Tanque de Espessamento
Lamas Gravtico
Tanque Tanque
(V= 1 m3) ( V= 6.7 m3)
Arejamento Arejamento
Desidratao
Mecnica
Decantador Decantador
(filtro banda)
Secundrio Secundrio
Meio de disposio final

Meio receptor (aterro sanitrio)
Valdeo WWTP Treatment scheme
Valdeo WWTP Future layout
Valdeo WWTP Screening Valdeo WWTP Grit removal and flow

measurement
Valdeo WWTP Parshal Fume
Valdeo WWTP Headworks
Valdeo WWTP Pumping installation
Valdeo WWTP Pumping installation
Valdeo WWTP Aeration tanks
Valdeo WWTP Aeration tanks
Valdeo WWTP Settling tank
Valdeo WWTP Settling tank
Valdeo WWTP sludge thickening tank

Valdeo WWTP sludge thickening tank
Valdeo WWTP sludge filter press equipment Valdeo WWTP sludge storage tank
21/11 e 25/11-Fil
LESSON 11
Tertiary Treatment. Legislation.
Solids Processing
MAIN TERTIARY TREATMENT PROCESSES
Removal Treatment method
Total suspended solids (TSS) Filtration and microscreening
Sand filtration
UV disinfection
Microorganisms Maturation ponds
Disinfection with chlorine or ozone
Membrane technologies (microfiltration)
Nitrogen Nitrification /denitrification
Chemical precipitation
Phosphorus
Biological processes
TERTIARY TREATMENT / SAND FILTRATION

BEIROLAS (LISBON) WWTP
TERTIARY TREATMENT / SAND FILTRATION

TERTIARY TREATMENT / UV Disinfection (MPN FC2000; TSS40 mg/l)

GUIA (CASCAIS) WWTP
TERTIARY TREATMENT / UV DISINFECTION

MAIN LEGISLATION (WASTEWATER)
Decree-law n 152/97 ,of 19 June (Diretive n91/271 CEE, of 21 May)

(urban wastewater treatment Diretive);
Decree-law n 345/98, of 9 November (1st modification of the DL n

152/97, concerning requirements for discharging to sensitive zones)
Decree-law n 194/2004, of 22 June (2 nd modification of the DL n

152/97, identification of 25 sensitive zones and 9 no sensitive zones) ;
Decree-law n 188/2008 of 8 October (3 rd modification of the DL n

152/97, identification of 18 sensitive and no 3 sensitive zones) ;
MAIN LEGISLATION (WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE)
Decree-law n 275/2009 of 25 June (use of wastewater treatment sludge

for farming pruposes );
Decree-law n 152/97 (Article 2)

.e. (population equivalent) means the organic biodegradable load having a
five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen per day;
primary treatment means treatment of urban waste water by a physical

and/or chemical process involving settlement of suspended solids, or other
processes in which the BOD5 of the incoming waste water is reduced by at least
20 % before discharge and the total suspended solids of the incoming waste
water are reduced by at least 50 %;
secondary treatment means treatment of urban waste water by a process

generally involving biological treatment with a secondary settlement or other
process in which the requirements established in Table I are respected;
appropriate treatment means treatment of urban waste water by any

process and/or disposal system which after discharge allows the receiving
waters to meet the relevant quality objectives ....
Decree-law n 152/97, of 19 June

Pop 2000 in fresh waters sensitive zones (or Pop 10000 in coastal zones):
Appropriate treatment is applicable.
Pop >2000 (or >10000 in coastal zones): Secondary treatment, at least
TABLE 1
Parameter BOD5 CQO TSS*
Concentration (mg/l) and/or 25 125 35

% of reduction 70-90 75 90
*facultativ parameter
For Sensitive zones (risks of eutrophication or bacteriological comtamination)

(Pop >10000 p.e) further treatment ( reduction of NCOD , P ou CF/CT)
TABLE 2
Parameter P N
Concentration (mg/l) 2 (<100 000) 15 (<100 000)
1 (100 000) 10 (100 000)
% reduction 80 70-80
Decree-law n 152/97 (Cont.) (Art 4)
Member States shall ensure that urban waste water entering collecting
systems shall before discharge be subject to secondary treatment or
an equivalent treatment as follows:
- at the latest by 31 December 2000 for all discharges from

agglomerations of more than 15 000 p.e.,
- at the latest by 31 December 2005 for all discharges from

agglomerations of between 10 000 and 15 000 p.e.,
-at the latest by 31 December 2005 for discharges to fresh-water and

estuaries from agglomerations of between 2 000 and 10 000 p.e.
-For urban waste water discharging into receiving waters which are
considered sensitive areas..... the Member States shall ensure that
collection systems are provided at the latest by 31 December 1998 for
agglomerations of more than 10 000 p.e.

