2016-2017 Spring

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY
CONVERSION II
LABORATORY
REPORT
Report No: 3
Experiment Name: Synchronous Machine
Experiments

Group Info
GROUP NO:
Student #1 Student #2 Student #3
Student No: 12-156-013 12-156-054 12-156-046
Name: Ulu Zerrin Hasan Burak
Surname: Trkart nalan Tayrek
Signature:

EXPERIMENT NAME: 1. ALTERNATOR IDLE RUNNING

CHARACTERISTICS

Theoretical Information:

In an unloaded (open) condition of an alternator rotating at a nominal

speed, the idle operation characteristics of the alternator are given by
the relationship between the excitation current and the terminal
voltage. The curve obtained in this way is given in the names such as
empty work curve, magnetization curve, open circuit curve and empty
saturation curve. Due to the saturation of the iron parts of the
alternators, an exact equation of the curve can not be written. Both
curves resemble the hysteresis curve. For this reason, the average
curve shown by dashed lines is basically taken. In general, the curve
does not exceed (0) due to permanent (residual) magnetism. In non-
excited operation, the residual terminal voltage has residual
magnetization voltage of 5.5-6%. For example: In a 10 kV alternator,
there may be a 500-600 V terminal voltage at synchronous speed and
without excitation.

Experiment Results:

Table 1. Alternator Idle Runnig Characteristics Results

Answers:

1. The voltmeter connected to the armature ends when the excitation

current is zero. This tension is now called magnet tension. If there are
no more fields in the alternator poles, the voltmeter does not show a
value.

2. Due to saturation, the two curves are different from each other. For
this reason, the average of the two curves can be taken as a blank
curve.

3. Increasing and decreasing the excitation current must always be

done in the same direction. Otherwise, the curve is drawn with wrong
values.

4. Because the poles are reaching saturation.

5. In order for dinamon to be able to adapt itself, there must be a

residual magnetism in the poles. To achieve this, self-excited dynamos
are stimulated by a foreign generator when they are first run. When
the dynamo rotates at the normal speed, a voltage is induced in the
motor due to the residual magnetism in the poles. Due to this induced
voltage a very small current flows through the excitation windings
connected in parallel. This current through the excitation coil causes
the magnetic field in the poles to increase. In the armature windings in
the increased magnetic field, a greater voltage is induced. In such a
step, the voltage and excitation current increases and the dynamo is
self-excited. The following conditions must be met in order for dinamon
to be self-evident.

1) In order for dinamon to be able to adapt itself, it is necessary to

have magnetism in poles at first. The dynamo, which is no longer
magnetism, can never evoke itself. For some reason the dinamic's
residual magnetism may have disappeared. In this case, the dynamo
poles are excited with a DC source from the outside, and it is now
possible to obtain magnetism. To understand if there is any residual
magnetism, a small voltmeter is used to connect the end of the
armature to the open ends of the poles while the dynamo is turning at
normal revolutions. If the voltmeter shows no value, the magnetism
has disappeared.

2) When the dynamo starts to work, if the current passing through

the polar coils brings an area to the pole to destroy the magnetism, it
does not give tension. This can happen in two ways. First, the pole tips
can be reversed with the armature tips. In shunt dynamics, normal
current directions are output from the outside (A), (B) or when the
auxiliary pole is (H); In the polarity windings (C), the input (D) will be
output. The connections must be made accordingly. Secondly, the
direction of rotation is the opposite. Since the direction of rotation is
reversed, the direction of the induced voltage at the first moment is
reversed. If the connection is at the right side, the current will flow in
the reverse direction if it goes through the pole windings. This can lead
to the disappearance of magnetism and the dynamo will not give
tension. In order to prevent the complete disappearance of the
dinamon's magnetism, the machine should not be operated for a long
time in this case, the direction of rotation must be changed
immediately.

3) For the dinamon to be able to deliver the voltage, the excitation

circuit must have a total resistance that is less than the critical
resistance value. If the excitation circuit has a large resistance, the
voltage at the ends of the machine can not exceed the remenance
voltage. The excitation circuit is resistive, at first the brush contacts
and the endurance enter the resistors. In some cases, it may be that
the knot does not tension the contactor's high contact resistances. But
the most common is a break in the shunt winding circuit or a very high
value of the excitation circuit. In the meantime, it is necessary to check
whether the number of revolutions is lower than the normal
revolutions.

