Annotated Bibliography

Lindie Fredericks

#1(5)

Tanenbaum, Leora. "The Truth About Slut-Shaming." The Huffington Post.

TheHuffingtonPost.com, 15 Apr. 2015. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.

The author Leora Tanenbaum, who writes articles about social issues for the Huffington Post, is

addressing the different experiences men and women have when it comes to expressing their

sexuality. The word for this is slut-shaming. Girl or women slut-shaming happens to all ages. It is

a complete double standard because men/boys can do the exact same thing and get congratulated

for their actions while girls are shamed. It is becoming more of an issue because of the increasing

number of suicides happening because of it. Slut-shaming is a form of sexual assault and once a

girl is called names like ho or slut she is automatically subjected to that. She accounts of a story

of a woman who was raped and her experience. in 2013 was vilified by strangers and peers on

Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube; they could make sense of the horrible crime only by

assigning the drunken slut label to the victim.(Tanenbaum). It doesnt even have to be a

sexual thing done by a woman to trigger forceful and rude comments from others. The author

recalls a story that has to do with that as well. All in all slut-shaming is less about actual sexual

activities and more about men asserting themselves and being dominant because apparently

women cant.

This articles seems like a really reliable source to speak on slut-shaming. The author does

a good job of stating facts, stating popular opinion, and showing why that isnt right. It might be

a little biased because the author is a women and it barely touches on others opinions but I think

because she does touch on them it is good. The source is well documented and written. It is more
popular because slut-shaming is really prominent these days because of social media like

instagram and snapchat.A quote I really like from the article was, A number of teenage girls

and young women Ive spoken with have referred to themselves as sluts to indicate they were

comfortable with their sexuality trying to wrest control over the term for

themselves(Tanenbaum).

This information can help my essay because it gives great examples and shows

how this is something that only women face.It is well balanced between opinion and

facts. You obviously know her view of it all but it doesnt seem forces of you. This source

will be good for examples and a good starting point for the topic of slut-shaming.
#2(1)

Lips, Hilary M. Gender the Basics. London: Routledge, 2014. Print.

The book Gender: The Basics by Hilary M. Lips who is a famous writer in

London.The book talks about the impact of cultural, historical, biological, psychological

and economic forces on the qualities which have come to be defined as masculine or

feminine in particular contexts. The writer really tries to focus on the fact that gender is

more than a biological difference, especially in society. Some examples of this are

relationships(intimacy and concepts of sexuality), the workplace and labor markets,

gender-related violence, public health, or even the aging process. In the 2nd chapter

which focused on power,inequalities, and prejudice. Quotes: Beliefs about the

differences between women and men have consequences(Lips). This quote was at the

beginning of the chapter just to set the tone of what the chapter will be about.

Stereotypes are such a pervasive part of our social environment that often we dont even

see them as stereotypes, but rather as the way things are(Lips).This resonated with me

because of how true it is. The book gives examples and different experiments people have

done to prove gender stereotypes. For example two sociologists, Parsons and Bales,

surveyed a group of people from 25 countries and 75% of them associated six

adjectives(adventurous, strong, dominant, forceful,independent,and masculine) with men

and 3 adjectives (sentimental, submissive, superstitious) with women. Lips also speaks on

how gender stereotypes do change but they change slowly.

 This book is very informative because of all of the facts and experiments about

stereotypes done in it. I wouldnt consider this book to be biased at all because it is very

fact based and truthful not many opinions included.The source is well documented and

written. It is popular but also informative because the struggle women go through to be

equal is a day to day thing. A quote that I liked was It is commonly thought that

stereotypes contain a grain of truth. I like it because people like to use stereotypes and

say there must be some truth to them if theyre a stereotype but this is not true. Not every

person is the same.

This information can help my essay because it gives great examples and shows how this

is something that only women face.It is well developed and integrates facts and

experiments . The opinion of the author isn't clear which is a good thing. This source will

be good for evidence of stereotypes being true in the world.

#3(2)

Sanday, Peggy Reeves. Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual

Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2000. Print.