. Urban waste water discharges from agglomerations of between 10 000 and 150 000 p.e.
to coastal waters ....and between 2 000 and 10 000 p.e. to estuaries situated in less
senstive areas may be subjected to treatment less stringent than seconday providing that:
- such discharges receive at least primary treatment; comprehensive studies indicate that
such discharges will not adversely affect the environment.
-..............
Member States shall ensure that urban waste water entering collecting systems shall
before discharge be subject to appropriate treatment in the following cases:
- for discharges to fresh-water and estuaries from agglomerations of less than 2 000 p.e.,
-for discharges to coastal waters from agglomerations of less than 10 000 p.e.
-.............
-In exceptional circumstances, when it can be demonstrated that more advanced treatment
will not produce any environmental benefits, discharges into less sensitive areas of more
than 150 000 p.e. may not be subject to secondary treatment

Member States shall ensure that urban waste water shall before discharge into sensitive
areas be subject to more stringent treatment than secondary treatment, ... from
agglomerations of more than 10 000 p.e.
Discharges from those urban waste water treatment plants shall satisfy the relevant
requirements (tertiary treatment) (Table 2).
Less sensitive areas
A marine water body or area can be identified as a less sensitive area if the discharge of
waste water does not adversely affect the environment as a result of morphology,
hydrology or specific hydraulic conditions which exist in that area

A water body must be identified as a sensitive area if it falls into one of the following
groups:
(a) natural freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters which are found to be eutrophic
or which in the near future may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken.
(b) surface freshwaters intended for the abstraction of drinking water which could contain
more than the concentration of nitrate laid down under ...
(c) areas where further treatment is necessary to fulfil Council Directives (i.e
microorganisms removal...).
DL n. 188/2008, of 8 October
25 sensitive zones (see map)

3 no sensitive zones
(Cabo da Roca, Madeira, Porto Santo)
Sludge Wastewater Treatment
The main purpose of sludge stabilization is control of patogenic

microorganisms and odor.
The main purpose of dewatering is to reduce the water content in

the. sludge.
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS AND SLUDGE PRODUCED
Unit operation / unit process
Function
or treatment method
Preliminary operations:
Grinding Particle size reduction
Screening Removal of fibrous materials
Degritting Grit removal
Blending Homogenization of solids streams
Storage Flow equalization
Thickening:
Gravity thickening Volume reduction
Flotation thickening Volume reduction
Centrifugation Volume reduction
Gravity-belt thickening Volume reduction
Rotary-drum thickening Volume reduction
Stabilization:
Chemical stabilization Stabilization
Anaerobic digestion Stabilization, mass reduction
Aerobic digestion Stabilization, mass reduction
Composting Stabilization, product recovery
Sludge wetlands Stabilization, value indution
Conditioning:
Chemical conditioning Improve dewaterability
Other conditioning methods Improve dewaterability

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS AND SLUDGE PRODUCED
Unit operation / unit process

Function
or treatment method
Dewatering:
Centrifuge Volume reduction
Belt-filter press Volume reduction
Filter press Volume reduction
Sludge drying beds Volume reduction
Reed beds (constructed wetland) Storage and volume reduction
Lagoons Storage and volume reduction
Heat drying:
Direct dryers Weight and volume reduction
Indirect dryers Weight and volume reduction
Incineration:
Multiple-hearth incineration Volume reduction, resource recovery
Fluidized-bed incineration Volume reduction
Co-incineration with solid waste Volume reduction
Application of biosolids to land:
Land application Beneficial use, disposal
Dedicated land disposal Disposal, land reclamation
Landfilling Disposal
Conveyance and storage Solids transport and storage
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS / SLUDGE PUMPING

GUIA (CASCAIS) WWTP
Sludge
Sand
Gravel
Drains

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS (Small WWTP)
Biogas storage
Heat exchangers
Sludge thickening
Sludge digesters

LAYOUT EXAMPLE
Conventional standard-rate High-rate, continuous-flow

single stage process stirred tank, single stage process

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Two-stage process

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS/ANAEROBIC DIGESTION


Costa do Estoril (CASCAIS/Outeiro da Lota) WWTP-4 km far from
WWTP Liquid phase.

