PIC16F877A and LM35 Based Temperature

Monitor
This is a simple project showing you how to read LM35 analog temperature sensor using a PIC
microcontroller and to switch a certain load at a certain temperature.

Software in use:
CCS PIC-C Compiler
Labcenter Proteus VSM

Some concepts you need to Know:

ADC is an internal module used to read analog voltages in the form of a digital representation, in this
project I've used 16F877a which includes a 10Bit resolution ADC module having 8 channels A0-A5
and E0-E2.
One important parameter of the ADC module is it's reference voltage (Vref), which is the maximum
voltage an ADC can read, in our case Vref = 5V which is the supply voltage.
Another important parameter is the ADC resolution, which determines the minimum value of analog
voltage can read (ADC Step size).
For example, our ADC is 10Bit resolution with a 5V reference, the range of voltages starting at 0V
and ended by 5V is to be divided into equal steps starting at 000 and ended by 1023 (2^10 -1).
i.e. if the input voltage is 5V which is the max value, the ADC will read it as 1023, if the input was
2.5V, the reading would be 512 and so on.
The ADC step is simply calculated using the equation : Step = Vref/1024 , in our case its 4.883 mV,
that's the minimum voltage our ADC can read, so:
an input of 4.883mV would give us a reading of 001
an input of 9.766mV would give us a reading of 002, and so on.

LM35 Temperature Sensor:

LM35 is a Three-Pins (Vcc,Output,GND) high precision temperature sensor having a resolution of
10mV/C starting at 0V (i.e. an output of 0V represents a temperature of 0C).
So,
10mV ---> 1C
20mV ---> 2C
370mV ---> 37.0C and so on.

Converting ADC Reading to Celsius degrees:

Knowing that our ADC has a step size of 4.883mV, converting our digital reading back to voltage is
simply done by multiplying the digital reading by the step size:
Vin (in Volts) = DigitalReading * 0.004883
Now, knowing our sensor's sensitivity is 10mV/C, converting this voltage to Celsius is simply done by
dividing the input voltage by 0.01, So:
Temperature (C) = Vin/0.01 = DigitalReading * 0.4883

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The Schematic Design
The C-Code:
/*
PIC16F877A and LM35 Based Temperature Monitor

Badr Ghatasheh
079@live.it
*/

#include <16f877a.h>
#device adc=10 // Set ADC resolution to 10Bit
#fuses XT,NOLVP,NOWDT,NOPROTECT
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,ERRORS)
#include "lcd_flex.c"

#define LOAD PIN_B7

#define THRES 30.0 // load switching threshold in Celsius

int16 digital_reading; // ADC resolution is 10Bit, an 8Bit integer is not

enough to hold the reading
float temp;

void main()
{
/* ADC Initialization */
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL); // initialize ADC with a sampling rate of
Crystal/4 MHz
setup_adc_ports(RA0_ANALOG); // set PIN_A0 as analog input channel
set_adc_channel(0); // point ADC to channel 0 for ADC reading
delay_ms(1); // ADC module is slow, needs some time to
adjust.

/* Peripherals Configurations
lcd_init();
initialization commands
output_low(LOAD);
lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
lcd_putc("Temperature is:");
*/
// Turn LCD ON, along with other
// the load is initially OFF
// point LCD cursor to col1 row1
// print on LCD

while(1) // infinite loop

{
digital_reading = read_adc(); // capture current temperature reading
delay_us(100); // 0.1ms delay for ADC stabilization
temp = digital_reading * 0.4883; // convert reading to Celsius
lcd_gotoxy(1,2); // point LCD cursor to col1 row2
printf(lcd_putc,"%2.1f C",temp); // print value on LCD

if(temp>=THRES) output_high(LOAD); // Control Load

else output_low(LOAD);

delay_ms(1000); // 1 second delay between readings

}
}

For any questions, do not hesitate to ask :) www.facebook.com/ELECTRONICS.LOVERZ