6. The voltage of the alternator can be adjusted by the excitation

current. The setting of the speed with the speed of the generator can
not be a valid way because it will change the frequency of the voltage
generated by the alternator.

7.

Graphic 1: Idle Working Graph Of The Alternator

EXPERIMENT NAME: 2. External Characteristic Of The

Alternator

Theoretical Information:

In alternators, the terminal voltage varies depending on the type of

load and load. However, it is necessary to keep the voltage constant in
the supply networks. The steady state of the terminal voltage is
achieved by setting the alternator excitation current. An alternating
current setting curve is a curve that shows the changes in excitation
current depending on the load current, while the end voltage and the
power coefficient are constant in a constant alternating-current
alternator. Infinite number of setting characteristics can be obtained
when there are infinite power coefficients for the inductive, ohmic and
capacitive loads.

Experiment Results:

Table 2. External Characteristic Of The Alternator Results

Answers:

1. E>Ut is the coefficient of the omik power, E<Ut is the coefficient of

the capacitive power.

2. The number of revolutions and the excitation current are kept

constant so that the values of the voltmeter ammeter and the
cosmetrical meter can be changed according to the ohmic capacitive
and inductive loads.

3. Factors that affect the voltage drop in alternators are:

1) Endustrial resistance,

2) Armature reactance,

3) Armature reaction.

4. The current through the armature windings of the alternators forms

a magnetic field. This magnetic field affects the main magnet field
created by the poles. The destruction of the polar field of the armature
field is called the "armature reaction".

Figure 1: The Effects Of Armature Reaction On Axial, Inductive And

Capacitive Loads
5. There is an effect. Because the air gap affects the inductive
reaction.

6. At the alternator with the bit turned at the nominal speed, the value
of the excitation current is set at the value that gives the nominal
voltage at the load and is held constant at this value.

7.

Graphic 2: External Characteristic Graph Of The Omik Loaded

Alternator

Graphic 3: External Characteristic Graph Of Inductively Loaded

Alternator

Graphic 4: External Characteristic Graph Of Capacitive Loaded

Alternator

EXPERIMENT NAME: 3. SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE

ALTERNATOR

Theoretical Information:

The short circuit characteristic of a short circuit current is called a short

circuit characteristic of a short circuit current, depending on the
excitation current in an alternator whose ends are shorted by the rated
speed. Theoretically, the devrin does not need to be constant. Because
the short-circuit current does not depend on the number of cycles.
Three-phase alternators 1-2 and 3-phase short-circuits can be created
These are only 3-phase short-circuit symmetries. In this respect, only
3-phase short circuit will be considered. Short circuit test is performed
under the rated excitation current. You need to be very careful about
this. This is because the short circuit current in the nominal excitation
current is three to four times that of the alternator nominal load
current, which may cause the coils of the alternator to burn. The short
circuit characteristic in the alternator with the additional magnetism
voltage is similar to the curve II in the case of the alternator with no
residual magnetism . In the short circuit test, the losses measured in
the voltmeter consist of friction, copper and additional losses. Iron
losses are not considered because they are very small.

Experiment Results:

Table 3. Short Circuit Charesteristic Of The Alternator Results

Answers:

1. The short circuit test is carried out far below the nominal excitation
current. Because the nominal excitation current. The short circuit
current is 3-4 times the rated load current of the alternator; alternator.
It can cause the windings to burn.

2. In the alternator with arc magnetisation voltage, short circuit

characteristic is like curve II in figure 2 and in case of non-magnetiser
alternator. In the short circuit test, the losses measured in the
voltmeter consist of friction, copper and additional losses. Iron losses
are not considered because they are very small.

3. When the poles reach saturation at high excitation currents, the

short circuit current does not increase any more and the characteristic
curve turns to that shape.

4. During the test, the short-circuit current can be increased to 100-

120% of the nominal load current.

5.

Graphic 5: Short Circuit Characteristic Curve Of A Alternator

CONCLUSIONS:

The measurement result is regarded as being adequate, if the values

calculated coincide to a considerable degree with those measured and
if the tolerances of the values specified are not exceeded.