BIOGAS STORAGE
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS/CENTRIFUGE SLUDGE

DEWATERING
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS/CENTRIFUGE SLUDGE

DEWATERING

SLUDGE TRANSPORT BY TRUCK
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS/CO-GENERATOR
SOLIDS PROCESSING METHODS / ODOR CONTROL (Scrubbers)
SECONDARY SLUDGE
PRIMARY SLUDGE
DEWATERED
SLUDGE
SLUDGE DIGESTION DEWATERING
THICKENING (ANAEROBIC) (CENTRIFUGATION)
TYPICAL FLOWSHEET OF A WWTP

SLUDGE TREATMENT
28/11 e 2/12
LESSON 12
WWTP Photos. Planning of WWTP.
Aspects of detailed projects. Tender
procedures. Hydraulic and
environmental aspects.
Construction and operation.
SIMTEJO - SANEAMENTO INTEGRADO DOS MUNICPIOS DO TEJO

E TRANCO, S.A. / THE COMPANY
SIMTEJO - Saneamento Integrado dos Municpios do Tejo e Tranco, S.A. is

AdP Group company responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of
wastewater from the municipalities of Amadora, Lisbon, Loures, Mafra, Odivelas
and Vila Franca de Xira (Tagus and Tranco watersheds) serving a total
population of about 1.5 million inhabitants. The wastewater is conducted to
several pumping stations and WWTP, where it is treated and returned to the
receiving environment or in some cases reused.
The investment plan, to be completed by 2013, includes 32 WWTP, 93 pumping

stations and 339 km of pipes and interceptors.
ALCNTARA (LISBON) WWTP

SIMTEJO, S.A.
Municipalities served: Lisbon - Amadora Oeiras;

Population: 756 000 inhabitants-equivalent;
Dry weather design flow: 3.3 m3/s;
Wet weather design flow: 6.6 m3/s;
Type of treatment: tertiary, comprising:
Pretreatment;
dry weather primary treatment Multiflo;
wet weather primary treatment Actiflo;
secondary treatment Biostyr biofiltration;
UV disinfection;
liming of sludge;
chemical odor control.
Investment: 72 M (10 M financed by EU).

SIMTEJO, S.A.
1 WWTP head works 6 Pumping station

2 Pumping station 7 Secondary treatment Biostyr biofiltration
3 Grit / oil and grease removal 8 UV disinfection
4 Dry weather primary treatment Multiflo 9 Sludge treatment
5 Wet weather primary treatment Actiflo 10 Odor control


SIMTEJO, S.A.


SIMTEJO, S.A.


SIMTEJO, S.A.


SIMTEJO, S.A.
Tertiary treatment Secondary treatment
Primary sedimentation
Biogas
Sludge digestion
Preliminary treatment

WWTP Portinho da Costa, Almada

(preliminary treatment, enhanced primary treatment (DENSADEG) and
biofiltration)
Discharge in the estuary by a long sea outfall

WWTP Quinta da Bomba, Almada

(preliminary treatment-screening and sand removal; primary treatment, trickling filters.
Thickening and mechanical dewatering of sludge)
(currently up-grading the treatment (filtration and UV desinfection) and anaerobic
digestion of sludge)

WWTP Machico, Madeira

(preliminary treatment, enhanced primary
treatment, biofiltration and UV disinfection)
Saneamento [A25.5]

WWTP Meia Serra, Leachate from landfills, Madeira

(Aerated pond, physical-chemical treatment and reverse osmosis)
(treated wastewater reuse for industrial uses)

WWTP S. Joo da Talha

(preliminary treatment, equalization tank, physical-chemical treatment
(enhanced primary), activated sludge; sludge anaerobic digestion,
mechanical dewatering).
Discharge in the Tagus Estuary
entrada da ETAR jusante do tratamento primrio tanque de arejamento efluente final

WWTP, Fataca, Odemira

(septic tank and constructed wetland)

WWTP Sado, Beja

(Stabilization ponds, 32 constructed wetlands (2 ha), and chlorine disinfection.
Treated wastewater reuse for urban park irrigation.

Ponte de Vagos WWTP, SIMRIA
Example of a WWTP Project, based

on low rate activated sludge
(extended aeration)

Pop (2030) 5000 ep

Fav 5000 m3/day
Fp 15 l/s








Casal Novo WWTP, guas da

Figueira, SA
(Example of a WWTP Project,

based on a constructed wetland)

Casal Novo WWTP
Pop (2025) 100 ep
Cap (2025) 100 l/hab.day)
Fav 10 m3/day
Fp 55 m3day
Wastewaters Septic tank Septic tank wetland


Septic tank Wetland

3 compartments (17,5 x 10) x 0,7
(4,80 x 2,40) x 1,60



ETAR DE CASAL NOVO


TENDER PROCEDURES (announcement, tender programme, technical and

juridical and legal clauses, technical specifications, project and other technical
documents.)
WITH DETAILED PROJECT (including description and justification, and

drawings)
WITH PRELIMINARY PROGRAM (including established requirements)

HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Gravitic or pumping inflows (continuous or intermittent flows to the WWTP).
Overflows and by-pass.
Flow measurement: different approaches and flowmeters (critical section;

parshall plume) for WWTP management and invoicing.
Hydraulic profile (taken into account continuous and local head losses).
Level of the receiving waters (hydraulic calculations from downstream to up-

stream), effects of climate change-adaptation.

HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

(cont.)
Efficient use of water (reuse) and energy (variable special drivers in

pumps, aeration). Production of energy (turbines; co-generation).
Use and fate of biosolids/sludge (land application farming; landfilling).
Equipment and electrical installations.
Instrumentation and control.

LAYOUT CONCERNS
Topography for available heads construction of platforms.
Ensuring access to water and energy. Access to vehicles (circulation)
Soil foundations sand? clay? mud? Strategy of construction and groundwater
control (lowering water table by well point or other systems).
Construction aspects and materials protective coatings; impervious surfaces;
thermic isolation (anaerobic digestion). Structural calculations Concrete (walls,
pillars, beans in buildings).

LAYOUT CONCERNS
Final discharges works.

Hydraulic circuits: water supply; effluent reuse pipes; irrigation pipes; overflows
and by-pass sewers; sludge pipes; storm water and drainage sewers;
recirculation pipes.
Aesthetic concerns. Green structures.
Odor and noise control.
Sampling sections for monitoring.

9/12 (A.Galvao Pt) 12/12 (Vitor ) 16/12 e 19/12
LESSON 13
Problems and review

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Typical pollutants to remove at WWTP: BOD5, COD, TSS, N, P and

BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand over 5 days and 20C (CBO5

Corresponds to the consumption of oxygen by biological activity in 5

BOD5 (particulate + dissolved) usual range between 200 e 500 mg O2/l.

COD- Chemical Oxigen Demand) (CQO, in portuguese)

Corresponds to consumption of oxygen via chemical oxidation using a

The BOD5/CQO of raw urban wastewater varies usually between 0,3

Dissolved Oxygem (blue) and BOD5 evolution (orange)

Aerobic oxidation (or anaerobic oxidation)

TSS interferes with turbitity, light penetration, reaeration, oxygen bentic

TS (Total Solids) (100%) (example: distribution for domestic wastewater (100C)

SS (Suspended Solids) (35%)

Settleable Solids (60%) (20% in total)

Colloidal matter (10%)

Volatile (organic (at 600 C)) and fixed Solids

Removal of TSS and particulate BOD5

Removal also of dissolved BOD5

Nutrient removal at WWTP

Control of Bacteriological Contamination

Costa do Estoril System Costa do Estoril WWTP

Control of Bacteriological Contamination

Liquid phase and solid phase (sludge)

Removal of coarse solids by interception - racks

FLOW MEASUREMENT PARSHALL FLUME (with a sensor)

SCREENS (HAND-CLEANED AND MECHANICALLY CLEANED) (1+1)

OIL AND GREASE REMOVAL TANK

Removal of settleable solids and floating material

Efficiencies: TSS (50%) ; BOD5 (20%) (Decre-law n 152/97)

Enhanced Primay Treatment (with added chemicals: alum, iron

CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (Circular)

Main Design Information for Conventional Sedimention Tanks

Detention time 1,5 to 2,5 h (average flow)

Surface loading Rate (SLR) 30 to 120 m/day (average to peak

Typical efficiences: TSS ( 60%); BOD5 ( 30%)

Enhanced primay treatment (including settlers and chemicals:

Attached-growth treatment processes (also known

Trickling filters (low-rate- without recirculation,

The Trickling filters was developed firstly in Salford, England, in

Sprinkler (Euler theory)

Rotating Biological Contactors

Design Information for Trickling Filters

ITEM Low rate High rate Super high

Filter Medium Rock, slag Rock, plastic Plastic

Hydraulic loading (m/dia) 1-4 9-37 14-84

BOD5 loading (kg/m3.d) 0,08-0,40 0,5-1,0 0,5-1,6

Depth (m) 1,5-2,4 0,9-1,5 3,0-12,0

Recirculation ratio (-) 0 1-2 1-2

Sloughing (-) Intermittent Continuous Continuos

BOD5 removal efficiency (%) 80-90 68-85 65-80

Reactor Settling tank

Operationally, in the activated sludge process organic waste is

The aerobic environment in the reactor is achieved by the use of

CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED-TANK REACTOR

CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED-TANK REACTOR

CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED-TANK REACTOR

COMPRESSED AIR PIPING

Typical design information for suspended growth treatment processes

Process Qc, (d) F/M Volumetric MLVSS (mg/l) Tr (h) Rec (%

Conventional 5-15 0,2-0,4 0,3-0,6 1500-3000 4-8 0,25-0,75

Complete-mix 5-15 0,2-0,6 0,8-1,9 2500-4000 3-5 0,25-1,00

Extended aeration 20-30 0,05-0,15 0,16-0,4 3000-6000 18-36 0,50-1,50

High purity oxygen 3-10 0,25-1,0 1,6-3,2 2000-5000 1-3 0,25-0,50

Oxidation ditch 10-30 0,05-0,30 0,08-0,5 3000-6000 8-36 0,75-1,50