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N 2O
CH4
CO2
Atmosphere-100 km
Global warming
1961-1990 Climate
Australia is warming faster
1961-1990 Climate
Australias food bowl
warming even faster
1961-1990 Climate
42.18oC
the hottest national temp ever recorded in March
February 2016
globally the hottest Feb on record
The cause
greenhouse gas molecules
In 1859, John Tyndall tested
whether the atmosphere absorbs
infrared radiation, and whether this
might be the reason why the Earth
was warmer than expected:
Carbon Dioxide =1
Methane =25
What will the world look and feel like in the future ?
Global Growth and Emission Scenarios
4.06.1C in 2100
Historical
16
2012 Estimate
RCP8.5 RCP4.5
Fossil-fuel, cement production, and gas flaring emissions (PgC/yr)
14 RCP6 RCP3-PD
Historical uncertainty
Earlier scenarios 2.63.7C
in 2100
12
2.03.0C
in 2100
10
4
1.31.9C
in 2100
2
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Ban Ki-Moon,
Secretary-General, United Nations
Global Climate Change -2100
No country spared
Carbon Dioxide
Plants respond to elevated CO2
Temperature
Timing
High temperature damage
Increased water loss
Frost
Water
Irrigation water
Higher water requirement
Changed disease risks
Australia is/will be strongly affected by
Global climate change
2030 Australian climates Hotter and drier
Temperature will increase by 0.9C to 1.1C
Bohatyr -- 2 55
Kaspa 18 37 49
OZP0902 50 9 36
Twilight 33 0 29
Sturt 19 25 31
Mean 27 14 40
Impact of climate change on world food
supply
6
5.2 Gt CO2e/yr in 1990(100)
5
6.1 Gt CO2e/yr in 2005(117) 4
17% increase 3
2
9.8 Gt CO2e/yr in 2030(188)
1
60% increase 0
1990 2005 2030
Ruminant animals
Methane is a byproduct
of cellulose digestion
Typical Farm Emissions
N2O -
N2O -
Indirect
Dung, Urine
1%
3% 0%
N2O - N
Fertiliser
0%
CH4 -
Manure
0%
CH4 -
Enteric
96%
Dairy
3 - 7 t CO 2 e/cow N-Beef
4 45 t CO 2 e/ha 2 t CO2e/AU
8 21 t CO 2 e/t MS 0.12 t CO 2 e/ha
14 t CO2e/t beef
Grains
0.2 - 1 t CO2e/ha
0.04 t/CO2e/t grain
(Eckard, Grainger & de Klein 2010; Browne et al. 2011)
Changes in Animal Diets
Diet
Can reduce CH4 and change rumen biota
Tropical legumes, alternative & novel forages
& plant extracts
Plant and algae fats, tannins and essential oils
Leucaena, Desmanthus, Eremophila glabra most
potent
Brassica, chicory, grape marc
Nitrate supplementation
Crushed wheat
Can we change our diet ?