This book was written by professor Peggy Sanday and she describes an extraordinary

examination of power and dominance between males and females. Also talks about the

origin of society's outlook on interaction between the sexes. She asks questions like,

Why do some societys clothe sacred symbols of creative power in the guise of one sex

and not of the other?(Reeves). After going over the different cultural issues society is

puzzled over professor Sanday offers her own solutions by using cross cultural research

(done on over 150 tribal societies). Using a specific system she describes the differences

in male and female power role and then things that can help explain this variation. Not

accepting the generalization of females being subordinate she states that, male

dominance is not inherent in human relations but is a solution to various kinds of cultural

strains.(Reeves).

Quote: Those who are thought to embody, be in touch with, or control the creative forces

of nature are perceived as powerful This is very powerful because of how true it is. The

idea of power cant be assigned to a gender it is more about the individual. Power and

dominance in a group of people doesnt deal with gender either but a peoples adaptation

and stress in an environment. She shows this with different case studies of the effects of

European migration, colonialism, and food stress. Also it is supported by the abundance

of statistical similarities of sexual inequality and cultural stresses.

 This book is very informative because it really goes into depth of the historical

connections sexual inequality can stem from. I wouldnt consider this book to be biased

at all because it is very fact based and truthful not many opinions included.The source is

well documented and written, including graphs and different case studies to back up

information. It is very informative and interesting because of the different connections

made.The author does a good job of making this a book without an expiration date.

This information can help my essay because it makes great connections to history and

would be a great place to start my essay.The integration of comparisons to history and

cause and effect of environments on people help the argument it is making . The opinion

of the author isn't clear which is a good thing. This source will be good for evidence of

origin within my piece.

#4(3)

Taylor, M. G. (1996). The development of children's beliefs about social and biological

aspects of gender differences. Child Development, 67(4), 1555-1571. Retrieved

Taylor, Marianne G. is the author of this journal titled Child development. She is an

author of many other scholarly journals some similar to this one. Marianne started with

two studies that display a child's belief of gender roles and their origin. The studies lead

to two significant questions that she asked. The questions were, (1) What age-related

changes are there in children's beliefs about the contributions of nature & nurture to the

development of gender roles? & (2) Do children differentiate between aspects of gender

roles that adults believe to be either biologically or socially influenced (Marianne)? . In

The first Study , 160 children (4-10) & 32 adults from Ann Arbor, MI,were shown picture

sets & asked to answer a series of questions from a questionnaire about a child's view of

gender roles depending on their upbringing or other variables. Up until age 9/10, kids

think the gender-stereotypes they associate with gender roles develop in children as

young as infant no matter what. The 2nd study they took 24 children ,age 4, they partook

in very similar tasks as the last study. This was different stereotypes, gender-

neutral,infant,inherent, or impossible baby properties. Results were, children were not

merely reporting stereotypical category associations (Marianne).Younger kids ,in some

cases, are biased and to them gender categories as predictive of necessary , hidden gender

similarities, but then start to realise the importance of other mechanisms to shape how

well category members will develop.

The target audience is students like me and other scholars. This source works with my

question because it speaks on how gender stereotypes are just encrypted in your mind

from such a young age. Media does have a hand in it but it is also just something that is

there at a very young age. The source might help other pursuing child psychology. The

authors stance doesnt seem biased at all it is a very clear professionally written article.
#5

Kulik, L. (1995). The impact of ethnic origin and gender on perceptions of gender roles:

The israeli experience. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 199-214.

Retrieved from

Liat Kulik, the author of this journal and the whole Journal of Social Behavior and

Personality. This source is from a scholarly journal.It examines, whether ethnic or

gender culture has a greater impact on attitudes toward gender roles & sex-typing of

occupations, drawing on questionnaire data from 92 Israelis & 104 immigrants from the

former USSR enrolled in Israeli universities (Kulik). After doing the testing they found

that the Israeli students feelings towards gender roles were liberal compared to the

immigrants feelings. Also, the Israelis correlated a lot of jobs as feminine. It was also

found that females were more liberal when it came to gender roles and were more likely

to correlate higher position jobs with females. It was found that, in the process of

cultural transition, ethnic culture has a greater impact on work attitudes than gender

culture(Kulik).

