Serial Number 33 THE COLLEGES OF OXFORD UNIVERSITY Entrance Examination in Mathematics MATHEMATICS I 25 November 1985. Afternoon Time allowed: 3 hours Answers to each of Sections A, B and C must be attached to separate cover sheets and handed in separately. If no questions are attempted in any one section the cover sheet should still be handed in. All candidates must attempt Question 1 which carries twice the mark for any other question. There is no restriction on the number of questions any candidate may attempt but only Question 1 and the best three solutions to Questions 2-12 will contribute to the total mark for this paper.2 SECTION A : 1 ' . A 1. (i) Express wane in partial fractions. a (ii) Sum the series ao (iii) For which values of the real number x does x hold? (iv) Sketch the curve y? = 1 +cos x. (v) Ina rectangular Cartesian coordinate system for the plane, the points O, A and B have coordinates (0, 0), (4,0) and (0, 2) respectively. Find the shortest distance from O to the line joining A and B. (vi) Prove that if x = log, b, y = log, c and z = log.a where a, b, ¢ are positive real numbers (none equal to 1), then xyz = 1. (vii) Find the least positive integer n such that /n+1—/n < 1073, (viii) Differentiate exp(/x? +1) with respect to x. 1 (ix) Evaluate f xe™ dx. (x) Find the area enclosed between the curves y? = x and By.5 SECTION B 2. For any real numbers a, b, c, show that the equations 3x, +2x,+8x; =a 2x, + x2+5x3=b Xy— X2+2x,=c¢ have a unique solution and find this solution in terms of a, b, c. Find all solutions of the equations 3xy+2x,+8x3+ X4+6x5 =0 2x, + X2+5x3+6x4t+ x5 =0 Xy— X2+2x3 =0. In particular, are there any solutions of these equations with all of X14, X2, X3, X4, Xs positive? 3. A number is rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are integers with g # 0. An irrational is a real number which is not rational. Prove that if a is rational with a 4 0 and b is irrational, then both a—b and ab are irrational. Assuming that 21!" is irrational where m is a given positive integer (m> 1), deduce that 2" is irrational for all integers n divisible by m. Assuming that 2"? and 21/3 are both irrational, show that it is impossible to find rational numbers c, d such that 23 = e¢d2"2,4 4. For each of the following statements involving the 2 x 2 matrices A, B either give reasons why the statement is true or demonstrate that it is false by providing a counterexample. (i) If AB has an inverse so has BA. (ii) If A? = O then I-A has an inverse, where 170 0 0 1=(5 9) at o0(° 2) (ii) If A? = O and B has an inverse then B— BA has an inverse. (iv) If A?—B? = O then either A = B or A= —B. 5, Describe geometrically the transformations of the Argand diagram given by the following mappings: Tz z4+z+a (where a is a complex number), Ry: 24+ ze! (where 0 is a real number), C: zee (where Z is the complex conjugate of z). Let | be a line in the Argand diagram. Show that there exists a complex number a and a real number 6 such that T, followed by Rg maps / onto the real axis. Show that | has an equation which can be put in the form z+ci+k=0 — (with k real), and that points z,, z, in the Argand diagram are mirror images in | if €z,+c7,+k =0.5 6. In this question you may assume that, for integers p, q, r, s, if p+q/6=r+s,/6 then p= rand q=s. Integers a, b, c, d are given; two more integers e, f are defined by eth/6 = (atb/6\(c+d,/6). e? —6f? = (a? —6b?)(c? — 6d”). Deduce that if x =a, y=b and x =c, y=d are integer solutions of x?—6y? = 1, then so isx=e,y=f. Show that Find by inspection a solution in positive integers of x?—6y? = 1. Hence or otherwise show that there are infinitely many integer solutions x=a, y=b with a+b,/6 > 1 and infinitely many integer solutions x=a,y=b with O 0, the equation secx = 1+ax has a root x= 0 and another root x, such that 0< x, <4n. Show that x, increases as a increases and that x, + 47 as a> 00, Show that for small values of a, the root x, is approximately equal to 2a. In the case where a is large, use the fact that x, is close to 4 to find a better approximation to x,. 1 oe 1 10. Let I, = |e Show that [,+J,a2= ray and find Ip, I, I and 1h. Show that 1 Miengied, fort ‘x dx Hath nadie 0 and hence show that 1 Jx(l—x) tan“ 4x dx = dn—4—h1n2. 3 (Note that alternative notation for tan~'x is arctan x.) 11. Let a and k be positive constants, with a # 1. Find x as a function of t (for ¢ > 0), given that dx — = k(1—x)(a— a 7 -)@-%) and x=0 when t=0. Show that if a> 1 then x1 as t > oo. What happens as t > 00 if a <1? Explain your answer.12. Show that an VE (= Dt"? tax? +x4—...4(-1)"x a Given that R,(x) = tan™!x—{x—x3/3 +.x9/5—...4+(—1)"x?"*/(2nt 1}, express R,(a) as an integral and show that IR,(a)| < lapets 2n+3 for any real number a. Deduce that for |x| < yar lim (Ser Jory =) = tan7!x. (Note that aa notation for tan™'x is arctan x.)