The target audience is a student, scholar, or someone researching social behavior and

personality. The source is applicable to my question because it gives a different view of

the how gender stereotypes and roles affect a community's. Also shows how different

types of people respond to gender roles. The source would really help someone who is
specifically interested in social behaviors and personalities. I dont feel as though it is

biased at all. It is quite informative. The source will be good to show gender roles affect

on the world and not just America. I dont know how much of this source will be in my

essay but including it will be a good alternate appeal.

 #6(4)

TEDxTalks. "Gender Roles in Society | Ria Chinchankar | TEDxYouth@DAA." YouTube.

YouTube, 22 June 2015. Web. 05 Apr. 2017.

Ria Chinchankar, the speaker in this TED Talk, starts the talk off with an activity asking the

audience adjectives that they associate with women versus men. Also she asked what makes an

ideal man or women. The audience answered stereotypical answers. She then goes on to talk

about different experiments that have been done on this topic. A study from Princeton University

found that these stereotypes have a higher impact on people than originally thought. The study

says that stereotypes create set roles in our minds which then creates gender roles people feel like

they have to stay in. This can contribute to something called a stereotype threat which is, the

fear of proving stereotypes about yourself correct(TEDxTalks). Stereotype threats affect people

who feel as though they are expected to perform badly. The university of Chicago did a study on

the stereotype threat and found that people who are associated with stereotypes and do tasks that

are associated with stereotypes the stereotype takes up memory space in the brain leaving less

space to complete the task. Other universities like Stanford and the University of Washington did

studies on this and found a similar outcome.

Gender stereotypes/roles lead to industries taking advantage of this. She talked about nursing and

how it is a female dominated field because females are seen as caretakers, kinds, etc. How

industrys promote things to people is very gender focused. An example is the computer science.

Although women were pioneers in the field because of media and industry the field was guided

more towards men. She even goes into how gender roles can be traced back as far as Aristotle
and Plato. They are quoted to say things like, the relation of male to female is by nature a

relation of superior to inferior and ruler to ruled, and, the man who acquits himself well in war

should be given more liberal opportunities to sleep with a wife(TEDxTalks). The idea of gender

roles and stereotypes arent new but she came up with 3 steps for society to move on. The steps

are, step 1 change your mindset , view men as people view women as people, teach your

children all the skills that they need to know to survive , and step three to establishing a new

norm change your own actions(TEDxTalks).

Quote:

we can eliminate this gender imbalance when we promote equality

gender equality is more than a goal in itself it's a precondition for reducing poverty sustainable
development and building good governance

The target audience is students, and people who listen to TED talks. The source applies to my

source because it is talking about all the different ways the world is affected by gender roles.

Also it introduced me to the term stereotype threats that is a serious thing that subconsciously

affects peoples performance. The source will help with a lot of examples and references that

show the effects of stereotypes. It wasnt a biased source specifically because it touches on

negative stereotypes on men and not just woman which is something my paper will need.
#7

Pardon Our Interruption. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2017.

The author is Curt Hoffman, a scholarly article writer. He proposed that gender stereotypes

began to split up the sexes in different social roles. An experiment took two fictional categories

together. One had 80% city workers and 20% child raisers and the other experiment having

the roles reversed. Later on , to add some depth to the experiment, they added personality to each

category and subgroup. It was found that, Stronger stereotypes arose when the categories were

biologically defined or when Ss attempted to explain the categoryrole correlation. The basic

effect was replicated using roles that are not differentially linked to familiar human

groups.(Pardon Our Interruption). The experiments show that stereotypes can occur only when

there is a sexual divide of labor and serve.

The target audience for the scholarly article can be students, teachers, scholars, or just people

that want a new perspective on gender roles. I particularly chose this source for the contrasting

views. Most of my other sources just show what gender stereotypes are and how theyre bad ect.

This source in a way shows an experiment that reveals that maybe gender roles are necessary for

the world to go round. Just like me this can help others with a different perspective. I dont feel a

biased approach in the paper it seems very straightforward and clearly about the facts.